scholarly journals The Books of Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University Library: Decorations of Book Covers and New Data about Provenances

Knygotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 35-95
Author(s):  
Sondra Rankelienė
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
University Library ◽  
The World ◽  
Manufacturing Location ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
Made In ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

In this article, the latest data about the personal book collection items of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University (VU) Library are presented. The authors that have been doing research on these books have not ascertained all of the embossed images that were used for cover decoration and have not identified the locations of where these books were bound and have not disclosed all of the provenances. In order to amend the lack of knowledge about the books of Sigismund II Augustus in VU library, the book covers of the King’s personal library were reviewed de visu and decorative ornaments were described. The ownership signs of the books were registered once again. While describing and comparing these books with the copies in various libraries of the world, the number of physical books (14) and publications in composite volumes (21) kept in VU library was assessed. The name of one book and a publisher’s imprint of two books were specified, eight provenances that were not mentioned by previous authors were registered. While describing book covers, the embossed images were given provisory names. Connections between the supralibros, dates of binding, decorative wheels, single embossed images, and other decorative elements were detected and lead to a reasonable conclusion that eight out of fourteen books from the Sigismund II Augustus collection were bound in Kraków, five were bound by bookbinders in Vilnius, while one was rebound in the 18th century. The identification of tools used by craftsmen that worked in Kraków and Vilnius will allow to ascertain the manufacturing location of similar book covers made in the middle of the 16th century.

scholarly journals ИСТОРИЈА ЈЕДНЕ КАРТОГРАФСКЕ ЗАБЛУДЕ – ЕРШОМЉО (ВРШАЦ) НА СТАРИМ ГЕОГРАФСКИМ КАРТАМА HISTORY OF A CARTOGRAPHIC MISCONCEPTION – ÉRSOMLYÓ (VRŠAC) IN OLD GEOGRAPHIC MAPS

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-188
Author(s):  
Александар Крстић
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

У раду се анализирају старе географске карте, настале од осмадесетих година XV до половине XVIII века, на којима су приказани тврђава или насеље Ершомљо. Иако је овај јужнобанатски град после пада под османску власт (1552) током друге половине XVI столећа трајно променио име у Вршац, Ершомљо је и даље упорно приказиван у бројним картографским публикацијама насталим у западној Европи у наведеном периоду. Услед погрешног преузимања података са старих карата и непознавања савремене географије европске Турске, па тако ни Баната, Ершомљо је на анализираним картама најчешће лоциран знатно источније, некада и на саму границу Баната према Трансилванији и Влашкој. Од друге половине XVII века, а посебно у време Великог бечког рата, на европским географским картама почиње да се појављује и Вршац. Међутим, на неким картама из овог периода механички су преношени подаци са старијих карата, па је паралелно с Вршцем уцртаван и Ершомљо. The paper analyses old geographic maps, created from the 1480s until the mid-18th century, which show the fortress or settlement of Érsomlyó. Although this south Banat town, after its fall under Ottoman rule (1552) permanently changed its name into Vršac in the second half of the 16th century, Érsomlyó was still persistently shown in numerous cartographic publications created in Western Europe in this period. Due to erroneous copying of data from old maps and the lack of knowledge about the contemporary geography of European Turkey, including Banat, in the analysed maps Érsomlyó is most often located much more eastward, sometimes on the very border of Banat towards Transylvania and Wallachia. From the second half of the 17th century, particularly at the time of the Great Turkish War, Vršac also began to appear in European geographic maps. However, data from older maps were mechanically transferred to some maps from this period, and Érsomlyó was inscribed in parallel with Vršac.

scholarly journals ŠVENTOJO RAŠTO LEIDINIAI VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO BIBLIOTEKOS XVI AMŽIAUS KNYGŲ FONDUOSE

Knygotyra ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 149-166
Author(s):  
EVALDAS GRIGONIS
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Frankfurt Am Main ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
University Library ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
Catholic Churches

Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriusUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01122 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: [email protected] analizuojami XVI a. Šventojo Rašto leidiniai, saugomi Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriaus fonduose. Pateikiama statistinės informacijos apie šių spaudinių kalbinį pasiskirstymą, leidimo vietas, kai kurie iš jų nagrinėjami plačiau, žvilgsnį telkiant į vietinius leidėjus, kurių spaustuvėse pasirodė dabar VUB esantys minėto laikotarpio Šventraščiai. Taip pat analizuojami šių knygų nuosavybės ženklai (proveniencijos), remiantis jais aptariamas buvusių LDK vienuolynų ar apskritai vienuolijų (jos buvo dažniausios Biblijos skaitytojos) sąlytis su spausdintiniu Dievo Žodžiu, atkreipiamas dėmesys į nemažos dalies Šventojo Rašto leidinių (jų leidėjų ir komentatorių) sąsajas su protestantizmu.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Šventasis Raštas, Biblija, XVI a., Vulgata, lotynų kalba, Vilniaus universiteto biblioteka, nuosavybės įrašai, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Katalikų bažnyčia, vienuolynai, Reformacija Europoje, draudžiamųjų knygų sąrašai, leidėjai, spaustuvininkai, iliustracijos.PUBLICATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPT IN THE BOOK COLLECTIONS OF THE 16TH CENTURY AT VILNIUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYEVALDAS GRIGONIS AbstractThe Holy Script has already lost its special significance to an ordinary Western man in modern times, although since the entrenching of Christianity in the 4th century A.D. the Holy Script was for long centuries the main cultural text of the European civilization. No wonder the first printed book from which the era of the printed word began in the culture of the world was the so-called 42-Line Bible of J. Gutenberg (in Latin, published in c. 1456).There are in total 149 pieces (or separate parts) of the Bible in the Vilnius University Library, issued between 1501 and 1600. The majority of these editions were published in Latin (70% of the Bibles), so it is natural that in the 16th century the printed Latin Bible (Vulgate) experienced its age of flowering in Europe (in total, 438 editions of Vulgate were issued ). The path of the Holy Scripture to the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) varied from such Catholic countries as France (the latter “presented” the bulk – over 25% – of Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library from the 16th century), Belgium, Poland, Italy, Austria to such a “heretical” land as England, or such Protestant towns as Geneva, Basel, Strasbourg, Zurich and quite a few towns of Lutheran Germany such as Nuremberg, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, Rostock, etc. There is also the Holy Script published in the GDL – the famous Brest (or Radvila) Bible (issued in 1563). The wide geography of the publications’ origin as well as the miscellaneous (from the point of view of confessions) cast of Bibles’ editors, commentators, translators or publishers raises certain questions about the existence of ecclesiastical discipline in the GDL, for in accordance with various Indices librorum prohibitorum (Indexes of Prohibited Books), which were obligatory for Catholics, almost 46% of the 16th-century Holy Scriptures in the present Vilnius University Library were forbidden to be used at one time. On the other hand, the markings of ownership (provenances) in these books show that of all the 16th-century Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library, which have such markings (91 copies), even over ¾ for some time belonged to monasteries, Catholic churches and colleges. Furthermore, more than half of private owners consisted of Catholic clergy and monkery. Talking of separate monasteries, the provenances also indicate that the majority of the 16th-century Bibles found their way to the Vilnius University Library from the Grodno Dominicans; the most affluent “donors”among monkhood were Franciscans (including both Observants and Conventuals). These findings, though indirectly, indicate the influence of Western and Central Europe on the religious life of the 16th-century GDL through the Holy Script – the fundamental writing for Christians.

scholarly journals The history about the miraculous icons of the Hilandar Monastery

Zograf ◽  
2006 ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Miljkovic
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Passion Of Christ ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

