Digital Surveillance And Ethics As A New Risk Factor Within The Context Of Regulations On The Internet Law

BACKGROUND To develop websites that enhance Internet users’ health knowledge, it is important to identify relevant factors associated with obtaining health knowledge via the Internet. Although an association between eHealth literacy (eHL) and knowledge of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported, little is known whether eHL is associated with obtaining knowledge of CRC via the Internet. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the results obtained from Internet users with high or low eHL in searching and using a reputable cancer website to gain CRC knowledge. METHODS This study used respondents to Internet based pre-and post-surveys conducted in 2012. Potential respondents (n = 3,307) were identified from registered individuals aged 40–59 years (n = 461,160) in a Japanese Internet survey company. A total of 1,069 participants responded (response rate: 32.3%), and these pre-survey responders were then divided into high or low eHL groups using the Japanese eHealth Literacy Scale median score (23.5 points). From each group, 130 randomly selected individuals were invited to review the contents of a reputable CRC website, the Cancer Information Service managed by the National Cancer Center, and to respond to a post-survey via e-mail; responses were obtained from 107 individuals from each group. Twenty responses to knowledge statements regarding the definition, risk factors, screening prevention and symptoms of CRC were obtained at pre- and post-surveys, and differences in the correct responses between high and low eHL groups compared using the McNemar test. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 49.1 (5.5) years. Four statements showed a significant increase in correct responses in both eHL groups pre- and post-survey: “S4. The risk of CRC is greater as a person gets older” (high eHL: P = 0.039, low eHL: P = 0.012), “S8. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for CRC” (high eHL: P < 0.001, low eHL: P = 0.020), “S11. Obesity is a risk factor for CRC” (high eHL: P = 0.030, low eHL: P = 0.047), and “S12. Excess alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CRC” (high eHL: P = 0.002, low eHL: P = 0.003). Three statements showed a statistically significant increase in correct responses in the high eHL group only: “S1. CRC is cancer of the colon or rectum” (P = 0.003), “S5. The risk of CRC is the same between men and women” (P = 0.041), and “S9. Red meat intake is a risk factor for CRC” (P = 0.002), whereas only one response did in the low eHL group: “S17. Bloody stools are a symptom of CRC” (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Low eHL Internet users appeared less capable of obtaining knowledge of CRC through searching and understanding information from a reputable cancer website than high eHL Internet users.

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Cinema and Cyberphobia: Internet Tropes in Film and Television

Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy ◽

10.18080/jtde.v4n1.46 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 36-53

Author(s):

Lauren Rosewarne

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Significant Role ◽

Online Gaming ◽

The Other ◽

The Internet ◽

Second Nature ◽

Film And Television ◽

Socially Excluded ◽

The Web

Despite the widespread embrace of the Internet and the second nature way we each turn to Google for information, to social media to see our friends, to netporn and Netflix for recreation, film and television tells a very different story. On screen, a character dating online, gaming online or shopping online, invariably serves as a clue that they’re somewhat troubled: they may be a socially excluded nerd at one end of the spectrum, through to being a paedophile or homicidal maniac seeking prey at the other. On screen, the Internet is frequently presented as a clue, a risk factor and a rationale for a character’s deviance or danger. While the Internet has come to play a significant role in screen narratives, an undercurrent of many depictions – in varying degrees of fervour – is that the Web is complicated, elusive and potentially even hazardous. This paper draws from research conducted for my book Cyberbullies, Cyberactivists, Cyberpredators: Film, TV, and Internet Stereotypes (Rosewarne, 2016). While that volume provided an analysis of the denizens of the Internet through the examination of over 500 film and television examples – profiling screen stereotypes such as netgeeks, neckbeards, and netaddicts – this paper focuses on some of the recurring themes in portrayals of the Internet, shedding light on the how, and perhaps most importantly why, the fear of the technology is so common. This paper presents a series of themes used to frame the Internet as negative on screen including dehumanisation, the Internet as a badlands, the Web as possessing inherent vulnerabilities and the cyberbogeyman.

