scholarly journals We will not Get Rid of Coronaviruses without Creating a True Sustainable Development Model

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Monitoring Software ◽  
World Development

If it is true that covid-19 comes from wild animals that have lost their natural habitat due to deforestation and large forest fires and savannas; if it is true that the mortality of those affected increases exponentially in the areas with higher percentages of fine dust, Nox, Sox, CO, in the atmosphere; if it is true that the most affected are the elderly, what does this have to do with the European call for startups dedicated to the Covid-19 emergency, which expired on 18 March, intended above all for small and medium-sized enterprises for innovative contributions useful for cope with any aspect of the emergency? The budget for this call is 164 million euros. What is this rain of millions on small and medium-sized enterprises? At most, they can develop some control and monitoring software for people who move around the area. This is already being done in China and Korea. Since we are late, we may also be able to import this software from these countries. Why, as Europeans, do we not focus on the real problem that affects the entire world development? Emerging countries, such as China and Korea, have made the mistake of copying our energy and purification solutions, even surpassing us by the amount of pollution produced. EUROPE should anticipate the immediate decarburization of energy, the modification of urban purification systems (we cannot continue to wait for the rains to reduce fine particles).

PHYTOMONITORING AS A METOD OF THE ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY URBAN ENVIRONMENT BY FINE DUST

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Irina Glinyanova ◽  
Valery Azarov ◽  
Valery Fomichev
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Random Functions ◽  
The City

Fine dust: (PM2.5, PM10) is a priority pollutant that contributes to the development of numerous dis-eases in urban areas. The purpose of this scientific work is to study the dispersed composition of dust parti-cles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone of Volgograd. The novelty of the work lies in the study of the dispersed composition of dust particles on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus armeníaca) in the residential zone in the city of Volgograd near the construction industry enterprise, me-chanical engineering, leather production and railway transport line in comparison with the conditionally clean (control) zone of the SNT “Orocenets” ”(Sovetsky District, Volgograd) from the standpoint of random functions expressed by integral distribution curves of the mass of particles over their equivalent diameters. As a result of the research, the dispersed composition of dust on the leaves of apricot trees (Prúnus ar-meníaca) in the residential area of Volgograd was revealed. Fine particles were found: PM2.5, PM10 in each of the studied points, which by their values, both in their number and mass fraction, significantly exceed the data on fine dust in a conditionally clean area (control) in the SNT “Oroshanets” (Sovetsky district Volgo-grad), which creates certain environmental risks for local residents. The dispersed analysis of particles from the standpoint of random functions in the future will allow with a sufficiently high degree of accuracy to pre-dict the dust content of urban atmospheric air in the range of monthly and / or seasonal average values compared to the traditional measurement of fine dust concentration in atmospheric air of the urban environ-ment as the maximum single or daily average. At the same time, further studies of dust on the leaves of plants in an urban environment, namely, the study of the density of its sedimentation, will also reveal a group of ur-ban plants that are best suited to retain PM2.5 and PM10 on leaf plates in this region, which can significantly increase the quality of the atmospheric air of the urban environment and be of a recommendatory nature for the state-owned landscaping services of the city of Volgograd when improving the green areas of a megacity.

scholarly journals Fine dust atmospheric pollution from the objects of infill construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Svetlana Manzhilevskaya ◽  
Alexei Lihonosov ◽  
Lubov Petrenko
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Protective Measures

Air pollution emissions are released from both natural and anthropogenic sources. During the environment pollution researching and monitoring the special attention should be paid to the construction operations, since during the construction processes many pollutants are released, especially fine dust particles, which are harmful to the health of construction workers and the population living near the construction site. The construction of any object in urban terrain has bad influence not only on the nearby buildings and city infrastructure, but on the existing environment of urban areas. The identification of the important pollution sources that contribute to ambient concentrations of pollutants is essential for developing an effective air quality management plan during building construction. Particular attention should be paid to emissions of fine particles during technological processes of construction with a special degree of dust emission. Control and regulation of the dynamic state of dispersed systems released during technological construction processes using a number of protective measures will reduce emissions of pollutants into the air. The objects of this research were the construction site and residential buildings of a large residential complex «Ekaterininskiy» located in Rostov-on-Don. The obtained measurement data as a result of this type of environmental monitoring showed the level of atmospheric air pollution from the construction industry using the example of the construction of the residential complex “Ekaterininskiy” in Rostov-onDon. After analyzing the situation with dust pollution the protective measures were suggested.

