scholarly journals Foreign legislation in the field of drinking groundwater protection (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-802
Author(s):  
Daria S. Borisova ◽  
Gennadiy B. Yeremin ◽  
Anton M. Nikulenkov ◽  
Natalya A. Mozzhukhina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Protection ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
The Usa

The need to protect underground sources of drinking and household water supply. Many reasons, including climatic changes, an increase in anthropogenic pressure, and an increase in the need for drinking water, dictate the need to protect underground sources of drinking and domestic water supply. The USSR was the pioneer in the field of drinking water protection in the world. Already in 1956, USSR put an instruction on the establishment of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) into effect. The United States took the first steps in resolving this issue only seven years later. Along with Soviet developments, the USA and German guidelines are still fundamental and contain fundamental recommendations for groundwater protection. The requirements related to the protection of water intakes in the legislative acts of various states have been implemented at the international level (Directive 2000/60 / EU, Directive 2006/118 / EU), nationally (Australian National Strategy, USA Safe Drinking Water Law, PRC Law on Drinking Water Pollution Prevention and Control) and Local Levels (New Jersey safeguard zone (SGZ) Guidelines). Among the standard features is the allocation of belts in the S with different permitted use regimes: belt I (strict regime) - 10-50 m, belt II -50 days -10 years, belt III - the entire catchment area. Conclusions. Despite the fact that each country uses different approaches to protecting groundwater, in general, there is a similarity in the establishment and organization of SGZ for groundwater intakes, in which certain activities are prohibited or restricted. In the Russian Federation, it seems important to formalize the results of scientific research and existing experience in the protection of underground sources of drinking water supply in the form of Guidelines to allow ensuring optimal management of drinking water resources and preserve the quality of drinking water, to guarantee their availability in the future.

Lithium in groundwater used for drinking-water supply in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 144691
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Lindsey ◽  
Kenneth Belitz ◽  
Charles A. Cravotta ◽  
Patricia L. Toccalino ◽  
Neil M. Dubrovsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drinking Water Supply

scholarly journals Building a Methodology for Assessing Service Quality under Intermittent Domestic Water Supply

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assia Mokssit ◽  
Bernard de Gouvello ◽  
Aurélie Chazerain ◽  
François Figuères ◽  
Bruno Tassin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Service ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
History Of

This document proposes a methodology for assessing the quality of water distribution service in the context of intermittent supply, based on a comparison of joint results from literature reviews and feedback from drinking water operators who had managed these networks, with standards for defining the quality of drinking water service. The paper begins by reviewing and proposing an analysis of the definition and characterization of intermittent water supply (IWS), highlighting some important findings. The diversity of approaches used to address the issue and the difficulty of defining a precise and detailed history of water supply in the affected systems broadens the spectrum of intermittency characterization and the problems it raises. The underlined results are then used to structure an evaluation framework for the water service and to develop improvement paths defined in the intermittent networks. The resulting framework highlights the means available to water stakeholders to assess their operational and management performance in achieving the improvement objectives defined by the environmental and socio-economic contexts in which the network operates. Practical examples of intermittent system management are collected from water system operators and presented for illustration purposes (Jeddah, Algiers, Port-au-Prince, Amman, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Mexico, Cancun, Saltillo, Mumbai, Delhi, Coimbatore …).

scholarly journals Cell death indicators in children under exposure to excessive intake of chlorine compounds with drinking water

