scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HOI AN TO THE MARITIME SILK ROAD (FROM THE FIRST HALF OF 16TH CENTURY TO THE SECOND HALF OF 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Chanh Tin Tang ◽  
Nguyen Huy Chinh Phan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World

The Maritime Silk Road is considered the beginning of all international maritime trade routes, not only in terms of trade; the Maritime Silk Road is also the foundation for human discoveries and understanding about geography, nature, politics and society of many parts of the world. Thanks to its significantly geopolitical and geo-cultural position; from a very early age, Hoi An trading port (Vietnam) has participated and played an important role on this arterial route. This article will focus on clarifying the birth as well as the role of Hoi An to the Maritime Silk Road from) early 16th century to the end of 18th century.

scholarly journals European and Italian trades on the Silk Road: a reassessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Salvatore Ciriacono
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
World Market ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Silk Road

The principal aim of my essay is looking at the presence and the role of  the European and particularly Italian merchants on the so called “Silk Road” during the 17th and 18th century. We have to remember that this expression was introduced by the German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen, a topic that is receiving a growing attention from the contemporary historians. Indeed this focus is connected to the attention that is given by contemporary economic/political actors to the fortune of the Chinese economy. It is not an accident that Chinese advance is seen by many as the cause of the declining role of Western economies inside the world market.

scholarly journals Gwadar Port: As an Economic hub for Maritime Trade in the World Corridor (CPEC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmat Naz ◽  
Fatima Ali
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Inductive Research ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Road Projects

Gwadar port, deep-sea port, is used and operated as a mean to serve the supply and import requirements of a well prominent hinterland, as other harbors of Pakistan has been working. Gwadar port is situated in the Arabian Sea, at Gwadar in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The economic prediction of Gwadar port is the trump card for economy and trade routes for Central Asian States and the world, which holding trade from the western part of China and assume as reasonable interchange transshipment to another desire ports of the region. The port features prominently in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plan, and is considered to be a crucial link between the ambitious One Belt, One Road and Maritime Silk Road projects. The proposed paper through the empirical and inductive research approach tries to identify the importance of Gwadar port in the economic and maritime trade of in the world. Gwadar port has an eminent status in the trade of China and Pakistan throughout the world. In future, it will be a keystone in the economic development of Baluchistan as well as Pakistan. Furthermore, China is also investing in the development of Gwadar port to make it the center of maritime trade of Chinese products. Thus, in a short span it becomes a center of maritime trade of the world.

China’s Belt and Road Initiative: An Overview of Developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850010
Author(s):  
Sui Noi Goh
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Arctic Policy

China’s ambitious initiative to build infrastructure in dozens of countries along land and sea trade routes stretching from China to Africa and Europe is set to grow bigger than first envisaged in 2013. Added to the original overland Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road is the Polar Silk Road, now written into China’s Arctic Policy that was published in January 2018. The China-centric initiative also got itself written into the Chinese Communist Party’s constitution in October 2017, leading many outside China to view it as more than an economic plan to build infrastructure to facilitate trade and boost development in developing countries. Foreign observers see it also as a scheme to expand China’s influence overseas by binding other nations more closely to it economically. That there is demand for the infrastructure that the Chinese want to build is unquestionable — in Asia alone, to keep the economies humming, there is a need to invest US$1.7 trillion annually in infrastructure up till 2030. However, the security and financial risks of this venture are daunting to investors as the routes run through some of the riskiest countries in the world. The situation is not helped by suspicion over China’s intentions and concerns about the lack of transparency and whether tender processes meet international standards. China needs to listen to and allay the concerns of governments, corporations and international organizations to gain their support and participation in this project that is so massive it cannot pull off alone.

scholarly journals The Books of Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University Library: Decorations of Book Covers and New Data about Provenances

Knygotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 35-95
Author(s):  
Sondra Rankelienė
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
University Library ◽  
The World ◽  
Manufacturing Location ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
Made In ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

In this article, the latest data about the personal book collection items of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University (VU) Library are presented. The authors that have been doing research on these books have not ascertained all of the embossed images that were used for cover decoration and have not identified the locations of where these books were bound and have not disclosed all of the provenances. In order to amend the lack of knowledge about the books of Sigismund II Augustus in VU library, the book covers of the King’s personal library were reviewed de visu and decorative ornaments were described. The ownership signs of the books were registered once again. While describing and comparing these books with the copies in various libraries of the world, the number of physical books (14) and publications in composite volumes (21) kept in VU library was assessed. The name of one book and a publisher’s imprint of two books were specified, eight provenances that were not mentioned by previous authors were registered. While describing book covers, the embossed images were given provisory names. Connections between the supralibros, dates of binding, decorative wheels, single embossed images, and other decorative elements were detected and lead to a reasonable conclusion that eight out of fourteen books from the Sigismund II Augustus collection were bound in Kraków, five were bound by bookbinders in Vilnius, while one was rebound in the 18th century. The identification of tools used by craftsmen that worked in Kraków and Vilnius will allow to ascertain the manufacturing location of similar book covers made in the middle of the 16th century.