scholarly journals STUDY OF SAMPLES STRENGTH OF MATERIAL FORMED BY THE PROCESSES OF COMPACTION, EXTRUSION AND TUMBLING GRANULATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-497
Author(s):  
Peter Peciar ◽  
Radovan Ružinský ◽  
Adam Guštafík ◽  
Mária Karľová ◽  
Matúš Čierny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Cement Kiln ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Industrial Expansion ◽  
Energy Processing ◽  
Dust Treatment

In a period of industrial expansion, protection of the environment is often neglected during the mass manufacture of products. One of the problems of our society that is necessary to face at present is the provision, processing and then usage of waste composed of fine particles that are extremely dangerous for mankind. This study looks at the processing of the fine dust resulting from the manufacture of brake pads. The selected technologies for the process of dust treatment were compaction, extrusion and tumbling granulation, and their consequent comparison with the strength of a break and disintegration of agglomerates from fine dust. The experiments were performed on a unique equipment that made it possible to process such dust in the form of larger units and thus reduce their dustiness, with this dust being reintroduced into the technologies for repeat processing or used for energy processing, in a cement kiln, for example.

scholarly journals Particle Morphology, Composition and Associated Ice Chemistry of Tephra Layers in the Byrd Ice Core: Evidence for Hydrovolcanic Eruptions

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Palais
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
Ice Chemistry

In 1968 an ice core 2164 m long was recovered from Byrd station in West Antarctica. About 2000 tephra layers were observed in the core and have been differentiated into ash and dust bands according to the grain size and concentration of particles in the layers. Mount Takahe, a local volcano in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica is the probable source. Detailed examinations of the particle morphology, composition and ice chemistry associated with some of the tephra layers have led to the conclusion that the eruptions which produced the layers were probably hydrovolcanic. Melted glacier ice is considered the most likely source of the water involved in the eruptions. Processes associated with hydrovolcanism such as particle aggregation (causing premature deposition of fine particles), rapid conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid (in the presence of abundant moisture) and scavenging of acid droplets by the fine dust particles are inferred to have taken place. Such processes would greatly reduce the atmospheric residence time of the eruptive products and thus their atmospheric and climatic impact.

scholarly journals The effects of fine and coarse particulate matter on lung function among the elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Hsien Chen ◽  
Chih-Da Wu ◽  
Hung-Che Chiang ◽  
Dachen Chu ◽  
Kang-Yun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey

Abstract Impaired lung function is associated with morbidity and mortality in the elderly. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the long-term effects of particulate matter (PM) on lung function among the elderly. This study evaluated the exposure-response relationship between ambient PM and different lung function indices among the elderly in Taiwan. A cross-sectional survey of individuals aged ≥65 years was conducted in Taiwan from October 2015 to September 2016. Those who attended the annual health examination for the elderly in five hospitals of varying background PM concentrations were enrolled. The long-term (2015 annual mean concentration) exposure to air pollution was estimated by the Kriging method at the residence of each subject. The association between ambient PM exposure and lung function was evaluated by linear regression modeling, with adjustments for age, sex, height, weight, educational attainment, presence of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking status, season, and co-pollutants. There were 1241 subjects (mean age, 70.5 years). The mean residential PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in 2015 was 26.02 and 18.01 μg/m3, respectively. After adjustments for confounders and co-pollutants, the FVC decrease was best associated with fine particles (PM2.5), whereas the FEV1, FEF25–75%, FEF25% and FEF50% decreases were best associated with coarse particles (PM2.5–10). An IQR (10 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 decreased FVC by 106.38 ml (4.47%), while an IQR (7.29 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5–10 decreased FEV1 and FEF25–75% by 91.23 ml (4.85%) and 104.44 ml/s (5.58%), respectively. Among the Taiwanese elderly, long-term PM2.5 exposure mainly decreases the vital capacity of lung function. Moreover, PM2.5–10 has a stronger negative effect on the function of conductive airways than PM2.5.

scholarly journals The impact of ancestral heath management on soils and landscapes: a reconstruction based on paleoecological analyses of soil records in the central and southeastern Netherlands