2017 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
D Dianova ◽  
N Zaitseva ◽  
O Dolgikh ◽  
A Krivtsov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Objective. The study of the immune status features including cell death markers in children consuming drinking water with excessive content of chlorine compounds. Materials and methods. Including the control group, 498 pre-school children were surveyed. The control group comprised 212 children living on territories where circulating groundwater is used as a source of domestic water supply. The study group consisted of 286 children living on territories with sources of domestic water supply presented by surface water of low quality due to microbiological indicators, which calls for the use of chlorine-containing agents for water disinfection. To conduct the study the chemical-analytical, immunological and statistical methods were used. Results. It was revealed that in the blood of children consuming hyperclorinated water, the concentration of chloroform in a range of 0 mg/dm3 - 0.2300 mg / dm3 has been identified, meanwhile in the biological medium of the control group children, the chloroform has not been detected. Using flow cytometry the statistically significant (р = 0.001) decrease (up to 1.7 fold) of Annexin V-FITC +PI- -cells amount (early apoptosis) and up to 2.4 fold increase (р = 0.001) of Annexin V-FITC+PI+ -cells content (late apoptosis / necrosis) was found in those children, who were exposed to the excessive content of chloroform with drinking water, relative to the values fixed in non-exposed children. Conclusions. It was demonstrated that under the increased chlorine compounds concentrations in blood the probable mechanism of apoptotic effect was related to the enzyme systems activation, associated with glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, superoxide dismutase. The reference concentrations for chlorine-containing compounds in blood were proved by the criteria of IL6 and CD4+ -, CD8+ -, CD19+ -, CD25+ - lymphocytes content and their acceptable concentration range in blood (0.00001 mg / dm3 - 0.0181 mg / dm3) was defined.

scholarly journals Domestic Water Quality in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maged H. Hussein Maged H. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
The City

Due to water resources shortage in Saudi Arabia, the water authority relies on intermittent water supply system. In this system, the city is divided into a number of small sectors, and water is pumped rotationally between the sectors according to an operational schedule. The frequency of water pumping to a given sector varies from several days to weeks. Between the intermittent water supply, pipes remain empty and dry for long periods. Consumers construct the underground storage water tanks to meet their demands. Lack of sewerage systems in many areas with high water table in the city lead to the presence of cesspools near the underground storage water tanks. Potential leakage of polluted water into the distribution network is very high and the pipe system is exposed to the pressure of contaminated surrounding water table. These factors enhance the risk of drinking water contamination. The first objective of this study is to assess the quality of domestic water supply in Jeddah. One hundred and thirteen water samples were collected in a five-month period between January and June 2009. Thirteen parameters were evaluated and compared to the maximum level of the WHO and Gulf standards for un-bottled drinking water. The results showed a compliance with the drinking water standards regarding the physical and chemical parameters, except five samples which have exceeded the maximum allowable limit for iron. The bacteriological results showed that up to 60% of the samples were contaminated with total coliform. The second objective is to evaluate the suitability and reliability of the most purchased domestic water purification units (point-of-use) POU, and to select the suitable water purification unit for the residential water in Jeddah. Unit III, which consists of fiber filters, activated carbon filter and the ultraviolet UV- Sterilizer of ultraviolet (UV), was found to be suitable for domestic use in Jeddah

Drinking Water Transmission of Giardiasis in the United States

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Akin ◽  
W. Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The United States ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Sewage Contamination ◽  
Waterborne Transmission ◽  
Water Transmission ◽  
And Control

For about a century after Giardia was named by Lambl in 1859, the occurrence of the organism in humans was not widely considered significant in explaining the etiology of disease. This organism is now recognized as a cause of disease that ranges from mild to severe and debilitating gastroenteritis. Beginning in 1965, drinking water became increasingly implicated as an important route of transmission. An outbreak occurred in a Colorado ski resort in that year. A survey of visitors to the resort revealed that 123 persons experienced acute enteritis, possibly giardiasis. Sewage contamination of the well water supply was thought to be the source of the organism. Further evidence for waterborne transmission of Giardia came in 1975 with the first isolation of the organism from a water supply implicated in an outbreak. A cyst was isolated from the water supply during an extended outbreak that resulted in 359 confirmed cases over a 7 month period. Subsequent outbreaks have clearly established the role of water in Giardia transmission. From 1965 through 1984, 90 waterborne outbreaks with 23 776 cases of giardiasis were reported in the United States. This report discusses the etiologic agent and examines drinking water outbreak occurrence and control.

scholarly journals The concept of well integrity in gas production activities

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Reichetseder
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Marcellus Shale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Well Integrity ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Geological Situation