The History was written in Moscow in 1558/1559, as a compilation of the accounts of Hilandar monks who visited the Russian court, seeking charity and aid for the monastery, and describes the miracles that took place through the icons of Hilandar. The majority of miracles occurred during processions in the monastery and its vicinity, but there were some that happened before certain icons arrived in the Serbian monastery on Mount Athos. The latter deserve special attention, since they provide great help in shedding light on the place of origin, appearance and on the time when those icons arrived in the monastery, as is the case with the once deeply revered processional icon of the Theotokos Avramiotissa with the Prophet Elijah on the reverse side and, especially, the Theotokos Tricheirousa. The History confirms information from other sources, about this icon having been made in Skopje, and proves that the icon arrived in the monastery on the eve of the fall of Skopje to the Turks in 1392. It also describes its appearance - the Theotokos Hodegetria with the third arm painted below the one with which the Mother of God held the infant. As the earliest testimony about the existence of the cult of the Theotokos Tricheirousa in Hilandar, the text written in Moscow clearly singles out the initial story from the multitude of subsequent legends that have been told about it. The icon no longer exists and was replaced in the third quarter of the 18th century with the icon that is nowadays honoured as the Tricheirousa. Two more processional icons from the Hilandar katholikon can reliably be recognised in the text of the History the Theotokos Popska and Saint George, whereas for the others, some of which certainly no longer exist, this text does not provide sufficient data to identify them. Besides icons, the History also describes the most precious relics connected with the passion of Christ and other valuable works of art which are kept in the monastery in the present day, such as the crystal cross with the blood of Christ, a cross made of the Holy Wood on which Christ was crucified, a well-known Venetian diptych or the lavishly decorated Greek evangeliarion No. 105. In the mid-16th century, these objects were believed to have been brought by the founder of the monastery, Saint Sava, from his travels, as gifts to the monastery. Listed at the end of this interesting text are the gifts which Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and the members of his family presented to the monks of Hilandar during their earlier visits to the Russian court.

scholarly journals Historia aktualna — austriacka regulacja odsetek i lichwy w XIX-XX w.

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bokwa
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Private Law ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Austrian Law ◽  
Made In

Ongoing history — Austrian regulation of interest and usury in 19th–20th centuriesThis thesis aims to depict phemonena of interest and usury in private law using example of regulation of interest and usury in Austrian law. This issue was regulated in various ways from the mid-18th century until the World War 1. Subsequent legal acts are being analysed, referring to contemporary legal theories. Special emphasis is placed on the two aims of introducing full freedom of interest rate in 1787 and 1868 which, however, proved to be ephemeral. Nevertheless, liberalising attempts resulted in modern depiction of usury in the Imperial decree of 1914, where it was identified with extortion; that creates a connection to the contemporary Polish regulation, to which reference is made in the end of the article.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF HOI AN TO THE MARITIME SILK ROAD (FROM THE FIRST HALF OF 16TH CENTURY TO THE SECOND HALF OF 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Chanh Tin Tang ◽  
Nguyen Huy Chinh Phan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The World

The Maritime Silk Road is considered the beginning of all international maritime trade routes, not only in terms of trade; the Maritime Silk Road is also the foundation for human discoveries and understanding about geography, nature, politics and society of many parts of the world. Thanks to its significantly geopolitical and geo-cultural position; from a very early age, Hoi An trading port (Vietnam) has participated and played an important role on this arterial route. This article will focus on clarifying the birth as well as the role of Hoi An to the Maritime Silk Road from) early 16th century to the end of 18th century.

scholarly journals Ballet in Jesuit theatre in Vilnius

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmutas Šabasevičius
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
French Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Jesuit Order

The article analyses elements of dance in the Jesuit theatre in Vilnius University. These elements could be found in the performances produced from the end of the 16th century until the last years of Jesuit Order and the establishment of Educational Commission who took over the administration of the educational system in the Republic of Two Nations. With the help of scientific literature and programs of the performances, the productions with dance elements are presented describing their themes. The most important productions in this context are those titled as ballet, which were produced in Vilnius. These four ballets are an exception in the history of the Jesuit theatre in the Republic of Two Nations. These productions are “Ballet of Bacchus, god of drinks, with a happy beginning and sad ending”, “Ballet in the example of Orestes showing the punishment of gods onto the humans because of their lack of respect to the temples and their definite protection to those who search it looking for the help of gods“, “Ballet of the courageous man Hercules” and “Ballet of four human ages: spring as youth, summer as maturity, autumn as elderly and winter as senility”. They could be connected with some unknown teacher who worked in Vilnius in the middle of the 18th century and most probably originated from the French cultural milieu. This statement could be validated by the French prototypes of most of these ballets and the use of the word “ballet” in their titles, which was common in the French culture of this period.

