Comparative Study on the Social Behavior of Sambar Deer (Rusa Unicolor) in Three Selected Captive Facilities in Peninsular Malaysia

Sambar deer was up-listed from Least Concern to Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list in 2015. The local government has initiated Ex-situ conservation efforts to boost sambar deer numbers in captivity and reintroduce them into the wild. The reproductive success of sambar deer and their welfare management practices in captivity are important components for effective captive breeding programs. However, there has been a lack of study on sambar deer in recent years, especially about their behavior in captivity. This study aimed to identify environmental factors that may influence the behavior of the captive sambar. Three captive sites were selected and observed for an average of 40 days at each site (minimum 37 days to maximum 43 days, 6 hours/day). A Generalized Linear Model was used to determine the correlation between social behavior and extrinsic parameters. ‘Captive sites’ showed the strongest correlation in behavioral variability environmental settings, such as the size of the enclosure, could force the deer to spend more time in a herd, which increases the frequency in grooming, which was recorded to be highest in Zoo Negara compared to other captive sites. Time of day also significantly influenced certain behavior skewed towards morning slots. It could be due to an adaptive behavior to the feeding time in the captive sites being often in the morning, which caused the deer to rest towards the afternoon. A suggestion would be to create a more erratic feeding schedule to ensure that the deer adapt to behavior variations. An extensive study needs to be done on sambar deer to pinpoint the specifics and better understand these possible influential factors in their behavior.

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Preliminary Behavior of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) under Captive Conditions with Future Conservation Strategies

RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences ◽

10.37962/jbas.v11i1.165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Muhammad Idnan ◽

Arshad Javid ◽

Muhammad Nadeem ◽

Ali Hussain ◽

Sajid Mansoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Conservation Strategies ◽

Agonistic Interaction ◽

Behavioral Patterns ◽

Medicinal Uses ◽

In Captivity ◽

One Year ◽

Captive Breeding Programs

Background: Study of behavioral conformations play a significant role in ex-situ conservation of ungulates particularly of deer to propagate deer farming. Due to advancement in animal hunting techniques, captive breeding is the best solution to propagate animals for sports or other traditional & medicinal uses. Due to the lack of management methods, captive breeding programs have been used on trial and error basis for rearing of wild animals like Chinkara. Objectives: The present study was planned to investigate behavioral patterns in captivity to explore factors over reproductive success of the Chinkara and potential of this wild animal (Chinkara) for deer farming practices in Pakistan. Methodology: Present study was conducted on the behavior of Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) [wild-caught (WC)=20, captive-bred (CB)=10] for a period of one year from April 2013 to March 2014 at Captive breeding facilities for ungulates, Ravi campus Pattoki, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Pakistan. Results: The behavior of captive-born and wild-caught animals was observed by focal sampling pattern to frame conservation strategies for successful management practices for promotion of deer farming in Pakistan. Similar behavioral patterns were observed in both WC and CB animals but WC male Chinkara displayed a higher degree of agonistic interaction than of CB males. From these results it is predicted that there is no obvious immediate effect of captivity on behavioral configurations up to 10 generations in Chinkara. Conclusion: It is suggested that Chinkara is not suitable for domestication like Goat until further studies on ethology of Chinkara.

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Study on the Productivity of Grass Forage as a Feed Source for Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) in Deer Captivity of PT. Gunung Madu Plantations

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl2616-21 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Taufik Setiawan ◽

Sugeng Prayitno Harianto

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Food Plants ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

In Captivity ◽

Feed Source ◽

Sambar Deer ◽

Cervus Unicolor

Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) is one of the protected animals. However now the existence of sambar deer is increasingly threatened. Therefore, there is need for ex-situ conservation activities, one of the mis deer captivity in PT. Gunung Madu Plantations. An important component in the management of wildlife in captivity is the availability of food plants that need to be observed that aims to determine the productivity of forage as feed for sambar deer. The research method used a castle method by making the sample plots of grass. The results showed that there are two types of grass that feed the sambar deer in captivity. This type of feed consists pait grass (Axonopus compressus) and elephant grass (Pennnisetum purpureum). Pait grass (Axonopus compressus) has a productivity of 10,02 kg/m2/day, larger than the elephant grass (Pennnisetum purpureum) with a productivity of 3,94 kg/m2/day. Keywords: Cervus unicolor, grass, productivity of grass forage, PT. Gunung Madu Plantations.

