scholarly journals Hyoid Bone Size and Its Implications for Social Organization and Sexual Selection in Alouatta pigra and the Elusive Alouatta macconnelli

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey R. Whittaker ◽  
Shawn Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Alouatta Pigra ◽  
Royal Ontario Museum ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of this research paper is focusing on the hyoid bone in Alouatta pigra and Alouatta macconnelli and determine its role in affecting the social organization and sexual selection of the individuals in these species. This includes the discussion on the dimensions of the hyoid between the males and females as well as an analysis of observed social behaviour patterns and the sexual selection process. It was found that female Alouatta pigra had a larger hyoid than males of the species and that Alouatta macconnelli males had a hyoid nearly twice the size of females. The hyoids were measured from the Mammal Biodiversity collection at the Royal Ontario Museum. The bones dimensions were taken using plastic calipers and their circumference measured using a soft tape measure. Based on the sexual selection and social organisation of Alouatta pigra which is multi-male/multi-female with the occasional unimale with multiple females, the null hypothesis must be accepted as the larger hyoid is not found in males but in females and the size of the hyoid does not affect the social organization in this species. In Alouatta macconnelli, there is little information on this species but the null hypothesis is rejected as males have much larger hyoids than females and the social organization is that of a uni-male with multiple females.

Fighting success in relation to body mass and drumming activity in the male wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 1532-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Kotiaho ◽  
Rauno V. Alatalo ◽  
Johanna Mappes ◽  
Silja Parri
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Hygrolycosa Rubrofasciata ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Agonistic Encounters

In the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata, males court females by drumming dry leaves with their abdomen. Females prefer to mate with the most actively drumming males, and courtship drumming activity is also positively correlated with male viability. However, body mass of the males seems to have only a minor, if any, effect on female choice or male viability. There is also no correlation between male body mass and courtship drumming activity. We studied the effect of body mass and courtship drumming activity on the outcome of agonistic encounters between male H. rubrofasciata. For this purpose, males and females were randomly placed in a plastic arena, where male courtship drumming activity and agonistic encounters were recorded. Large differences in body mass and drumming activity between two rivals seemed to independently increase the probability of the larger or more active males winning. We conclude that while courtship drumming activity affects the fighting success of the males, and body mass more so, male–male interactions may not be of major importance in sexual selection of H. rubrofasciata.

Initial Northern Iroquoian Coalescence

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Birch ◽  
Ronald F. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Village Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Village

Northern Iroquoian societies experienced two phases of community coalescence, one in the thirteenth century, which brought semi-sedentary populations together into the first true villages, and a second phase two centuries later that created large palisaded settlements. This chapter is primarily concerned with the first wave of village formation and the changes in social organization and gender and power relations that accompanied the transition to sedentism. This included more formalized decision-making at the village level as well as the development of recursive entanglements between regional networks defined by kin- and clan-based relations and materialized through ritual and mortuary programs. We argue that transformations in the social and physical labor performed by males and females at the village and regional levels is key to understanding this transition.

1. Darwin’s other big idea

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Selection Of

The idea that males and females often look, sound, smell, and behave differently is uncontroversial. Where those differences came from, however, and what role they play in various species—including humans—is not. ‘Darwin’s other big idea’ outlines Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory: differential reproduction based on sexual competition, whether between the members of one sex for access to the other, or by selection of particular mating partners. Differences in reproductive parts directly involved in sperm or egg production—primary sexual characteristics—were relatively easy to explain. The other kinds of sexual differences, he proposed, could evolve in one of two ways: male–male competition resulting in weapons, or female choice resulting in ornaments, but this was highly controversial.

scholarly journals A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Chromatic Ultraviolet Plumage Coloration in Grackles and Allies (Icteridae)

