Initial Northern Iroquoian Coalescence

2018 ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Birch ◽  
Ronald F. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Village Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Village

Northern Iroquoian societies experienced two phases of community coalescence, one in the thirteenth century, which brought semi-sedentary populations together into the first true villages, and a second phase two centuries later that created large palisaded settlements. This chapter is primarily concerned with the first wave of village formation and the changes in social organization and gender and power relations that accompanied the transition to sedentism. This included more formalized decision-making at the village level as well as the development of recursive entanglements between regional networks defined by kin- and clan-based relations and materialized through ritual and mortuary programs. We argue that transformations in the social and physical labor performed by males and females at the village and regional levels is key to understanding this transition.

scholarly journals Faktor Penyebab Konflik Pemilihan Kepala Desa Serentak Di Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
Marno Wance ◽  
Abd Halil Hi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Village ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

ABSTRACT Pemilihan kepala desa serentak tahun  2016 yang dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan menyisahkan konflik pilkades. Adapun desa yang mengikuti kontetasi pemilihan kepala desa (pilkades) serentak berjumlah 249 desa yang tersebar di 32 kecamatan. Pilkades serentak terbagi menjadi dua tahap yaitu tahap pertama yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 20 November 2018 yang diikuti oleh 189 desa. Sedangkan 60 desa akan dilaksanakan pada tahap kedua. Pelaksanaaan pilkades tahap pertama mengalami konflik pilkades di 16 desa. Penyebabnya karena penyelenggara di tingkat desa berpihak kepala salah satu kandidat, tim tim sukses kandidat, dan kedekatan dengan penguasa daerah. Selainitu,konflik pilkades terjadi karenaaktor-aktor daerah melakukan intervensi pada proses pemilihan sehingga mengakibatkan konflik antara kandidat. Penelitian konflik pilkades di Halmahera selatan di lakukan pada dua desa dengan tujuan untuk membandingkan penyebab konflik dan model penyelesain kondlik pilkades. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dengan cara melakukan wawancara secara mendalam dengan pihak-pihak yang terlibat pada konflik pilkades di Halmahera Selatan. Manfaat dari hasil penelitian untuk menambah khasanah keilmuan tentang konflik pikades di tingkat desa.   Keywords: Pilkades, konflik pemilihan, kandidat ABSTRACT Simultaneous village head elections in 2016 held in South Halmahera Regencyended up with conflicts. There were 249villagesspread across 32 sub-districts participating in the village head elections. The simultaneous village headelections were divided into two phases in which the first one was held on 20 November 2018 taken by 189 villages. While 60 villages were held in the second phase. The first electionleft 16 casesof conflicts. The fact in the field revealed that the conclicts occured because there were some complaints coming from the losing candidatesthat the election organizers had taken side on one of the candidatesand their supporting teamwhichhad closeness to the regional leader. Besides,there were some actors intervening in the election that caused conflicts among candidates. Consideringthefacts, thisresearchwas conducted in two villages with the aim of comparing the conflicts in the villages andthe resolution models. The research method used was descriptive qualitative by conducting in-depth interviews with parties involved in the election conflicts. The benefits ofthe research is to increase the repertoire of knowledge about election conflict at the village level. Keywords:head village election, election conflict, candidates  

scholarly journals Validation of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-Long Version II (COPSOQ II) in Greek employees

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. e977
Author(s):  
Eleni Zigkiri ◽  
Maria Charalampopoulou ◽  
Anastasia Kokka ◽  
Flora Bacopoulou ◽  
Christina Darviri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
High Educational Level ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
High Educational

The aim of this study was to validate the long second version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ II) in the Greek language. The study was carried out in two phases following a mixed-method design. Six hundred and fifty-two Greek employees (response rate 93.3%) responded in the second phase of the study, either online or in writing. Both types of participation to the study were confidential for the participants and the companies as well. Most participants were females (68.1%), married (47.4%), aged 30-49 years (60.9%), with high educational level (60.4%). The majority were occupied in the health and the social care services (37.4%) and employed by the private sector (63.2%). Internal consistency of the GR-COPSOQ II was assessed with the Cronbach alpha criterion (Cronbach’s a) and it was acceptable (0.8>α>0.7) for most of the scales. Mean scores were high in many scales that describe exposure to psychosocial risk factors at the workplace. Construct validity was established by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for the entire study sample and scales. In conclusion, the Greek version of the COPSOQ-II (GR-COPSOQ II) has good psychometric properties and can be recommended as a valid tool for the assessment of psychosocial risk in Greek employees.

