The Use of Lexeme HEAD in English and Indonesian Compound Words: A Contrastive Analysis

Compounding is a common word-formation process in Bahasa Indonesia (BI) and English (EN) as it can be found in constructions of the words headline, headmaster, and kepala berita, kepala sekolah in BI, which are widely used by the speakers of the languages. This study scrutinizes the constructions and the senses of lexeme HEAD and KEPALA from contrastive linguistic perspective. It aims at describing (1) The constructions of compound words containing lexeme HEAD and (2) the extended senses of lexeme HEAD in the compound word constructions in BI and EN. The data, taken from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Cambridge Online Dictionary, were collected and analyzed using contrastive analysis. The data were collected and analyzed through observation and close reading techniques. The discussion highlighted the similarities and differences of the constructions and extended senses of compound words containing lexeme HEAD. In BI, lexeme kepala is combined with nouns, adjectives, while in English lexeme HEAD is combined with nouns, adjectives, gerunds, and prepositions. In BI the extended senses of lexeme head refer to leader, hair, the most important, the tip of things, and personality, while there are six extended senses in EN, namely leader, hair, the most important part, the tip of things, personality, and movement. The extensions show human creativity to produce and comprehend metaphors and metonymy in context to express ideas that are abstract with something more familiar and concrete

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The comparative study between Indonesian blend words and English blend words

LingTera ◽

10.21831/lt.v6i1.22785 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Mia Rahmannia ◽

Pratomo Widodo

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Formation Process ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Word Formation ◽

Journal Articles ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

The Difference ◽

The Comparative Study ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

Generally, blending can be defined as combining two clipped words. Kvetko in Bednarova defines blending as a word formation process similar to shortening combined with merging two different words. There are many types of blending words both in Indonesian and English context. Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the comparison between Indonesian blend words and English blend words in terms of its types, its similarities and differences and also how its formed. In this paper the researcher use descriptive qualitative method as the method of the research. The source of the data is taken from some journal articles that relevant with blend words both in Indonesian and English context. The result showed that Indonesian blend words and English blend words not only have similarities in the forming word, but also have their differences that make them unique to each other. The writer hopes that the reader of this article gets more information about both Indonesian and English blend words based on its types and the similarities and the difference between them.

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SAMMANSÄTTNINGAR I SPRÅKRÅDETS NYORDSLISTOR: PRODUKTIVITET OCH FÖRSTÅELIGHET

Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia ◽

10.1515/fsp-2015-0009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 4-18

Author(s):

Natalia Kołaczek

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Formation Process ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Word Formation ◽

Corpus Analysis ◽

Compound Words ◽

New Words ◽

Master's Thesis ◽

The Subject

Abstract Compounding seems to be the most productive word formation process in Swedish on the basis of “new words’ lists” (Swedish: nyordslistor) registered by the Language Council of Sweden (Svenska Språkrådet). The subject of the research was the productiveness of compounds and their comprehensibility for the native speakers. The material for the corpus analysis showing the productivity of compounds consisted of 353 compound words from the lists from years 2000 – 2012. With help of a survey where pupils from a secondary school in Tingsryd in Småland were asked to define 17 compounds from “new words’ list” 2008 a conclusion could be drawn that compound words are short-lived, ephemeral constructions. The analysis has shown the big pace of changes that the lexicon undergoes and the linguistic creativity of language users as well as their strong need to create new terms. The results can evoke questions about the effectiveness of communication in relation to the features of new words. The article is based on my unpublished master’s thesis.

