Conversion Syntaxique

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe E. Barbaud
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Structure Level ◽  
Lexical Function ◽  
Verb Raising

In this study, it is shown that the "category changing" property of morphological rules of conversion is unable to account for compound words, for formal and semantic reasons. Several convergent facts demonstrate that the compounding process is syntactic in nature. Consequently, it is argued that X-bar theory must be involved in compound word formation because of the "lexical function" of the syntax. Empirical data are mainly focused on French Noms Composés à base Verbale, or NCV, as tire-bouchon (cork screw),porte-parole (spoke person), gagne-pain (job), etc., which are analyzed as base generated "quasi-VPs" embedded in a NP. Thus, the NPWP exocentric dominance instantiates a "syntactic conversion" at the D-structure level. Such a categorial hierarchy is based on the "distribution changing" property of X-bar theory rather than on the "category changing" property of structuring morphological rules. Therefore, the high productivity of NCVs in French and other Romance languages is due to their morphology, which allows SPEC\HEAD agreement and VERB RAISING movement. The licensing of exocentric X-bar structures in grammar depends on several semantic principles of lexical interpretation, which are relevant to hyperonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.. Thus, the model is dispensed with a superfluous component of "peripheral" rules of compounding. In conclusion, exocentricity of syntactic structures leads the author to claim that X-bar schema is primitive in grammar and that a given phrase is not the necessary projection of its head.

scholarly journals SOME WORDS AND SEMANTIC PARALLELS BETWEEN GEORGIAN AND AVAR LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
L. G. Azmaiparashvili
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Hair Color ◽  
Compound Words

Basing on the data of Georgian and Avar languages and their dialects, the article discusses some similarities that are confirmed in compound word formation (compound words which denote collectively ‘parents’, ‘siblings’, ‘spouses’, ‘domestic cattle’, ‘insects’, somatisms, compound words denoting ‘rainbow’), in phonosemantic vocabulary; In adverbs, adjectives, verbs derived from nouns (‘tiny hair’, ‘color’, ‘way’); In deverbative nominals, collocations and phrasemes (‘engaged girl’, ‘talking’, ‘lie’, ‘paying attention’).

scholarly journals Cognitive Mechanisms of Nominating Plants in English

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Elena Shevchenko ◽  
◽  
Olga Prokhorova ◽  
Igor Chekulay ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Reverse Transformation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Comparative Aspect

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

scholarly journals Składnia derywatów w tekście: kompozycja i dekompozycja struktur złożonych oryginału w kontekście doboru odpowiedników w przekładzie (na materiale rosyjskich i polskich tekstów prasowych)

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
Alicja Pstyga
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
European Football ◽  
Broad Interpretation ◽  
Selection Of

The syntax of compound words in texts: Composition and decomposition of compound words in view of the selection of their equivalents in the translation of Russian press articles into PolishThe starting point for the analysis is the broad interpretation of syntax proposed by Stanisław Karolak. We should take into consideration his findings, concerning combinatory rules and complicated relationships in compound words. The decomposition of these words – even violating the rules of concept co-occurrence – allows us to uncover their proper semantic interpretation. Karolak claims that in Slavic languages, the rules of word formation enable simple expressions to function in utterances which are more complicated than simple sentences.The aim of this paper is to present the functioning of compound words in Russian press articles from the translation perspective. One of the most interesting examples is the Russian compound word евронадежды (with its Polish equivalent europazerni), used in a text about problems with accommodation during the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship in Ukraine.