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In-Situ and Ex-Situ status of the Javan Gibbon and the role of zoos in conservation of the species

Contributions to Zoology ◽

10.1163/18759866-0750304005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 75 (03-04) ◽

pp. 161-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Vincent Nijman

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Captive Breeding Programme ◽

In Captivity ◽

Hylobates Moloch ◽

In The Wild ◽

Set Up ◽

Javan Gibbon

The Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch is confined to the last remnants of rainforest on the island of Java, Indonesia. As of 2002, the species has been recorded in 29 forest areas, and the wild population is conservatively estimated at 4100-4500 individuals. Over 95% of the gibbons are in populations of >100 individuals, and the four largest areas support populations of >500 individuals each. In 2003, 56 Javan gibbons were maintained at eight Indonesian zoos, 15 at four Indonesian wildlife rescue centres, with five potential breeding pairs. There is no evidence that the species has bred successfully in captivity in Indonesia. Outside the range country, 48 Javan gibbons were maintained at ten institutions in nine countries, with six breeding pairs. The total ex-situ population is some 120 individuals, the majority of which is wild-caught. At present most initiatives relating to the conservation of the Javan gibbon have targeted small isolated forest areas and the ex-situ population, whereas in-situ protection of the largest populations in the wild has been largely ignored. Significant populations are currently found in unprotected forests. The large captive population of Javan gibbons within Indonesia allows, with improved co-operation, to set up an integrated captive- breeding programme. This should, not be seen, however, as a means to improve the conservation status of the wild Javan gibbons, which needs to be achieved through protection of remaining habitat, but could be used for improving the prevailing low levels of conservation awareness in Java.

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Reproductive parameters in some captive-bred cockatoo species (genus Cacatua and Eolophus)

Veterinary Record Open ◽

10.1136/vetreco-2020-000405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. e000405

Author(s):

Stefano Paolo Marelli ◽

Ahmad Abdel Sayed ◽

Michele Magni ◽

Lorenzo Crosta ◽

Petra Schnitzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endangered Species ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Reproductive Parameters ◽

In Captivity ◽

Species Effect ◽

Adaptive Ability ◽

Species Specific

BackgroundCockatoo reproduction in captivity supplies a powerful tool to limit the economic motivation to capture endangered species from the wild; nevertheless, scientific data about reproductive parameters in cockatoos are very rare. The aim of the present work was to investigate the reproductive performance of different species of the Cacatua genus reared in the same facility to evaluate adaptability to captive breeding and to identify the main problems in ex situ conservation of some cockatoo species.MethodsData of 28 eggs from 19 reproductive pairs from 9 cockatoo species were analysed. Statistical analysis was carried out by SAS NPAR1WAY procedure: species was considered source of variation.ResultsSpecies effect does not significantly influence reproductive variables; differences were recorded in eggs fertility and embryo liveability. Bird adaptive ability to captive breeding has been described through reproductive parameters.ConclusionOur results show the importance and the maintenance of natural species-specific behaviours and habits, and they underline the relevance of data collection about reproductive performance in endangered species kept in captivity to improve breeding management in conservation programmes.

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Quantification of salivary cortisol from captive dingoes (Canis dingo) in relation to age, sex, and breeding season: implications for captive management

Australian Mammalogy ◽

10.1071/am15017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bradley Smith ◽

Matthew Flavel ◽

Bradley Simpson

Keyword(s):

Breeding Season ◽

Salivary Cortisol ◽

Management Practices ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Future Research ◽

Program Outcomes ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Captive Breeding Programs