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Conversion Syntaxique

Lingvisticae Investigationes ◽

10.1075/li.18.1.02bar ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philippe E. Barbaud

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Word Formation ◽

Compound Word ◽

Romance Languages ◽

Compound Words ◽

Syntactic Structures ◽

High Productivity ◽

Structure Level ◽

Lexical Function ◽

Verb Raising

In this study, it is shown that the "category changing" property of morphological rules of conversion is unable to account for compound words, for formal and semantic reasons. Several convergent facts demonstrate that the compounding process is syntactic in nature. Consequently, it is argued that X-bar theory must be involved in compound word formation because of the "lexical function" of the syntax. Empirical data are mainly focused on French Noms Composés à base Verbale, or NCV, as tire-bouchon (cork screw),porte-parole (spoke person), gagne-pain (job), etc., which are analyzed as base generated "quasi-VPs" embedded in a NP. Thus, the NPWP exocentric dominance instantiates a "syntactic conversion" at the D-structure level. Such a categorial hierarchy is based on the "distribution changing" property of X-bar theory rather than on the "category changing" property of structuring morphological rules. Therefore, the high productivity of NCVs in French and other Romance languages is due to their morphology, which allows SPEC\HEAD agreement and VERB RAISING movement. The licensing of exocentric X-bar structures in grammar depends on several semantic principles of lexical interpretation, which are relevant to hyperonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.. Thus, the model is dispensed with a superfluous component of "peripheral" rules of compounding. In conclusion, exocentricity of syntactic structures leads the author to claim that X-bar schema is primitive in grammar and that a given phrase is not the necessary projection of its head.

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SOME WORDS AND SEMANTIC PARALLELS BETWEEN GEORGIAN AND AVAR LANGUAGES

10.31029/caucaslanguages2021/17 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120-129

Author(s):

L. G. Azmaiparashvili

Keyword(s):

Word Formation ◽

Compound Word ◽

Hair Color ◽

Compound Words

Basing on the data of Georgian and Avar languages and their dialects, the article discusses some similarities that are confirmed in compound word formation (compound words which denote collectively ‘parents’, ‘siblings’, ‘spouses’, ‘domestic cattle’, ‘insects’, somatisms, compound words denoting ‘rainbow’), in phonosemantic vocabulary; In adverbs, adjectives, verbs derived from nouns (‘tiny hair’, ‘color’, ‘way’); In deverbative nominals, collocations and phrasemes (‘engaged girl’, ‘talking’, ‘lie’, ‘paying attention’).

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Similarities and Differences Between the Albanian and English with Regard to the Word Formation Process

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.5901/mjss.2011.v2n3p338 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Miranda Shahini

Keyword(s):

Formation Process ◽

Word Formation ◽

Similarities And Differences

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Reduplication as a word-formation process in the Jamee Language: A variety of Minang spoken in South Aceh

Studies in English Language and Education ◽

10.24815/siele.v7i1.15693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 43-54

Author(s):

Zulfadli A. Aziz ◽

Vivi Nolikasari

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Data Reduction ◽

Formation Process ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Word Formation ◽

Data Display ◽

Ethnographic Interview ◽

Three Stages ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

One of the processes of word formation is reduplication which words or morphemes are repeated. This study focuses on reduplication in Jamee language. This descriptive qualitative study aims at finding out forms of reduplication and the meaning contained in the reduplication in Jamee. The data were collected through ethnographic interview by recording ten native speakers of the Jamee language who live in Labuhanhaji sub-district, South Aceh. They were chosen through purposive sampling. A total of 261 reduplication words were obtained during the interviews, and they were analysed using three stages; data reduction, data display and data verification. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that there are four types of reduplication in the Jamee language: full reduplication, partial reduplication, lexicalized reduplication, and affixed reduplication. The study also shows that reduplication in Jamee language can be in the forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and pronominals. Despite previous studies show that there is no infix in the Jamee language, hence it does occur in this study even though it is rarely used in this language. It is assumed that it may have come into the language through the borrowing from Bahasa Indonesia.