scholarly journals KATA MAJEMUK BAHASA BAKUMPAI DI KABUPATEN BARITO KUALA (BAKUMPAI LANGUAGE COMPOUND WORDS IN BARITO KUALA REGENCY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ida Royani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Idiomatic Meaning ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract Bakumpai Language Compound Words in Barito Kuala Regency. This study aims to describe and explain the features, forms, and meanings of compound words in the Bakumpai language in Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The study of the characteristics, form and meaning of the Bakumpai compound words is based on several theories and research that have been done before. This linguistic research uses descriptive qualitative methods with interview, recording, documentation, and introspection techniques. The qualitative data presented in the spoken form is a number of compound words in the form of Bakumpai compound words. Research on the Bakumpai compound words obtained empirical data related to the characteristics, form, and meaning of the Bakumpai compound words in Barito Kuala Regency. Compound words in the Bakumpai language have morphological and syntactic characteristics that can be seen from the number of word components, compound words with inseparable components, compound words with noninterchangeable word components, compound words with repetitive form word components, compound words with word components affixed forms, compound words with bound word components, and compound words with certain word components. Bakumpai compound words have recognizable forms based on the form of word components in the form of free and bound forms, components based on certain categories or types of words, exocentric and endocentric compound word construction, and the function of word components in syntactic valence as S, P O, and Description. The meaning of compound words in the Bakumpai language can be divided into compound words which have grammatical, idiomatic meaning, the meaning of synonymous words, and the meaning seen from certain word components. Key words: compound words, Bakumpai language, morphological Abstrak Kata Majemuk Bahasa Bakumpai di Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan tentang ciri, bentuk, dan makna kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai di Kabupaten Barito Kuala Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Kajian mengenai ciri, bentuk, dan makna kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai didasarkan pada beberapa teori dan penelitian yang pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Penelitian kebahasaan ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara, perekaman, dokumentasi, dan instropeksi. Data kualitatif yang disajikan dalam bentuk lisan adalah sejumlah gabungan kata yang berupa kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai. Penelitian mengenai kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai memperoleh data empiris yang berkaitan dengan ciri, bentuk, dan makna kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai di Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai memiliki ciri morfologis dan ciri sintaksis yang dapat dilihat dari jumlah komponen kata, kata majemuk dengan komponen yang tidak dapat dipisahkan, kata majemuk dengan komponen kata yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan, kata majemuk dengan komponen kata bentuk perulangan, kata majemuk dengan komponen kata bentuk berimbuhan, kata majemuk dengan komponen kata bentuk terikat, dan kata majemuk dengan komponen kata tertentu. Kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai memiliki bentuk yang dapat dikenali berdasarkan bentuk komponen kata yang berupa bentuk bebas dan terikat, komponennya yang didasarkan pada kategori atau jenis kata tertentu, konstruksi kata majemuk yang eksosentris dan endosentris, dan fungsi komponen kata dalam valensi sintaksis sebagai S,P,O, dan Keterangan. Makna kata majemuk bahasa Bakumpai dapat dibedakan menjadi kata majemuk bermakna gramatikal, idiomatikal, makna kata bersinonim, dan makna dilihat dari komponen kata tertentu. Kata-kata kunci: kata majemuk, bahasa Bakumpai, morfologis

scholarly journals Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”

HUMANIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
I Made Yoga Dwi Angga ◽  
Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ◽  
Ida Ayu Made Puspani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study is entitled Compound Word Formation in “The Old Man and The Sea”. This study focuses on two problems; types of compound words found in the novel and the semantic transparency theypossess. The aims of this study are to find out the types of compound words and also to find and describe the semantic transparency of the compound words found in the novel.The data source used in this study is a novel written by Ernest Hemmingway entitled The Old Man and The Sea. The data which were compound words were collected by using documentation method whereas to analyze the data by using descriptive qualitative method. There were three theories used in this study. The main theories are proposed by O’Grady (1996) about the types of the compound and by Katamba (1993) about classifying the data. The theory proposed by Libben (1998) was used to describe the semantic transparency of the compound words. The results show that the types of compound words found in the novel are endocentric compound and exocentric compounds. However, the endocentric compound was more frequent than the exocentric compound. Based on the second problem, there are four types of semantic transparency ;they are (1) transparency of both members of the compound, (2) transparency of the head member – opacity of the non-head member, (3) transparency of the non-head member – opacity of the head member, (4) opacity of both members of the compound.

scholarly journals The Use of Lexeme HEAD in English and Indonesian Compound Words: A Contrastive Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Truly Almendo Pasaribu ◽  
Danang Satria Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Common Word ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Compounding is a common word-formation process in Bahasa Indonesia (BI) and English (EN) as it can be found in constructions of the words headline, headmaster, and kepala berita, kepala sekolah in BI, which are widely used by the speakers of the languages. This study scrutinizes the constructions and the senses of lexeme HEAD and KEPALA from contrastive linguistic perspective. It aims at describing (1) The constructions of compound words containing lexeme HEAD and (2) the extended senses of lexeme HEAD in the compound word constructions in BI and EN. The data, taken from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Cambridge Online Dictionary, were collected and analyzed using contrastive analysis. The data were collected and analyzed through observation and close reading techniques. The discussion highlighted the similarities and differences of the constructions and extended senses of compound words containing lexeme HEAD. In BI, lexeme kepala is combined with nouns, adjectives, while in English lexeme HEAD is combined with nouns, adjectives, gerunds, and prepositions. In BI the extended senses of lexeme head refer to leader, hair, the most important, the tip of things, and personality, while there are six extended senses in EN, namely leader, hair, the most important part, the tip of things, personality, and movement. The extensions show human creativity to produce and comprehend metaphors and metonymy in context to express ideas that are abstract with something more familiar and concrete

COPULATIVE COMPOUND WORDS FORMED BY USING THE INTERFIX IN THE PASHTO LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Ugiljon Abduvaliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Subject