Captive-breeding programs can play a key role in the conservation of threatened species such as the Australian dingo (Canis dingo). It is important to determine whether holding and rearing practices impose stressors that impact negatively on program outcomes and the health and wellbeing of the captive population. Despite evidence that chronic stress has significant welfare implications, our understanding of ‘stress’ in either wild or captive dingoes remains limited. In a first attempt to rectify this, we report salivary cortisol concentrations in juvenile and adult dingoes held in a captive colony. Dingo puppies (n = 8, M = 0.484 ± 0.09 μg dL–1) were found to have higher concentrations than adults (n = 12, M = 0.106 ± 0.031 μg dL–1) (P < 0.0001). Concentrations in adult females (n = 6, M = 0.113 ± 0.030 μg dL–1) and males (n = 6, M = 0.099 ± 0.033 μg dL–1) did not significantly differ (P = 0.4740). Our preliminary findings also suggest that during the annual breeding season, males (but not females) have elevated levels of corticosteroids. Establishing a reference range for cortisol concentrations is vital for researchers and wildlife carers attempting to measure stressors in both captive and wild dingo populations. This study provides useful insight into the influence of time of day, development, and seasonality on cortisol concentrations. Suggestions for future research and implications of routine cortisol evaluation to aid better management practices are also discussed.

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Social Behavior of Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) and Spotted Deer (Axis axis) in Gunung Madu Plantations Inc. Sanctuary Lampung Tengah

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl1676-85 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Rita Gusmalinda ◽

Bainah Sari Dewi ◽

Niskan Walid Masruri

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Human Interaction ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Grazing Behavior ◽

Axis Axis ◽

Spotted Deer ◽

Sambar Deer ◽

Cervus Unicolor

Ex-situ habitat conditions that are different from in-situ habitat will affect its social behavior patterns within the captivity Cage In Gunung Madu Plantations Inc. Sanctuary. The aim of the research was to identify social behavior of Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and spotted deer (Axis axis) in Gunung Madu Plantations Inc. Sanctuary, Lampung Tengah. To collect the data, Adlibitum sampling and scans sampling method was used in the research, which done in January 2016. Social behavior occurs: (1) grooming behavior mostly done by doe N (69.64%) and the smallest carried by deer A, B, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, P, Q (0%). (2) The results shown that rubbing antlers behavior mostly done by K (41.94%) and the smallest carried by deer A, B, C, D, L, M (0%).(3) while interacting with human behavior was done by doe O and P (8.8%) and the lowest is done by doe B (2.9%), away from human interaction highest deer carried by stag 16 , 4% and the lowest carried M male spotted deer, spotted deer male N, O, P and Q of 0.00%. (4) grazing behavior mostly done by doe Q (8.67%) and the smallest carried by stag A (2.58%). Keywords : Social Behavior, Rusa Sambar, Rusa Totol

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CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION OF BLACK FRANCOLIN, GREY FRANCOLIN AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGE (2015-2020) IN DISTRICT DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

European Journal of Biology ◽

10.47672/ejb.608 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel ◽

NaveedUl Haq ◽

Ejaz Ul Haq

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Unique Contribution ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Breeding Center ◽

In Captivity ◽

Depth Study ◽

In The Wild ◽

Chukar Partridge

Purpose: The ex-situ conservation aims to discover new populations or supports the populations that yet survive in the wild. To breed animals in captivity and release them in their natural control habitats is one of the conservation methods. Amongst other species partridges also breed in captivity and can be release in the wild but presently data lacking, need to examine. Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francolin are used for sports hunting in Pakistan. The available record on captive breeding of Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francilin and their release in the wild for the years 2015-2020 was reviewed using a developed questionnaire. Methodology: Review record of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan through a developed questionnaire Findings: It was found that the maximum number of chukar partridge breed was 36, Black francolin (6) and Grey francolin (24). Out of the breeding stock, Chukar partridges (44) and Grey francolin (28) were released in the wild to its natural habitat by hard release technique. Unique contribution to the theory, practice and policy: The researchers recommended decrease in dissimilarity of habitat quality between breeding center environment and the release habitat besides providing a pre-release training to the release experts so as to improve habitat selection and survival of captive-bred. This study will help researchers for further in depth study in the area and will also facilitate conservation organization in making captive breeding of partridges as a successful program. Key words: Partridges, Captive breeding, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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The Public Perception towards the Development of Deer Breeding in Bandar Lampung