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Cognitive Mechanisms of Nominating Plants in English

Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Serija 2 Jazykoznanije ◽

10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.4.11 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 137-147

Author(s):

Elena Shevchenko ◽

◽

Olga Prokhorova ◽

Igor Chekulay ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Cognitive Models ◽

Word Formation ◽

Reverse Transformation ◽

Compound Word ◽

Formation Mechanisms ◽

Cognitive Mechanisms ◽

Compound Words ◽

Word Combination ◽

Comparative Aspect

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

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تغيرات الزيادة العربية والإندونيسية و تأديّتها في تعليم اللغة العربية

Abjadia ◽

10.18860/abj.v2i1.5310 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhamad Isbah Habibii

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

First Language ◽

Arabic Language ◽

National Language ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Contrastive Analysis ◽

Language Analysis ◽

Level Of Difficulty ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

منذ 28 أكتوبر 1928 تكون اللغة الإندونيسية لغة رسمية في الإندونيسيا، وهي من اللغات الأوسترونية. ويبدو واضحا من الاختلافات الأنفة الذكر أنها يسبب لأخطأ دارس اللغة العربية. الدارس كثيراما يبدأ الأخطأ في عملية تدريس اللغة العربية. ومن بين اسباب الأخطأ هي خصائص اللغة الثانية أو لغة الهدف لا توجد في لغته الأم. أما المنهج الذي انتجته الباحثة في هذه الدراسة فهو البحث الوصفي والمنهج البحث المكتبي والميداني، ولتحقيقه استخدم هذا البحث البحث الإجرائي. ونتائج هذا البحث قسمان. الأول: وجوه التشبّهات و الإختلافات: فوجوه التشبّهات توجد 10 تشبّهات. ووجوه الإختلافات توجد 25 إختلافات. والثاني: تأديّته في تعليم اللغة العربية. أ) إن وجوه الإختلافات تؤدي إلى مواجهة الصعوبة في مهارة الكتابة. فينبغي للمدرس أن يختار وجوه التشبّهات؛ ب) هذه التقايلية كالأساس في صياغ التقنيق التعليمي في تعليم اللغة العربية ل سيما في ترتيب المواد اللغة لتكون سهلة ولائقة حسب المستوىSince October 28, 1928, Indonesian language is officially used by the Indonesian as national language. And when viewed from the clump of this language includes Austronesian based on the classification, and Arabic language includes semid based on the classification. This difference of classification leads to errors in learners’ language. Such as the first language fragmentation of a second language (Arabic) which is also called Interference language. To analyze this research, the researcher used contrastive analysis. The instruments used in this study are documentation, observation and interviews. The results of this study are divided into two poin, including: similarities and differences Affix Arabic And Indonesian. The first: aspect of the similarities there are ten similarities, and aspects of the two aspects of difference there are twenty-five differences. Second: The implication in maharah kitabah are: a) The contrastive analysis can be used to predict the mistakes of students studying foreign languages. The points of difference in each of the first and second language levels will give students difficulties in learning the second language. Preferably the same items will make it easier for students to learn a second language; b) The contrastive analysis can provide a comprehensive and consistent contribution and as a means of controlling the preparation of teaching materials and second language lessons efficiently. By comparison of differences in each level of language analysis, the material can be arranged according to the level of difficulty of each level.Sejak tanggal 28 Oktober 1928, bahasa Indonesia resmi digunakan oleh bangsa Indonesia sebagai bahasa nasional. Jika dilihat dari rumpunnya, bahasa ini termasuk rumpun bahasa Austronesia. Sedangkan bahasa Arab merupakan bahasa Semit. Perbedaan rumpun ini menyebabkan terjadinya kesalahan-kesalahan pada para pelajar bahasa tersebut seperti pergesekan bahasa pertama terhadap bahasa kedua (bahasa Arab) yang disebut juga dengan Interferensi bahasa. Peneliti menggunakan analisis kontrastif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara. Adapun hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua, diantaranya: 1) Persamaan dan perbedaan afiksasi dalam bahasa Arab dan Indonesia. Terdapat sepuluh persamaan, meliputi faidah afiksasi dalam kedua bahasa. Selain itu, terdapat dua puluh lima perbedaan meliputi faidah afiksasi yang ada dalam kedua bahasa. 2) Implikasi Anakon terhadap maharah kitabah adalah: a) anakon dapat digunakan untuk meramal kesalahan siswa mempelajari bahasa asing atau bahasa kedua. Butir-butir perbedaan dalam tiap-tiap tataran bahasa pertama dan kedua memberikan kesulitan kepada para siswa dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua itu. Sebaiknya, guru menggunakan butir-butir yang sama untuk mempermudah siswa mempelajari bahasa kedua; b) anakon dapat memberikan satu sumbangan yang menyeluruh dan konsisten sebagai alat pengendali penyusunan materi pengajaran dan pelajaran bahasa kedua secara efisien. Dengan membandingkan perbedaan pada setiap tataran analisis bahasa, bahan ajar dapat disusun sesuai dengan tingkat kesulitan masing-masing tataran