The Gendered Social Organization of Migration as Work

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 295-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet W. Salaff
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Gender

Borrowing concepts from the study of work and occupations as well as gender studies, this paper considers the social organization of migration as gendered work. It explores women's and men's contribution to two aspects of family resources needed to migrate: (a) jobs and the non-market exchanges involved in obtaining work, and (b) the support of kin. The data come from a study of 30 emigrant and non-emigrant families representing three social classes in Hong Kong. We find their “migration work” varies by social class and gender. Since the working class families depend on kin to get resources to emigrate, their “migration work” involves maintaining these kin ties, mainly in the job area. The lower middle class proffer advice to kin, and they view kin as an information source on topics including migration. For the affluent, middle-class who negotiate independently to emigrate, their “migration work” involves linking colleagues to the family.

Cadres’ Voices

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-148
Author(s):  
John James Kennedy ◽  
Yaojiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Village Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Local Leaders

While village cadres, along with town and county officials, are often portrayed as the strong arm of the state, enforcing the birth policy regardless of the social and personal costs, the relationship between villagers, cadres, and officials is, in fact, more fluid and complex. In-depth interviews with local cadres, including village leaders, midwives, and family planning cadres, as well as town and county officials, show a more dynamic and at times reciprocal relationship between local leaders and villagers. Many of the village cadres and officials interviewed admitted that it was not uncommon for births to go unregistered for years and that official birth counts and population reports compiled at the village level and sent up to the town governments were, at times, incomplete. The interviews reveal mutual noncompliance and selective policy implementation at the grassroots and even town and county levels.

Caste and the Decline of Political Homogeneity

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Somjee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Socialization ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the traditional social organization of India, based on the principle of hierarchy, and the newly introduced democratic institutions and procedures, based on the principle of equality, has been a subject of diverse interpretations. The more significant of these interpretations are that the social organization has subsumed the new political system, and that the various units of social organization, namely, castes, have developed voluntary bodies or caste associations of their own in order to enter into an operative relationship with the new political system. The latter interpretation also implies that the democratic political socialization in India has been taking place by means of the caste associations. This study takes a hard look at such interpretations and points out that the internal cohesion of the social organization materially alters when it moves away from its primary social concerns—ritual, pollution, and endogamy—to nontraditional concerns. This change is reflected in the fact that highly fragmented decision-making processes of castes in nontraditional matters often lead to their substantial vote against candidates of their own castes. Such political differentiation within castes has occurred before the advent of certain caste associations, and in some cases despite them. These and other assertions are substantiated through data collected in a rural and an urban community where fieldwork designed to understand their political dynamics extended over a number of years.

scholarly journals Late Vinca culture settlement at Crkvine in Stubline: Household organization and urbanization in the Late Vinca culture period

Starinar ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Crnobrnja ◽  
Zoran Simic ◽  
Marko Jankovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Culture Period ◽  
Household Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Village

The site Crkvine is situated in the vicinity of the village Stubline in the borough of Obrenovac around 40 km to the southwest of Belgrade (Serbia). In the first section of this work we present the comprehensive report about the investigations carried out so far. The geomagnetic prospection undertaken from 2006 to 2008 covered an area of 32,400 square meters and the obtained results indicate the existence of around 100 houses built in rows around the rather large open areas as well as the trenches surrounding the settlement. The investigations of the house 1/2008 dating from the Vinca culture D-2 period yielded in addition to the data concerning its interior organization also a unique find of the group of 46 figurines with 11 models of miniature tools. In the second section of this work we discuss the prospects, which future investigations of this site and its environment could provide concerning the study of the social organization in the very end of the Vinca culture.

scholarly journals Decision making and the bedside assessment: The Speech Language Therapists’ thinking when making a diagnosis at the bed

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Coutts ◽  
Mershen Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Assessment Data ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Assessment Measure ◽  
Phase Data ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Two Phases