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muir D. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Plumage Coloration ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Museum Study ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Plumage traits have been studied intensely for more than a century, especially bright and exaggerated plumage. A large body of evidence across a range of avian taxa supports sexual selection as a major evolutionary force acting on plumage colors. The discovery of ultraviolet (UV) coloration in avian plumage resulted in the extension of sexual selection hypotheses to explain the evolution of potential UV plumage traits. However, there have been no comparative evolutionary studies elucidating the origin of UV signals in birds. Here, I used a comparative phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of chromatic UV plumage colors in the grackles-and-allies clade of the New World blackbirds (Icteridae). On the basis of reflectance data collected from museum study skins, I have determined that UV plumage signals have evolved multiple times from an ancestral condition that lacked UV plumage signals, with very few unambiguous reversals. Although UV plumage has evolved in both males and females, there have been significantly more evolutionary changes in male UV plumage characters. Concentrated changes tests and correlations of independent contrasts reveal evidence for sexual selection of some male UV plumage characters, as well as an increase in UV plumage coloration for species found in open habitats. These results support the use of objective assessments of avian colors (i.e. spectrophotometry) to properly interpret patterns of plumage evolution generally, and they suggest the need for behavioral studies on the function of chromatic UV signals in several blackbird species. Una Perspectiva Filogenética sobre la Evolución de la Coloración Ultravioleta en los Changos y Chamones (Icteridae)

scholarly journals COMBINATION OF FUZZY-AHP AND DEMATEL-ANP WITH GIS IN A NEW HYBRID MCDM MODEL USED FOR THE SELECTION OF THE BEST SPACE FOR LEISURE IN A BLIGHTED URBAN SITE

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad POURAHMAD ◽  
Ali HOSSEINI ◽  
Audrius BANAITIS ◽  
Hossein NASIRI ◽  
Nerija BANAITIENĖ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Urban Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Site ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

Urban blight issues have transformed over time. Today, the focus is on the social context and such services as recreation and leisure. Considering that the insufficiency of leisure spaces in blighted urban neighbourhoods gives rise to social and cultural problems in Tehran, this research aims to identify the best leisure space in a blighted urban site. The selection process uses the combination of a new hybrid MCDM model and GIS. The integration of GIS and MCDM makes a powerful tool for the selection of the best leisure space in a site because GIS provides efficient manipulation, analysis and presentation of spatial data while MCDM supplies consistent weight of sub-criteria and criteria. The results show the interrelations between dimensions and criteria, also influential priorities and the most important sequences of those. Afterward, this study employs DANP to obtain the weight of each criterion and select a site for leisure using GIS, based on INRM from the DEMATEL method.

scholarly journals Disentangling the mechanisms linking dispersal and sociality in supergene-mediated ant social forms

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1949) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaranta Fontcuberta ◽  
Ornela De Gasperin ◽  
Amaury Avril ◽  
Sagane Dind ◽  
Michel Chapuisat
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Propensity To Leave ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Colony Level

The coevolution between dispersal and sociality can lead to linked polymorphisms in both traits, which may favour the emergence of supergenes. Supergenes have recently been found to control social organization in several ant lineages. Whether and how these ‘social supergenes’ also control traits related to dispersal is yet unknown. Our goal here was to get a comprehensive view of the dispersal mechanisms associated with supergene-controlled alternative social forms in the ant Formica selysi. We measured the production and emission of young females and males by single-queen (monogyne) and multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies, the composition of mating aggregations, and the frequency of crosses within and between social forms in the wild. We found that males and females from alternative social forms did not display strong differences in their propensity to leave the nest and disperse, nor in their mating behaviour. Instead, the social forms differed substantially in sex allocation. Monogyne colonies produced 90% of the females flying to swarms, whereas 57% of the males in swarms originated from polygyne colonies. Most crosses were assortative with respect to social form. However, 20% of the monogyne females did mate with polygyne males, which is surprising as this cross has never been found in mature monogyne colonies. We suggest that the polygyny-determining haplotype free rides on monogyne females, who establish independent colonies that later become polygyne. By identifying the steps in dispersal where the social forms differ, this study sheds light on the behavioural and colony-level traits linking dispersal and sociality through supergenes.