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Doorenbosch ◽  
Jan M. van Mourik
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Abstract. The evolution of heathlands during the Holocene has been registered in various soil records. Paleoecological analyses of these records enable reconstruction of the changing economic and cultural management of heaths and the consequences for landscape and soils. Heaths are characteristic components of cultural landscape mosaics on sandy soils in the Netherlands. The natural habitat of heather species was moorland. At first, natural events like forest fires and storms caused small-scale forest degradation; in addition on that, the forest degradation accelerated due to cultural activities like forest grazing, wood cutting, and shifting cultivation. Heather plants invaded degraded forest soils, and heaths developed. People learned to use the heaths for economic and cultural purposes. The impact of the heath management on landscape and soils was registered in soil records of barrows, drift sand sequences, and plaggic Anthrosols. Based on pollen diagrams of such records we could reconstruct that heaths were developed and used for cattle grazing before the Bronze Age. During the late Neolithic, the Bronze Age, and Iron Age, people created the barrow landscape on the ancestral heaths. After the Iron Age, people probably continued with cattle grazing on the heaths and plaggic agriculture until the early Middle Ages. Severe forest degradation by the production of charcoal for melting iron during the Iron Age till the 6th–7th century and during the 11th–13th century for the trade of wood resulted in extensive sand drifting, a threat to the valuable heaths. The introduction of the deep, stable economy and heath sods digging in the course of the 18th century resulted in acceleration of the rise of plaggic horizons, severe heath degradation, and again extension of sand drifting. At the end of the 19th century heath lost its economic value due to the introduction of chemical fertilizers. The heaths were transformed into "new" arable fields and forests, and due to deep ploughing most soil archives were destroyed. Since AD 1980, the remaining relicts of the ancestral heaths are preserved and restored in the frame of the programs to improve the regional and national geo-biodiversity. Despite the realization of many heath restoration projects during the last decades, the area of the present heaths is just a fraction of the heath areal in AD 1900.

scholarly journals Wildfire smoke in the Siberian Arctic in summer: source characterization and plume evolution from airborne measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 9315-9327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-D. Paris ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
P. Nédélec ◽  
M. Yu. Arshinov ◽  
M. V. Panchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Abstract. We present airborne measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), equivalent black carbon (EBC) and ultra fine particles over North-Eastern Siberia in July 2008 performed during the YAK-AEROSIB/POLARCAT experiment. During a "golden day" (11 July 2008) a number of biomass burning plumes were encountered with CO mixing ratio enhancements of up to 500 ppb relative to a background of 90 ppb. Number concentrations of aerosols in the size range 3.5–200 nm peaked at 4000 cm−3 and the EBC content reached 1.4 μg m−3. These high concentrations were caused by forest fires in the vicinity of the landing airport in Yakutsk where measurements in fresh smoke could be made during the descent. We estimate a combustion efficiency of 90 ± 3% based on CO and CO2 measurements and a CO emission factor of 65.5 ± 10.8 g CO per kilogram of dry matter burned. This suggests a potential increase in the average northern hemispheric CO mixing ratio of 3.0–7.2 ppb per million hectares of Siberian forest burned. For BC, we estimate an emission factor of 0.52 ± 0.07 g BC kg−1, comparable to values reported in the literature. The emission ratio of ultra-fine particles (3.5–200 nm) was 26 cm−3 (ppb CO)−1, consistent with other airborne studies. The transport of identified biomass burning plumes was investigated using the FLEXPART Lagrangian model. Based on sampling of wildfire plumes from the same source but with different atmospheric ages derived from FLEXPART, we estimate that the e-folding lifetimes of EBC and ultra fine particles (between 3.5 and 200 nm in size) against removal and growth processes are 5.1 and 5.5 days respectively, supporting lifetime estimates used in various modelling studies.

scholarly journals Beginning of the Next Year or Continuation of the Last One? Analysis of Statistics and a Personal Opinion

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Korotkov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Older People ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Entire World

In 2020, the entire world faced a formidable new danger: the coronavirus pandemic. Millions of people were infected and many died. Unprecedented measures were taken in all countries. The corona virus affects deep parts of the respiratory tract and lung alveoli. Like any virus, corona virus primarily affects people with a weakened immune system, taking certain drugs, and the elderly. The primary mortality from this virus in all countries was in older people.1 After 9 months of pandemic development, the course of the pandemic can be analysed, and it is important to do this for each individual country.