Some Basic Characteristics of the Jewish Experience in Poland

2004 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Gershon David Hundert
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Basic Characteristic ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Jewish Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Dramatic Growth

This chapter investigates the basic characteristics of the Jewish experience in Poland. For much of its history, the Polish-Jewish community was the largest in the world. It is generally asserted that there was dramatic growth in Jewish numbers during the 16th century, but it is also known that the proportion of Jews in the towns of Poland–Lithuania increased dramatically during a 150-year period beginning in the late 17th century and continuing through the 18th century. In this case, there was relative security in numbers. More than security, there was a sense of rootedness and permanence about this community. Another basic characteristic of the historical experience of Polish Jewry is the Ashkenazic character of that community. Beginning with medieval Ashkenazic forms, the Jews of the Polish Commonwealth developed the most ramified and durable of the autonomous institutions of Ashkenazic Jewry.

2. Imperialism, genocide, and the ‘science’ of race

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Ali Rattansi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The term ‘race’ entered English early in the 16th century, referring to family, lineage, and breed. In the 18th-century Enlightenment, the idea of race became incorporated into more systematic meditations on the nature of the world. ‘Imperialism, genocide, and the “science” of race’ explains how doctrines of race gained considerable strength with the growing slave trade, and how, in the 19th century, a range of theories emerged that explained all human variation on the basis of innate racial characteristics. The idea of nation also played a crucial role in the origins and development of racial thinking. The impact of imperialism, the rise of eugenics, social Darwinism, and the racial genocide of the Nazis are also outlined.

James Cook's scientific programme in the Southern Ocean, 1772–75

Polar Record ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (130) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton J. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The World ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Factual Data

Until long after all other regions of the world had been explored and populated by man, the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere remained unknownand inviolate. Although a great southern continent had been postulated by theancient Greeks, and its existence firmly believed in during the 16th century and by some 18th century geographers, no real evidence for its presence had been forthcoming. However, the great voyages of discovery by James Cook in Endeavour, 1768–71 and Resolution, 1772–75 laid that belief to rest. During his second voyage Cook circumnavigated the globe in high latitudes and made three crossings of the Antarctic Circle but failed to find the supposed continental land mass. Cook came to the conclusion that if a continent existed in still higher latitudes, as we know that it does, it would be perpetually frozen. Nevertheless, the scientific aims of the voyage were achieved. Considerable light was shed on the atmospheric and oceanographic phenomena of the region, based on factual data collected by the, scientists on board Resolution, and Adventure which accompanied it for partof the timeduring 1772–73.

On the handwritten tradition of the Slavic version of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma in the principality of moldavia in the 15th–17th centuries

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
A.D. Pascal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Center ◽  
State Library ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

The article analyses the relationship of the copies of the Slavic version of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma made in the 15th – 17th centuries in the Principality of Moldavia. The author studied haplographies (line omissions) in eight of the eleven surviving copies de visu and by photocopies to determine that, in addition to the monastery of Neamc, Suceava, and Romanesque metropolitans, there was another most important center for copying the Syntagma in the Principality of Moldavia of the 15th-17th centuries in the Putna Monastery, where three direct copies of each subsequent copy from the previous one were created, starting with the original Copy of 1472 (Bucharest, Library of the Academy of Romania, Nr. 131). These are the following manuscripts: Copy of 1474 (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 98, Nr. 742); Copy of the early 16th century (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 98, Nr. 65); Copy of the last quarter of the 16th century (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 178, Nr. 4293). The information about the number of Slavic copies of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma in the Principality in the 15th – 17th centuries has been adjusted upwards, since some of the surviving copies can be traced back to their Slavic manuscript protographic originals, which have not yet been found in the world depositories or not survived to this day.

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