COPULATIVE COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY USING THE INTERFIX IN THE PASHTO LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Ugiljon Abduvaliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Subject

Questions about word formation remain one of the most pressing problems of modern linguistics. The relevance of this issue is increasing, especially for less-studied languages such as the Pashto language, since the vocabulary of the language is constantly being enriched under modern requirements. The need to express new concepts arising from progress in various spheres of life gives rise to the need to create new lexical units based on the language’s capabilities and resources. The study of this process on a scientifc basis, the defnition of its directions, the defnition of its specifcs based on the analysis of language material today is of great theoretical and practical importance. Composing copulative compound words is one of the interesting and almost unexplored areas of this topic in every respect. There are works in science in which this topic was partially touched upon, but more than 40 years have passed since the last of them were published. During this period, there have been signifcant changes in the composition of the vocabulary of the Pashto language, including in the methods of composing a copulative compound word. Since the vocabulary of a language is dynamic, the study of processes occurring in it in synchronous terms is always of scientifc signifcance. An important component aspect of this issue is the study of copulative compound words formed using prepositionsinfxes, as well as the connecting infx. This scientifc article is devoted to the analysis based on analytical and synthetic methods for the formation of copulative compound words with a combination of prepositions-infxes [ هپpә], [ انnā], [ رپpәr], [ هلlә], [ دdә] in the Pashto language, as well as on the place of the connecting-infx of [ واaw] in copulative compound word formation. In the article, the question in the specifc form of prepositional infxes and copulative compound words made with the use of the connecting infx [ واaw] is defned as the subject of research, and modern materials of the Pashto language-as the object of the research. The scientifc novelty of the work is also reflected in these issues. The article analyzes both groups of prepositioninfxes and connecting infxes

scholarly journals SAMMANSÄTTNINGAR I SPRÅKRÅDETS NYORDSLISTOR: PRODUKTIVITET OCH FÖRSTÅELIGHET

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-18
Author(s):  
Natalia Kołaczek
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
New Words ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Compounding seems to be the most productive word formation process in Swedish on the basis of “new words’ lists” (Swedish: nyordslistor) registered by the Language Council of Sweden (Svenska Språkrådet). The subject of the research was the productiveness of compounds and their comprehensibility for the native speakers. The material for the corpus analysis showing the productivity of compounds consisted of 353 compound words from the lists from years 2000 – 2012. With help of a survey where pupils from a secondary school in Tingsryd in Småland were asked to define 17 compounds from “new words’ list” 2008 a conclusion could be drawn that compound words are short-lived, ephemeral constructions. The analysis has shown the big pace of changes that the lexicon undergoes and the linguistic creativity of language users as well as their strong need to create new terms. The results can evoke questions about the effectiveness of communication in relation to the features of new words. The article is based on my unpublished master’s thesis.

Conversion Syntaxique

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe E. Barbaud
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Structure Level ◽  
Lexical Function ◽  
Verb Raising

In this study, it is shown that the "category changing" property of morphological rules of conversion is unable to account for compound words, for formal and semantic reasons. Several convergent facts demonstrate that the compounding process is syntactic in nature. Consequently, it is argued that X-bar theory must be involved in compound word formation because of the "lexical function" of the syntax. Empirical data are mainly focused on French Noms Composés à base Verbale, or NCV, as tire-bouchon (cork screw),porte-parole (spoke person), gagne-pain (job), etc., which are analyzed as base generated "quasi-VPs" embedded in a NP. Thus, the NPWP exocentric dominance instantiates a "syntactic conversion" at the D-structure level. Such a categorial hierarchy is based on the "distribution changing" property of X-bar theory rather than on the "category changing" property of structuring morphological rules. Therefore, the high productivity of NCVs in French and other Romance languages is due to their morphology, which allows SPEC\HEAD agreement and VERB RAISING movement. The licensing of exocentric X-bar structures in grammar depends on several semantic principles of lexical interpretation, which are relevant to hyperonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.. Thus, the model is dispensed with a superfluous component of "peripheral" rules of compounding. In conclusion, exocentricity of syntactic structures leads the author to claim that X-bar schema is primitive in grammar and that a given phrase is not the necessary projection of its head.