scholarly journals El Colegio de la Paz y su papel en la educación de las mujeres en el Madrid del Antiguo Régimen (1740-1780)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Nuria González Barrero
Keyword(s):  
Women's Education ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
La Paz ◽  
The Real ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
Las Mujeres

This paper aims to offer an approximation of the real situation at Madrid School of La Paz in the 18th century. It focuses on the role of the school in women’s education and instruction. We analysed the features and goals which drove the development of the School, its entrance system, the profile of the candidates, and the evolution of the tasks they were set from entering the School at an early age until they went out to get married or pursue a religious life. In addition, we analysed the jobs they did and how much they earned, the type of education they received, and the responsibility of the chaplain in girls’ education. We also explored the girls’ daily routines.

scholarly journals The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of journalist N. I. Novikov

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (29) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
Tatyana Aleksandrovna Sidorova ◽  
Elena Revovna Kornienko ◽  
Elvira Nikolaevna Akimova ◽  
Natalya Evgenyevna Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Interpretative Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

The relevance of the research is due to the growing interest in finding new approaches to describing the discursive personality in General and professional, in particular. The main goal of the research is to identify the features of cognitive style and determine its role in the formation of professional discursive personality of N. I. Novikov as a journalist. The research is carried out within the framework of cognitive-discursive and linguistic paradigms. As the main one, we use an interpretative analysis of the knowledge structures behind the language means of N. I. Novikov's discourse. The paper highlights and interprets the components of the cognitive style of N. I. Novikov's discursive personality in correlation with his language consciousness. The methods of perception of the world by N. I. Novikov's discursive personality, the peculiarities of representation of the world's realities in discourse, and the manner of transmitting information about the world are determined. Personal preferences of a discursive person, as well as cognitive, semiological and motivational ones are revealed. It is proved that the features of N. I. Novikov's professional discursive personality are determined by the specifics of his cognitive style, objectified by cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of discursive activity. A definition of the concept of "cognitive style" is proposed. The components of cognitive style are interpreted as an element of theory for the analysis of a discursive personality. The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of a journalist of the 18th century is determined.

From Research on the Literary Hermeneutics

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-84
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Demin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
The Aesthetic

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.

Introduction

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Cook ◽  
Chris M. Carleton
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
First Time

As pointed out in the Foreword, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the Convention) is, by any measure, a remarkable document, which for the first time provides a comprehensive framework of governance for a large part of the world ocean. It covers such issues as delimitation, environmental impact and management, scientific research, economic and commercial issues, and technology transfer and provides a regime for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The resolution of disputes is especially important, given that there are 151 coastal States, all with sovereign rights to the adjacent seas and shelf. Under the Convention, those rights cover a total area of about 60 million km2 or around 20% of the world ocean within the 200-nauticalmile (M) limit. But there is perhaps an additional 5% (15 million km2) which lies beyond the 200-M limit, to which sovereign rights may also extend under the terms of the Convention. Up to 54 coastal States may be able to claim extensions of their continental shelf beyond 200 M (figure 1.1). What is intended is that over the next 10 years or so, nations will document and lay claim to an area of around 75 million km2, equal to more than half the Earth's land surface. Viewed against the background of human history and land conquest extending over thousands of years, the magnitude of the undertaking is extraordinary. What is also remarkable is the key role that science and technology will play. Science and technology have always played a role in exploration and documentation of the oceans in the past. The development of an accurate chronometer by Harrison in the 18th century was critical to developing an accurate means of establishing longitude (Sobel, 1995). This in turn made it possible to accurately chart the oceans for the first time, which then enabled nations to lay claim to newly explored areas, establish trade routes, document marine hazards, and exploit ocean resources. Parts of the world's territorial sea baselines are and will continue to be based on 19th-century data. As will be evident from this book, such data are sufficiently important in some areas that we have felt it necessary to document just how those "historical data" were gathered so that we can establish their reliability.

scholarly journals The Significant Role of Oman in China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Chaziza
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
First Century ◽  
High Speed Rail ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Physical Infrastructure

In recent years, China has been seeking to deepen its global centrality by connecting to Asia, Europe, and Africa through investments in physical infrastructure, that is, ports and pipelines, high-speed rail, and other utilities, with associated bilateral trade and investments in critical states along the land- and sea-based Silk Road. Oman is positioned to play a critical role in China’s expanding footprint in the Middle East. Its advantageous maritime location, influence in energy markets, and independent foreign policy make Oman an attractive partner for China and of vital strategic significance in the construction and realization of the twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI). Oman has enthusiastically embraced China’s MSRI and expressed an eagerness to leverage China’s growing influence in the Middle East to transform itself into a center of global trade and manufacturing.

From Zanzibar to Zaytun: Iranian Merchants across the Indian Ocean Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Richard Foltz
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The role of Iranian merchants in the maritime trade of the Indian Ocean basin from antiquity up to the 16th century is often underestimated. From scholarly histories to popular culture the “Muslim sailor” is typically portrayed as being an Arab. In fact, from pre-Islamic times the principal actors in Indian Ocean trade were predominantly Persian, as attested by the archaeological data, local written records, and the names of places and individuals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document