scholarly journals Characteristics of Interlayer Materials in Non-Allophanic Volcanic Ash and Red Yellow Soils from Japan

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Anabella Tulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Citrate Solution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Extractions ◽  
Oxalate Solution

The characteristics and properties of interlayer materials from 10 non-allophanic (Melanudand) and red yellow soils (Alfisols and Ultisols) from three locations in Japan were studied by chemical extractions and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Allophane was dissolved from clay samples using 0.15 M acid oxalate solution while silicon and aluminum were dissolved using both 0.15 M acid oxalate and 0.3 M sodium citrate solutions. XRD analyses were done for the treated and untreated samples. For the chemically extracted samples, the clay samples were treated with bicarbonate citrate solution for the removal of iron oxides after the dissolution treatments then saturated with K and Mg ions for XRD analyses. Results of the XRD patternd of the untreated and treated samples indicated the interlayer materials as a hydroxy-interlayered form for vermiculite (HIV). Between the two dissolution treatments, the 0.3 M sodium citrate treatment was found to be more effective in removing the interlayer materials than the 0.15 M acid oxalate treatment by allowing interlayer expansion and collapse.

scholarly journals Discovery of Fe7O9: a new iron oxide with a complex monoclinic structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Sinmyo ◽  
Elena Bykova ◽  
Sergey V. Ovsyannikov ◽  
Catherine McCammon ◽  
Ilya Kupenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Iron oxides are fundamentally important compounds for basic and applied sciences as well as in numerous industrial applications. In this work we report the synthesis and investigation of a new binary iron oxide with the hitherto unknown stoichiometry of Fe7O9. This new oxide was synthesized at high-pressure high-temperature (HP-HT) conditions, and its black single crystals were successfully recovered at ambient conditions. By means of single crystal X-ray diffraction we determined that Fe7O9 adopts a monoclinic C2/m lattice with the most distorted crystal structure among the binary iron oxides known to date. The synthesis of Fe7O9 opens a new portal to exotic iron-rich (M,Fe)7O9 oxides with unusual stoichiometry and distorted crystal structures. Moreover, the crystal structure and phase relations of such new iron oxide groups may provide new insight into the cycling of volatiles in the Earth’s interior.

X-ray diffraction has limited applicability in investigation of milk tampering

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-340
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Pavão Battaglini ◽  
Alexandre Urbano ◽  
Vanerli Beloti ◽  
Edson Antonio Rios ◽  
Juliana Ramos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Crystallographic Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Limited Applicability

AbstractThe aim of this work was to use X-ray diffraction to identify substances used for adulteration of raw milk and to determine if crystallographic analysis can detect extraneous substances in milk. Two unknown substances were sent anonymously by employers linked to the dairy chain, who claimed that they were added directly in milk prior to water addition by truck drivers. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and submitted to physicochemical analysis. The first substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sodium citrate, complying with its physicochemical attributes, such as the powerful ability to decrease the freezing point. The second substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sucrose and this result was also in agreement with its ability to increase the density, decrease the freezing point and finally, to be positive for sucrose in the resorcinol qualitative test. To evaluate if X-ray diffraction can detect extraneous substances already mixed in milk, fresh raw milk samples tampered with urea, sodium hydroxide, sodium citrate and sucrose were freeze dried and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, with no detection of any extraneous substances at any percentage. This is the first report of attempted diagnosis of extraneous substances in milk by X-ray diffraction. However, this technique can be useful only when applied to identify substances used for adulteration prior to its dilution in milk, since the amorphous nature of milk seems to be a limitation for the accurate detection of extraneous substances.

scholarly journals Mineralogy of the clay fraction of Alfisols in two slope curvatures: III - spatial variability

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Arantes Camargo ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Gener Tadeu Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Half Height ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Crystallite Dimension ◽  
Xrd Patterns