scholarly journals SOME WORDS AND SEMANTIC PARALLELS BETWEEN GEORGIAN AND AVAR LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
L. G. Azmaiparashvili
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Hair Color ◽  
Compound Words

Basing on the data of Georgian and Avar languages and their dialects, the article discusses some similarities that are confirmed in compound word formation (compound words which denote collectively ‘parents’, ‘siblings’, ‘spouses’, ‘domestic cattle’, ‘insects’, somatisms, compound words denoting ‘rainbow’), in phonosemantic vocabulary; In adverbs, adjectives, verbs derived from nouns (‘tiny hair’, ‘color’, ‘way’); In deverbative nominals, collocations and phrasemes (‘engaged girl’, ‘talking’, ‘lie’, ‘paying attention’).

scholarly journals Cognitive Mechanisms of Nominating Plants in English

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Elena Shevchenko ◽  
◽  
Olga Prokhorova ◽  
Igor Chekulay ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Reverse Transformation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Comparative Aspect

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

scholarly journals Składnia derywatów w tekście: kompozycja i dekompozycja struktur złożonych oryginału w kontekście doboru odpowiedników w przekładzie (na materiale rosyjskich i polskich tekstów prasowych)

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
Alicja Pstyga
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
European Football ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
Selection Of

The syntax of compound words in texts: Composition and decomposition of compound words in view of the selection of their equivalents in the translation of Russian press articles into PolishThe starting point for the analysis is the broad interpretation of syntax proposed by Stanisław Karolak. We should take into consideration his findings, concerning combinatory rules and complicated relationships in compound words. The decomposition of these words – even violating the rules of concept co-occurrence – allows us to uncover their proper semantic interpretation. Karolak claims that in Slavic languages, the rules of word formation enable simple expressions to function in utterances which are more complicated than simple sentences.The aim of this paper is to present the functioning of compound words in Russian press articles from the translation perspective. One of the most interesting examples is the Russian compound word евронадежды (with its Polish equivalent europazerni), used in a text about problems with accommodation during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”

HUMANIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
I Made Yoga Dwi Angga ◽  
Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ◽  
Ida Ayu Made Puspani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study is entitled Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”. This study focuses on two problems; types of compound words found in the novel and the semantic transparency theypossess. The aims of this study are to find out the types of compound words and also to find and describe the semantic transparency of the compound words found in the novel.The data source used in this study is a novel written by Ernest Hemmingway entitled The Old Man and The Sea. The data which were compound words were collected by using documentation method whereas to analyze the data by using descriptive qualitative method. There were three theories used in this study. The main theories are proposed by O’Grady (1996) about the types of the compound and by Katamba (1993) about classifying the data. The theory proposed by Libben (1998) was used to describe the semantic transparency of the compound words. The results show that the types of compound words found in the novel are endocentric compound and exocentric compounds. However, the endocentric compound was more frequent than the exocentric compound. Based on the second problem, there are four types of semantic transparency ;they are (1) transparency of both members of the compound, (2) transparency of the head member – opacity of the non-head member, (3) transparency of the non-head member – opacity of the head member, (4) opacity of both members of the compound.

scholarly journals The Use of Lexeme HEAD in English and Indonesian Compound Words: A Contrastive Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Truly Almendo Pasaribu ◽  
Danang Satria Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Common Word ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Compounding is a common word-formation process in Bahasa Indonesia (BI) and English (EN) as it can be found in constructions of the words headline, headmaster, and kepala berita, kepala sekolah in BI, which are widely used by the speakers of the languages. This study scrutinizes the constructions and the senses of lexeme HEAD and KEPALA from contrastive linguistic perspective. It aims at describing (1) The constructions of compound words containing lexeme HEAD and (2) the extended senses of lexeme HEAD in the compound word constructions in BI and EN. The data, taken from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Cambridge Online Dictionary, were collected and analyzed using contrastive analysis. The data were collected and analyzed through observation and close reading techniques. The discussion highlighted the similarities and differences of the constructions and extended senses of compound words containing lexeme HEAD. In BI, lexeme kepala is combined with nouns, adjectives, while in English lexeme HEAD is combined with nouns, adjectives, gerunds, and prepositions. In BI the extended senses of lexeme head refer to leader, hair, the most important, the tip of things, and personality, while there are six extended senses in EN, namely leader, hair, the most important part, the tip of things, personality, and movement. The extensions show human creativity to produce and comprehend metaphors and metonymy in context to express ideas that are abstract with something more familiar and concrete