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Compound Pronouns in English and Albanian

European Journal of Language and Literature ◽

10.26417/ejls.v2i1.p36-41 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Esmeralda Sherko

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Word Formation ◽

The Other ◽

Compound Words ◽

Specific Category ◽

Similarities And Differences

This study concentrates on compound pronouns in English and Albanian. Compounding is considered as one of the most prolific word formation techniques in both languages. The study is made up of three basic parts: compounding is analysed theoretically; compound pronouns collected by the Dictionary of Contemporary Albanian Language and Oxford Student’s Dictionary are analysed; conclusions are drawn as of their similarities and differences. Albanian language provides interesting results as it includes a specific category of pronouns under a different heading than compounding and that is agglutinated pronouns. Compound pronouns are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively in both languages. Quantitative analysis deals with their positioning in relation to all compound words per each dictionary. Qualitative analysis deals with the elements constituting the compound pronouns. The study also pinpoints the differences and similarities between compound pronouns when translated from English into Albanian and vice versa. The study is illustrated with abundant examples in both languages. Statistic results of the study show that Albanian compound (agglutinated) pronouns outnumber the English compound pronouns→ 81: 18; also constituent structures of Alb. vs Eng. pronouns are →9:2. Translation of pronouns from one language into the other: one English pronoun – different Albanian pronouns and vice versa.

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KALIMAT PASIF DALAM BAHASA INGGRISDAN BAHASA INDONESIA: SUATU ANALISIS KONTRASTIF

Jurnal KATA ◽

10.22216/jk.v1i2.1861 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Nova Mustika

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Past Participle ◽

Contrastive Analysis ◽

General Acceptance ◽

English Grammar ◽

Similarities And Differences ◽

Passive Sentence ◽

Bahasa Indonesia ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

Contrastive analysis is a method that can be used to help the difficulties of a teacher in teaching a second language to their students, where learning a second language is strongly influenced by the mastery of the mother tongue. The purpose of this article is to describe comparison of passive sentences in Indonesian and English. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative to provide an overview of the form of the passive sentence and find differences and similarities between passive sentencesin Indonesian and English. Examples was created by the author herself taking into account the level of general acceptance by referring to the book of Tata Bahasa Indonesian and English Grammar. Passive sentences in Indonesian are characterized by use of the "di-", "ter" or "ke-". While in English it used “to be + V3 (Past participle)" which is based on the tenses used (time of occurrence). After comparing passive sentences in Indonesian and English, the author found similarities and differences. Analisis kontrastif merupakan suatu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk membantu kesulitan seorang pengajardalam mengajarkan bahasa kedua kepada para siswanya, di mana dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua sangat dipengaruhi oleh penguasaan bahasa ibu. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan perbandingan kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif-kontras yang bertujuan memberikan gambaran tentang bentuk kalimat pasif serta menemukan perbedaan dan persamaan kalimat pasif bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris. Contoh dibuat oleh penulis sendiri dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat keberterimaan secara umum dengan merujuk kepada buku Tata Bahasa Indonesia dan Grammar Bahasa Inggris. Kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dilihat dari strukturnya menggunakan “di-”, “ter-” ataupun “ke-”. Sementara dalam bahasa Inggris hanya mengenal “to be+ V3 (Past Participle)” yang berdasarkankepada tenses yang digunakan (waktu kejadian). Setelah membandingkan kalimat pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris, penulis telah menemukan persamaan dan perbedaannya.

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