Abstract Shale gas production in the US, predominantly from the Marcellus shale, has been accused of methane emissions and contaminating drinking water under the suspicion that this is caused by hydraulic fracturing in combination with leaking wells. Misunderstandings of the risks of shale gas production are widespread and are causing communication problems. This paper discusses recent preliminary results from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) draft study, which is revealing fact-based issues: EPA did not find evidence that these mechanisms have led to widespread, systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States, which contrasts many broad-brushed statements in media and public. The complex geological situation and extraction history of oil, gas and water in the Marcellus area in Pennsylvania is a good case for learnings and demonstrating the need for proper analysis and taking the right actions to avoid problems. State-of-the-art technology and regulations of proper well integrity are available, and their application will provide a sound basis for shale gas extraction.

scholarly journals The Billund delta: a possible new giant aquifer in central and western Jutland

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik S. Rasmussen ◽  
Karen Dybkjær ◽  
Stefan Piasecki
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Sequence Stratigraphic ◽  
Drinking Water Resources ◽  
Stratigraphic Model

The search for new, deep-seated drinking water resources in Denmark has increased significantly during the past five years as a result of the discovery of excessive amounts of nitrate, pesticides and other pollutants in shallow groundwater boreholes (e.g. Nygaard et al. 2004, this volume). To find and map these aquifers, a multidisciplinary sequence stratigraphic approach has successfully been applied to the Miocene deposits of southern Jutland, where especially the Odderup and Ribe Formations are known as a main aquifer for drinking water from several test wells (Rasmussen et al. 2002). Recently, a more systematic study of the Miocene succession in central and western Jutland has been initiated by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) under contract with local authorities. It includes detailed sedimentological descriptions of outcrops, sedimentological andlog-interpretations of new stratigraphic boreholes and interpretation of new high-resolution seismic data (Fig. 1). A number of outcrops and wells have been studied palynologically, resulting in a detailed dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy and in palynofacies interpretations. The results of these studies have been integrated in the regional geological and stratigraphic model (Fig. 2). Two new aquifers have been discovered: the Bastrup sand and the Billund sand. The Bastrup sand has already been exploited as a main aquifer in central and southern Jutland, and has been referred to either the Ribe or Odderup Formations. However, new stratigraphic results reveal that the Bastrup sand is a separate unit in the Miocene succession. The Billund sand is a deep-seated aquifer located more than 100 m and often more than 150 m deep, and is therefore not penetrated by standard water supply wells which rarely reach c. 100 m. The Billund sand was first revealed by multichannel seismic data deriving from former oil-exploration carried out in the Billund area (Fig. 3A). The resolution of these seismic data is very poor, but one interpretation of the dipping reflectors (clinoforms) seen in Fig. 3A was of a delta complex. This agrees with outcrop studies along the fjords of eastern Jutland which suggest that a spit complex was deposited in this area during the Early Miocene. The Billund sand was tested by the Vandel Mark well in 2001, which penetrated c. 40 m of sand at a depth of 200 m. The presence of a regional major sand body was later confirmed by new high-resolution seismic data and by the Billund and Løvlund wells in 2002. The Billund well penetrated 50 m of medium- to coarse-grained sand, and chemical tests of the water quality were good. However, a water supply well at Fjand in western Jutland has had problems with so-called ‘brown water’ – water enriched in organic matter (humus). Saline water may also be expected close to older deep-seated faults. This paper summarises the results of a mapping programme of the Billund sand initiated in the summer of 2003.

scholarly journals Quantitative assessment of the health risk, associated with drinking water quality in the Gusinoozersk industrial hub

2021 ◽  
Vol 885 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
I D Ulzetueva ◽  
B O Gomboev ◽  
D Ts-D Zhamyanov ◽  
V V Khakhinov ◽  
N B Gomboeva
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hydrochemical Studies ◽  
Public Health Hazards ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Drinking water, as one of the main components of the habitat, determines human health and quality of life. In the past few decades, almost all water sources, both surface and underground, have been subject to intensive anthropogenic and technogenic impact. Lake Gusinoye, which is the main source of drinking water supply to adjacent settlements, is experiencing significant anthropogenic pressure. Based on the results of hydrochemical studies, the toxic effect of heavy metals on the population health, resulting from the consumption of drinking water of the centralised water supply from Gusinoye Lake, was considered. The results of a quantitative assessment of public health hazards showed that the risk of non-carcinogenic (toxic) effects is high in the territory of the Gusinoozersk industrial hub.

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