scholarly journals Wildfire smoke in the Siberian Arctic in summer: source characterization and plume evolution from airborne measurements

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 18201-18233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-D. Paris ◽  
A. Stohl ◽  
P. Nédélec ◽  
M. Yu. Arshinov ◽  
M. V. Panchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Source Characterization ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
Co Concentration ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Abstract. We present airborne measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), equivalent black carbon (EBC) and ultra fine particles over North-Eastern Siberia in July 2008 performed during the YAK-AEROSIB/POLARCAT experiment. During a "golden day" (11 July 2008) a number of biomass burning plumes were encountered with CO concentration enhancements of up to 500 ppb relative to a background of 90 ppb. Number concentrations of aerosols in the size range 3.5–200 nm peaked at 4000 cm−3 and the EBC content reached 1.4 μg m−3. These high concentrations were caused by forest fires in the vicinity of the landing airport in Yakutsk where during the descent measurements in fresh smoke could be made. We estimate a combustion efficiency of 90±3% based on CO and CO2 measurements. The emission factor of CO emitted was 59.6±15.2 g CO per kilogram of dry matter burned, suggesting an increase in the average northern hemispheric CO concentration of 3.0–7.2 ppb per million hectares of Siberian forest burned. For BC, we estimate an emission factor of 0.52±0.07 g BC kg−1, comparable to values reported in the literature. The emission ratio of ultra-fine particles (3.5–200 nm) was 26 cm−3 (ppb CO)−1, consistent with other airborne studies. The transport of identified biomass burning plumes was investigated using the FLEXPART Lagrangian model. Based on sampling of wildfire plumes from the same source but with different atmospheric ages derived from FLEXPART, we estimate that the e-folding lifetimes of EBC and ultra fine particles (between 3.5 and 200 nm in size) against removal and growth processes are 5.1 and 5.5 days, respectively, supporting lifetimes estimates used in various modelling studies.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols between Moscow and Vladivostok

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 7473-7508 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuokka ◽  
K. Teinilä ◽  
K. Saarnio ◽  
M. Aurela ◽  
M. Sillanpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fire ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Particle Volume ◽  
Chemical Laboratory ◽  
Line System ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. The TROICA-9 expedition (Trans-Siberian Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) was carried out at the Trans-Siberian railway between Moscow and Vladivostok in October 2005. Measurements of aerosol physical and chemical properties were made from an observatory carriage connected to a passenger train. Black carbon (BC) concentrations in fine particles (PM2.5, aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) were measured with an aethalometer using a five-minute time resolution. Concentrations of inorganic ions and some organic compounds (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, oxalate and methane sulphonate) were measured continuously by using an on-line system with a 15-min time resolution. In addition, particle volume size distributions were determined for particles in the diameter range 3–850 nm using a 10-min. time resolution. The continuous measurements were completed with 24-h. PM2.5 filter samples which were stored in a refrigerator and later analyzed in chemical laboratory. The analyses included mass concentrations of PM2.5, ions, monosaccharide anhydrides (levoglucosan, galactosan and mannosan) and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn). The mass concentrations of PM2.5 varied in the range of 4.3–34.8 μg m−3 with an average of 21.6 μg m−3. Fine particle mass consisted mainly of BC (average 27.6%), SO42− (13.0%), NH4+ (4.1%), and NO3− (1.4%). One of the major constituents was obviously also organic carbon which was not determined. The contribution of BC was high compared with other studies made in Europe and Asia. High concentrations of ions, BC and particle volume were observed between Moscow and roughly 4000 km east of it, as well as close to Vladivostok, primarily due to local anthropogenic sources. In the natural background area between 4000 and 7200 km distance from Moscow, observed concentrations were low, even though there were local particle sources, such as forest fires, that increased occasionally concentrations. The measurements indicated that during forest fire episodes, most of the aerosol mass consisted of organic particulate matter. Concentrations of biomass burning tracers levoglucosan, oxalate and potassium were elevated close to the forest fire areas observed by the MODIS satellite. The polluted air masses from Asia seem to have significant influences on the concentration levels of fine particles over south-eastern Russia.

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