Background: The bedside assessment is often seen as a screener because of its high variability in sensitivity and specificity, whilst the instrumental measures are viewed as gold standards because of the ability of speech-language therapist (SLT) to visualise the swallow more objectively.Objectives: This research article explores how the value needs to be placed on the decision-making abilities of the SLT rather than on the assessment measure itself.Method: A mixed methodology concurrent triangulation design was employed to collect data in two phases: the first phase included observing seven SLTs conducting assessments using a standardised bedside measure together with pulse oximetry and cervical auscultation. The second phase was a focus group discussion based on the findings from the first phase. Data were analysed thematically using a bottom-up approach.Results: The following factors were found to influence the decision-making process at the bedside: bedside assessment data sets, patient, multidisciplinary team, context and then SLT. The availability of more data from the assessment from different data sets improved the confidence of the SLT at the bedside when needing to make clinical decisions. Clinical instincts are developed through experience and observation of those more experienced. These skills need to be developed from junior years.Conclusion: This research study showed that a bedside assessment can provide valuable information that will allow for diagnostic decisions to be made at the bedside. This study also highlighted the importance of critical thinking using clinical instincts, and that these are the factors that need to be valued and emphasised rather than the assessment measures themselves.

When prior knowledge overrules new evidence: Adaptive use of decision strategies and the role of behavioral routines 1The paper is based on a presentation held at the 16th SPUDM conference in Leeds, 1997. The research was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to Klaus Fiedler and Tilmann Betsch, within the Sonderforschungsbereich 504 at the Universities of Mannheim and Heidelberg. We are grateful to Frank Siebler for programming the Mouselab. Thanks are due to Susanne Haberstroh, Arndt Bröder, Bronwyn Jones and Esther Goldbloom for many helpful comments on earlier versions of the paper.

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilmann Betsch ◽  
Babette Julia Brinkmann ◽  
Klaus Fiedler ◽  
Katja Breining
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Decision Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Use ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Adaptive Decision Making ◽  
New Evidence

This paper focuses on behavioral routines in adaptive decision making. In an experiment consisting of two phases, participants worked on recurrent, multiattribute choice problems. In the first phase, routines were induced by relying upon the human ability to adapt to situational changes by changing decision strategies. To induce strategy change, time pressure was varied as a within factor. Payoffs were manipulated so that an adaptive change in strategy led participants to maximize choice frequency for one out of three options (routine acquisition). After a one week time lapse, participants worked on similar problems, containing the previously preferred routine option. In this second phase, payoffs favored deviation from the routine option. Results showed that choices were almost perfectly calibrated to payoffs under low time pressure. However, if time pressure increased, participants were more likely to prefer the routine option, even though search strategies were still used adaptively and evidence discouraged routine selection. Results are discussed with reference to the model of adaptive decision making ( Payne, Bettman & Johnson, 1993 ), and the MODE model of attitude-behavior relation ( Fazio, 1990 ).

The Effects of Professional Role, Decision Context, and Gender on the Ethical Decision Making of Public Accounting Professionals

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna D. Bobek ◽  
Amy M. Hageman ◽  
Robin R. Radtke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Decision Context ◽  
Accounting Professionals ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACT This study investigates the degree to which professional role (auditor or tax professional), decision context (an audit or tax environment), and gender influence the ethical decision making of public accounting professionals. The primary analysis, including all 134 accounting professionals who participated in our experiment, indicates that these participants are both less likely to indicate they would concede to a client in a contentious situation and less likely to recommend conceding when they are in an audit as opposed to tax context. Furthermore, work experience in auditing (as opposed to tax) is associated with a decreased likelihood of conceding to the client in both contexts. However, when data for males and females are analyzed separately, professional role, context, and moral intensity are significantly related to males' decision making, but are not significant with respect to females' decisions. This suggests that males and females may use different decision-making processes. Possible theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed.

Victims as Actors of Social Control: An Empirical Inquiry in France and Some Implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Zauberman ◽  
Philippe Robert
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Empirical Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
Screening Question ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Detailed Questionnaire

This article presents some preliminary results of the first French national victimization survey. Investigations into victimization are mainly used in France to determine the social profile of victims, as well as their behaviour and attitudes. The survey was implemented in two phases: a screening question on a national sample of 11,000, followed in the second phase by 1,049 victims answering a detailed questionnaire on their attitudes and behaviour. Besides ordinary property and personal offences, family violence and offences related to consumption and business life were included. For each of those types of victimization, the authors detail the specific socio-demographic characteristics of victims in order to compare these profiles. Finally they present data on the consequences of victimization and on the different resources to which victims turn. These results are used to document a discussion on criminal policy issues; in particular, passivity of the police confronted with individual complaints against unidentified offenders; and the considerable transformations in the protection of private property, which blur the traditional borders between state and private sectors.

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