A good knowledge of the spatial distribution of clay minerals in the landscape facilitates the understanding of the influence of relief on the content and crystallographic attributes of soil minerals such as goethite, hematite, kaolinite and gibbsite. This study aimed at describing the relationships between the mineral properties of the clay fraction and landscape shapes by determining the mineral properties of goethite, hematite, kaolinite and gibbsite, and assessing their dependence and spatial variability, in two slope curvatures. To this end, two 100 × 100 m grids were used to establish a total of 121 regularly spaced georeferenced sampling nodes 10 m apart. Samples were collected from the layer 0.0-0.2 m and analysed for iron oxides, and kaolinite and gibbsite in the clay fraction. Minerals in the clay fraction were characterized from their X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were interpreted and used to calculate the width at half height (WHH) and mean crystallite dimension (MCD) of iron oxides, kaolinite, and gibbsite, as well as aluminium substitution and specific surface area (SSA) in hematite and goethite. Additional calculations included the goethite and hematite contents, and the goethite/(goethite+hematite) [Gt/(Gt+Hm)] and kaolinite/(kaolinite+gibbsite) [Kt/(Kt+Gb)] ratios. Mineral properties were established by statistical analysis of the XRD data, and spatial dependence was assessed geostatistically. Mineralogical properties differed significantly between the convex area and concave area. The geostatistical analysis showed a greater number of mineralogical properties with spatial dependence and a higher range in the convex than in the concave area.

scholarly journals The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxide Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Madalina Cursaru ◽  
Roxana Mioara Piticescu ◽  
Dumitru Valentin Dragut ◽  
Ioan Albert Tudor ◽  
Victor Kuncser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Crystalline Phase ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Magnetic iron oxides have been used in biomedical applications, such as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, carriers for controlled drug delivery and immunoassays, or magnetic hyperthermia for the past 40 years. Our aim is to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature on the structural, thermal, and magnetic properties of iron oxides prepared by hydrothermal synthesis at temperatures of 100–200 °C and pressures of 20–1000 bar. It has been found that pressure influences the type of iron oxide crystalline phase. Thus, the results obtained by Mössbauer characterization are in excellent agreement with X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy characterization, showing that, for lower pressure values (<100 bar), hematite is formed, while, at pressures >100 bar, the major crystalline phase is goethite. In addition, thermal analysis results are consistent with particle size analysis by X-ray diffraction, confirming the crystallization of the synthesized iron oxides. One order of magnitude higher magnetization has been obtained for sample synthesized at 1000 bar. The same sample provides after annealing treatment, the highest amount of good quality magnetite leading to a magnetization at saturation of 30 emu/g and a coercive field of 1000 Oe at 10 K and 450 Oe at 300 K, convenient for various applications.

A rapid method for quantifying single mineral phases in heterogeneous natural dusts using X-ray diffraction

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Le Blond ◽  
Gordon Cressey ◽  
Claire J. Horwell ◽  
Ben J. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Crystalline Silica ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Synthetic Sample ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Pure Phases

Quantification of potentially toxic single mineral phases in natural dusts of heterogeneous composition is critical for health hazard assessment. For example, crystalline silica, a human carcinogen, can be present as respirable particles in volcanic ash such as quartz, cristobalite, or tridymite. A method to rapidly identify the proportions of crystalline silica within mixed dust samples, such as volcanic ash, is therefore required for hazard managers to assess the potential risk of crystalline silica exposure to local populations. Here we present a rapid method for quantifying the proportions of single phases in the mineral assemblage of mixed dusts using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a fixed curved position-sensitive detector. The method is a modified version of the whole-pattern peak-stripping (PS) method (devised by Cressey and Schofield [Powder Diffr.11, 35–39 (1996)]) using an internal attenuation standard (IAS) but, unlike the PS method, it requires no knowledge of other phases present in the sample. Ten synthetic sample mixtures were prepared from known combinations of four pure phases (cristobalite, hematite, labradorite, and obsidian), chosen to represent problematic constituents of volcanic ash, and analyzed by XRD. Results of the IAS method were directly compared with those of the PS method. The proportions of cristobalite estimated using the methods were comparable and accurate to within 3 wt %. The new IAS method involved less sample preparation and processing and, therefore, was faster than the original PS method. It therefore offers a highly accurate rapid technique for determination of the proportions of individual phases in mixed dusts.

Identification of Iron Rusts on Rail by X-Ray Diffraction and Vibrational Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 581-585
Author(s):  
Yasutomo Sone ◽  
Junichi Suzumura ◽  
Naoya Kamura ◽  
Toshihiko Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Vibrational Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Load Variation

A periodical unevenness of the running surface of rails is formed on ascending slope of submarine railway tunnel. One of the causes has been concluded due to the combination of a low friction and wheel load variation induced by some kinds of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides with various coefficients of friction on the rail, though it has not been made clear yet. In this study, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopic analysis were attempted to identify iron rusts on the rail as a process to solve the periodic unevenness of the rail suffering many railway companies.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Anchored on Montmorillonite via Chemical Reduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica Louise S. Bonga ◽  
Ma. Manna Farrel B. Pinto ◽  
Mary Fatima T. Tayad
Keyword(s):  
Ag Nanoparticles ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Average Crystallite Size ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mean Size