scholarly journals Influence of Childhood Trauma and Personality Traits on Paranormal Beliefs among Early-adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswathi Prasad ◽  
Baiju Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
The Road ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Social ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Selection Of

The field of Parapsychology is concerned with the exploration of psychic and paranormal phenomena which has deep-rooted repercussion in the social world from time immemorial. Research in this field has gone beyond bounds and leaps in distant cultural contexts, yet the local milieu stands right in the middle of the road. The present study which intended to find out the influence of childhood trauma and personality beliefs on paranormal beliefs was conducted among early adults belonging to the age group 18-30 years. The sample consisted of 190 early-adults (67 males and 123 females) hailing from different districts of Kerala, India. Purposive sampling method was employed for the selection of participants. The tools used for the study include Revised Paranormal Beliefs Scale (Tobacyk, 1983), Childhood trauma Questionnaire (Pennebacker and Susman, 2013), and Big Five-Factor Inventory (44 items). It was found that there are significant relationships between few dimensions of paranormal beliefs, childhood trauma, and personality traits as proposed earlier, and certain dimensions of childhood trauma and personality traits are significant predictors of paranormal beliefs. The study also found that the distribution of different dimensions of paranormal beliefs is not significant across categories of gender (males and females), except in the case of one dimension. An exploration into the backdrop of paranormal beliefs among individuals hailing from the venerable culture of Kerala; anchored in heritage and religiosity, might be of assistance in this regard. This study could probably be reflected as such an endeavour to unfurl mysteries hidden in the regional psyche.

scholarly journals Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Rodentia: Hydrochoeridae): prevalence, effect and sexual selection

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio A. Herrera ◽  
Yarlenis Castro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Good Genes ◽  
Scent Gland ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Spleen Mass ◽  
Selection Of

Parasites play a crucial role in the ecology of animals. They also appear to be important in mechanisms underlying sexual selection processes. In this article we study the prevalence, effect and potential role in sexual selection of the protozoon Trypanosoma evansi in capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. We collected our samples from the annual capybara cull of a ranch in Venezuela, using the volume of the snout scent gland as an indicator of dominance; the residuals of body weight as indicators of condition; and the residuals of the spleen mass as indicators of immune function. Overall prevalence was 30.9% (N=97) with no difference between males and females and no relation between infection with T. evansi and condition. However, we found that infected animals had larger spleens (residuals), indicating an immunological cost of the infection. Further, males with larger snout scent glands (more dominant) were less likely to be infected than males with smaller glands (less dominant) suggesting that by choosing males with a large gland, females may be using the gland as an indicator of health, which is consistent with the “good genes” view of sexual selection.

Kin-biased spatial associations and social interactions in male and female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (14) ◽  
pp. 2029-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarie Van Belle ◽  
Alejandro Estrada ◽  
Anthony Di Fiore
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Alouatta Pigra ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Howler Monkeys ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Black Howler ◽  
Black Howler Monkeys

Kinship has been shown to play a crucial role in shaping the social structure of animal societies. We examined the genetic relationships of adult and sub-adult males () and females () from five social groups of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico, by genotyping each individual at 21 microsatellite markers. These findings were related to patterns of intragroup spatial associations and affiliative and agonistic interactions recorded over a 28-month period of behavioural observation in the field. We demonstrate that the social structure of this black howler monkey population is dominated by strong social relationships and high degrees of genetic relatedness among females. Female kin had stronger relationships because they were less aggressive to each other than female non-kin. Nevertheless, females resident in the same social group frequently spent time close to one another and affiliated with each other regardless of kinship. Relationships among males from the same social group were based on avoidance and tolerance, as males rarely interacted either affiliatively or agonistically and spent limited time close to one another. Nonetheless, kinship was a significant predictor of agonistic interactions among males, with unrelated or distantly related males engaging in agonism at higher rates than close male kin. Adult males and females rarely co-resided with adult kin from the opposite sex, and they affiliated and spatially associated at rates intermediary to those among females and those among males.

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