scholarly journals On Kaufmann's theory of the impact of the pianoforte hammer

1920 ◽  
Vol 97 (682) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Infinite Length ◽  
Modes Of Vibration ◽  
Rigorous Treatment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The theory of the vibrations of the pianoforte string put forward by Kaufmann in a well-known paper has figured prominently in recent discussions on the acoustics of this instrument. It proceeds on lines radically different from those adopted by Helmholtz in his classical treatment of the subject. While recognising that the elasticity of the pianoforte hammer is not a negligible factor, Kaufmann set out to simplify the mathematical analysis by ignoring its effect altogether, and treating the hammer as a particle possessing only inertia without spring. The motion of the string following the impact of the hammer is found from the initial conditions and from the functional solutions of the equation of wave-propagation on the string. On this basis he gave a rigorous treatment of two cases: (1) a particle impinging on a stretched string of infinite length, and (2) a particle impinging on the centre of a finite string, neither of which cases is of much interest from an acoustical point of view. The case of practical importance treated by him is that in which a particle impinges on the string near one end. For this case, he gave only an approximate theory from which the duration of contact, the motion of the point struck, and the form of the vibration-curves for various points of the string could be found. There can be no doubt of the importance of Kaufmann’s work, and it naturally becomes necessary to extend and revise his theory in various directions. In several respects, the theory awaits fuller development, especially as regards the harmonic analysis of the modes of vibration set up by impact, and the detailed discussion of the influence of the elasticity of the hammer and of varying velocities of impact. Apart from these points, the question arises whether the approximate method used by Kaufmann is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, and whether it may be regarded as applicable when, as in the pianoforte, the point struck is distant one-eighth or one-ninth of the length of the string from one end. Kaufmann’s treatment is practically based on the assumption that the part of the string between the end and the point struck remains straight as long as the hammer and string remain in contact. Primâ facie , it is clear that this assumption would introduce error when the part of the string under reference is an appreciable fraction of the whole. For the effect of the impact would obviously be to excite the vibrations of this portion of the string, which continue so long as the hammer is in contact, and would also influence the mode of vibration of the string as a whole when the hammer loses contact. A mathematical theory which is not subject to this error, and which is applicable for any position of the striking point, thus seems called for.

scholarly journals 3. Dutch Retrospect

1889 ◽  
Vol 35 (150) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
J. Pietersen
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Hospital Practice ◽  
Treatment Of Epilepsy ◽  
Permanent Cure ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opening Up

In the “Nederlandsche Tÿdschrift voor Geneeskunde” for February, 1888, there is to be found an article under the above heading (“A Contribution to the Study of the Treatment of Epilepsy”) which is worthy of some consideration, for it discusses a subject which has received but scant notice at the hands of medical men, viz., the influence of electricity on the epileptic state. The success achieved by Dr. Niermeÿer in the treatment of the cases he cites would be a sufficient inducement for attempting by the method he advocates, if not the permanent cure, at least the amelioration of the condition of such patients in private and hospital practice, and before the consequent psychical change had introduced a new element in to the affection; but it would also be opening up a new field of study if a careful trial could be given, and the results published, of the effect of Niermeÿer's process on a series of favourable epileptic cases resident in asylums, the affection in such being independent of organic brain lesion. The practical importance of the subject justifies a quotation of Niermeÿer's contribution in extenso:—

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