Montmorillonite clay particles were decorated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles by chemical reduction of Ag nitrate with sodium citrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) confirmed the presence of metallic Ag on the surface of montmorillonite. The average crystallite size of the Ag nanoparticles obtained from the broadening of the 111 Ag peak ranged at 13-16 nm. On the other hand, the apparent particle sizes obtained from the SEM images were about 79-128 nm, suggesting that the nanoparticles are polycrystalline and possibly agglomerated. The increase in the concentration of reducing agent produced smaller Ag nanoparticles with narrower size distribution. The antibacterial test showed that the Ag nanoparticles, with mean size of 79 nm, adsorbed on montmorillonite were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with an antimicrobial index of 0.4.

Technology of Ultrasonic and Pulse Electrodeposition for ZnSe Thin Films

2010 ◽  
Vol 663-665 ◽  
pp. 1234-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Guang Zhang ◽  
Kong Zhao Li ◽  
Juan Miao
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Acidic Solution ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Pulse Electrodeposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solution Interface ◽  
Action Model ◽  
Znse Thin Films

The ZnSe thin films are co-deposited in the ZnSO4, Na2SeO3 and sodium citrate acidic solution, and the mechanism of the ultrasonic and pulse electrodeposition for ZnSe films is explained by the electrode-solution interface action model. Ultrasonic increases the activation energy of the [ZnCit]- and HSeO3 - and improves flow field of the solution between electrode and solution interface. The pulse current promotes the diffusion of solution and advantageously realizes the co-deposition of ZnSe films. The ZnSe thin films are pulse electrodeposited in zinc sulfate, selenite sodium and sodium citrate acidic solution with the action of ultrasonic. Finally, the ZnSe films have been characterized by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the energy dispersion analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Coating Iron Oxides on Kaolinite for the Adsorption of Fluoride

2012 ◽  
Vol 479-481 ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Wen Jun Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluoride Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Co Precipitation

Iron oxides-coated kaolinite (Fe-Kaolinite) was prepared by co-precipitation and indentified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the surface properties and fluoride adsorption characteristics of Fe-Kaolinite were investigated and compared with those of kaolinite. Compared to kaolinite, the BET surface area and surface fractal dimension of Fe-Kaolinite increased significantly. The pH at zero point of charge (pHZPC) of kaolinite and Fe-Kaolinite was 3.16 and 6.24, respectively. In the suspensions of pH 6.0, the fitted maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for fluoride of kaolinite and Fe-Kaolinite was 1.32 and 5.86 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption data for fluoride by Fe-Kaolinite could be fitted using Freundlich isotherm (R2 =0.987), and Langmuir isotherm was very suitable for describing the fluoride adsorption of kaolinite (R2 =0.991).

scholarly journals Coffee plantation soil characterization using a multi-method approach near the Volcano Nevado del Ruiz, Colombian Central Cordillera

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Brahiam Hincapié ◽  
Alexander Cortés-Soto ◽  
Mauricio A Bermudez ◽  
Santiago Yepez ◽  
Juan Sebastián Trujillo-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mössbauer Spectroscopy ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Mossbauer Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mößbauer Spectroscopy ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Sentinel 2A ◽  
Spectral Imager

The presence of iron oxides may provide a sensitive indicator of the effects of cropping practices on coffee plantations. Authors characterized the mineral phases present in soil A horizons at three different farms located in the Department of Tolima within the regions of Líbano and Villahermosa. Our analysis includes X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and remote sensing to discriminate the distribution of the different magnetic mineral phases. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineralogical properties of iron oxide such as hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite (Fh), as well as tectosilicate minerals such as albite and sanidine. Mössbauer spectroscopy results for samples taken at room temperature indicate the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineral phases, which possibly correspond to ilmenite or magnetite. Finally, Sentinel-2A multi-spectral imager (MSI) data was used to map the distribution of iron oxides and study the influence of their distribution throughout the study area. A high correlation between Mössbauer spectroscopy and Sentinel-2A MSI data exists throughout the study area. The results suggest that farms close to the main Nevado del Ruíz Volcano have a more significant mineralogical variability. In contrast, more distant farms are characterized by soils with more iron oxides, the product of weathering, erosion, and human activities.

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