Questions about word formation remain one of the most pressing problems of modern linguistics. The relevance of this issue is increasing, especially for less-studied languages such as the Pashto language, since the vocabulary of the language is constantly being enriched under modern requirements. The need to express new concepts arising from progress in various spheres of life gives rise to the need to create new lexical units based on the language’s capabilities and resources. The study of this process on a scientifc basis, the defnition of its directions, the defnition of its specifcs based on the analysis of language material today is of great theoretical and practical importance. Composing copulative compound words is one of the interesting and almost unexplored areas of this topic in every respect. There are works in science in which this topic was partially touched upon, but more than 40 years have passed since the last of them were published. During this period, there have been signifcant changes in the composition of the vocabulary of the Pashto language, including in the methods of composing a copulative compound word. Since the vocabulary of a language is dynamic, the study of processes occurring in it in synchronous terms is always of scientifc signifcance. An important component aspect of this issue is the study of copulative compound words formed using prepositionsinfxes, as well as the connecting infx. This scientifc article is devoted to the analysis based on analytical and synthetic methods for the formation of copulative compound words with a combination of prepositions-infxes [ هپpә], [ انnā], [ رپpәr], [ هلlә], [ دdә] in the Pashto language, as well as on the place of the connecting-infx of [ واaw] in copulative compound word formation. In the article, the question in the specifc form of prepositional infxes and copulative compound words made with the use of the connecting infx [ واaw] is defned as the subject of research, and modern materials of the Pashto language-as the object of the research. The scientifc novelty of the work is also reflected in these issues. The article analyzes both groups of prepositioninfxes and connecting infxes

scholarly journals Authentication of Composites in Different Structural Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (26) ◽  
pp. 399-408
Author(s):  
Marzhan U. Suleybanova ◽  
Mаrifa M. Sultygova ◽  
Zulfira H. Kieva ◽  
Lyudmila M. Dudarova ◽  
Marziyat M. Bidanok
Keyword(s):  
Compound Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Linguistic Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Take All

At first glance, the problem of distinguishing complex words from similar free syntactic combinations does not exist. But compound words are a reflection of "the diversity of linguistic activity." Therefore, one or more features sometimes is not enough to establish the identity of a compound word. And sometimes this is simply impossible, as some units correspond to all signs, while others do not. There are other units in the language, consisting of two or more words and outwardly similar to complex words. Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish complex words from outwardly similar syntactic combinations and phraseological units. It is natural that you need to draw a line between complex words and free combinations, because if we take all units of two or more words that designate one concept (with varying degrees of semantic integrity) as complex, we will make a huge confusion in definition of complex words and phrases.

scholarly journals Detailed Error Annotation for Morphologically Rich Languages: Latvian Use Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Darģis ◽  
Ilze Auzin̦a ◽  
Kristīne Levāne-Petrova ◽  
Inga Kaija
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Error Annotation ◽  
Morphologically Rich Languages ◽  
Free Word ◽  
Ongoing Project

This paper presents a detailed error annotation for morphologically rich languages. The described approach is used to create Latvian Language Learner corpus (LaVA) which is part of a currently ongoing project Development of Learner corpus of Latvian: methods, tools and applications. There is no need for an advanced multi-token error annotation schema, because error annotated texts are written by beginner level (A1 and A2) who use simple syntactic structures. This schema focuses on in-depth categorization of spelling and word formation errors. The annotation schema will work best for languages with relatively free word order and rich morphology.

scholarly journals Poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan (in comparaison with Spanish and French)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
T. V. Repnina
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
First Time

By poly-predicative conditional constructions we mean complex sentences that contain at least three simple sentences, each representing either a condition or a consequence. Poly-predicative sentences can in addition contain other simple sentences that represent neither condition, nor consequence. Poly-predicative constructions that, apart from one condition and one consequence, also include other simple sentences, are not classified here as poly-predicative conditional constructions. While poly-predicative constructions in general have already been in the focus of researches attention, this article seems to address them on Catalan material for the first time. The purpose of this article is an analysis of syntactic relations in poly-predicative conditional constructions. Its objectives include their comparison in Catalan, Spanish, and French, identification of the main types of these constructions, and an analysis of their characteristics. Since the use of tenses and moods in the constructions addressed coincides with that in prototypical bi-predicative conditional constructions, we do not examine it here. The methods, used in this study, included: sampling during corpus collection, classification, description, comparison, transformational analysis and synthesis. The study is based on Catalan texts and their translations into Spanish and French. The findings of the study include: 1) Poly-predicative conditional constructions with several condition and/or consequence clauses are possible. Condition and consequence clauses can occupy different positions in poly-predicative conditional constructions; 2) In contrast to Catalan and Spanish, French admits the replacement of the conditional conjunction si by que; 3) Prototypical conditional and poly-predicative constructions are invariably characterized by subordination relations, with coordination parataxis possible as well. In addition, more complex syntactic structures are possible like, e. g., parallel co-coordination; 4) A prototypical conditional construction being a complex sentence, this limits possible syntactic types of poly-predicative conditional constructions. They cannot be structured as a string of simple sentences connected by coordination or subordination. Consecutive subordination of three or more subordinate sentences is not characteristic of conditional constructions; 5) The study identified a similarity between poly-predicative conditional constructions in Catalan, Spanish, and French. The present research is a contribution into the syntax of Romance languages.

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