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl27244-254 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 244

Author(s):

Bainah Sari Dewi ◽

Akhmad Kamaluddin ◽

Yoshua Gdemakarti

Keyword(s):

Public Perception ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Breeding Habitat ◽

Ex Situ ◽

The Public ◽

In Captivity ◽

Management And Development ◽

Community Supports

The existence of the deer population that continue to decline in its natural habitat need conservation efforts, such as through ex-situ conservation. Deer captive breeding is one of the ex-situ conservation efforts to ensure the sustainability of wildlife from the threat of extinction. This research aims to know the public perception towards the management and development of captive deer in an effort to improve the conservation of deer was ex-situ. This research was conducted in October – November 2018 in three stations of the captive breeding of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and timor deer (Cervus timorensis) in University of Lampung and timor deer (Cervus timorensis) breeding in Tahura Wan Abdul Rachman through interviews to respondents and then the data collected were analyzed descriptively. The results showed a positive public perception towards the development of captive breeding. The results also showed the community supports on the development of deer captive breeding, the management of captive breeding, habitat suitability characteristics, the existence of species and species treatment in captivity, and the development of deer captive as object conservation-based tourism. Keywords: captive reeding, perception, deer

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Captive husbandry and breeding of the Nguru spiny pygmy chameleon Rhampholeon acuminatus

Herpetological Bulletin ◽

10.33256/hb158.2427 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 24-27

Author(s):

Jay Redbond

Keyword(s):

Captive Breeding ◽

Critically Endangered ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Pet Trade ◽

Total Length ◽

In Captivity ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Conservation Breeding ◽

Published Account

The Nguru spiny pygmy chameleon (Rhampholeon acuminatus) is endemic to the Nguru mountains in Tanzania. It is assessed as Critically Endangered and is collected from the wild for the pet trade. An ex-situ population of this species was recently established at The Wild Planet Trust, Paignton Zoo, in the hope of learning more about the husbandry and biology of this species. We report on the captive husbandry of adults and the successful breeding, hatching and rearing of juveniles. Females carried four eggs but laid them in pairs. When eggs were incubated at 19.2-22.8 °C, hatchlings emerged roughly 180 days after laying. The hatchlings had a total length of about 30 mm and weighed 0.2-0.3 g. To our knowledge, this is the first published account of captive breeding for this species. The husbandry methods described could be used to establish populations of this and other Rhampholeon species in captivity, which in turn would reduce the demand for wild caught (Rhampholeon), as well as inform future conservation breeding programmes for this species.

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Effect of captivity on morphology: negligible changes in external morphology mask significant changes in internal morphology

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.172470 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 172470 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephanie K. Courtney Jones ◽

Adam J. Munn ◽

Phillip G. Byrne

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Captive Breeding ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

External Morphology ◽

Wild Animals ◽

Internal Morphology ◽

In Captivity ◽

Two Generations ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Source Populations

Captive breeding programmes are increasingly relied upon for threatened species management. Changes in morphology can occur in captivity, often with unknown consequences for reintroductions. Few studies have examined the morphological changes that occur in captive animals compared with wild animals. Further, the effect of multiple generations being maintained in captivity, and the potential effects of captivity on sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. We compared external and internal morphology of captive and wild animals using house mouse ( Mus musculus ) as a model species. In addition, we looked at morphology across two captive generations, and compared morphology between sexes. We found no statistically significant differences in external morphology, but after one generation in captivity there was evidence for a shift in the internal morphology of captive-reared mice; captive-reared mice (two generations bred) had lighter combined kidney and spleen masses compared with wild-caught mice. Sexual dimorphism was maintained in captivity. Our findings demonstrate that captive breeding can alter internal morphology. Given that these morphological changes may impact organismal functioning and viability following release, further investigation is warranted. If the morphological change is shown to be maladaptive, these changes would have significant implications for captive-source populations that are used for reintroduction, including reduced survivorship.

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