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The Future of Law Reviews and Legal Journals From a Student Editor's Perspective

Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy ◽

10.5195/tlp.2002.5 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Bradley J. Martineau

Keyword(s):

The Internet ◽

Academic World ◽

Technological Advances ◽

The Future ◽

Internet Law ◽

Academic Resources

Law reviews and legal journals have been part of the legal academic world for more than a century. [1] These legal publications are unique because they are completely run by students. However, over the last few decades, law reviews and legal journals have been highly criticized, and some critics even predict their demise. [2] If law reviews and legal journals expect to survive and remain valuable academic resources, then certain changes need to be made, and these changes are the responsibility of the student editors. Although some legal publications are making changes for the better, such as publishing online, more can be done to improve these student-run publications. By taking advantage of technological advances, especially the Internet, law reviews and legal journals can reduce the time it takes to publish an issue. In addition, these technological advances allow legal publications to offer many new features and services for both the authors and the readers. However, updating a publication with these new technological advances can be expensive. Thus, law reviews and legal journals need to generate more income from other sources than just subscriptions.

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Contextualizing sovereignty: A critical review of competing explanations of the Internet governance in the (so-called) Russian case

First Monday ◽

10.5210/fm.v26i5.11687 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Polina Kolozaridi ◽

Dmitry Muravyov

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Political Regime ◽

The Internet ◽

Internet Governance ◽

Historical Account ◽

Precise Meaning ◽

History Of ◽

Internet Law

In reference to Russia, the concept of “Internet sovereignty” is commonly used to evoke the state’s efforts to tighten its control over the Internet in order to consolidate a non-democratic political regime. Many scholars have discussed Russia’s “sovereign Internet law,” adopted in 2019, yet the precise meaning of both “sovereign” and “Internet” in this context has largely been overlooked. In this article, we attempt to problematize the use of both concepts by drawing on the history of the Internet in Russia to accentuate the structural asymmetries of power in “global” Internet governance. We argue that Russia’s Internet sovereignty claims, grasped in the context of these asymmetries, can be seen as an expression of counter-hegemonic tendencies. Moreover, a historical account of the Internet’s transformation in Russia problematizes a conception of “Internet sovereignty” as unitary and unchanging.

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Is Facebook the Internet? Ethnographic Perspectives on Open Internet Governance in Brazil

Law & Social Inquiry ◽

10.1017/lsi.2020.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1093-1112

Author(s):

Jeffrey Omari

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Internet Access ◽

Online Privacy ◽

The Internet ◽

Net Neutrality ◽

Internet Governance ◽

Mobile Data ◽

Rhetorical Question ◽

Internet Law ◽

The Right

This article explores the ideals of open Internet governance in Brazil. I examine Brazil’s Internet law, the Marco Civil da Internet (MCI), which promotes the right to Internet access, online privacy, and net neutrality. The MCI’s ideals of a free and open Internet are challenged by Internet companies, such as Facebook, which offer “zero-rating” promotions that provide limited, free mobile data to low-income subscribers. I juxtapose the ideals of openness embodied in the regulatory sphere of the MCI with those of Brazil’s cultura livre (free culture) movement to show the ascendance of open values in Brazilian governance and culture. Accordingly, I employ the rhetorical question, “Is Facebook the Internet?” to demonstrate the ways in which commitments to open Internet governance, expressed in both the cultural and regulatory realms, run counter to the more proprietary ideals of the transnational tech community.

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Be Safe or Be Seen? How Russian Activists Negotiate Visibility and Security in Online Resistance Practices

Surveillance & Society ◽

10.24908/ss.v16i3.6967 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 332-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tetyana Lokot

Keyword(s):

Digital Media ◽

The Internet ◽

Social Discourse ◽

Two Phase ◽

Discursive Space ◽

Digital Surveillance ◽

Security Practices ◽

State Surveillance ◽

Key Factor ◽

Constant State

This paper examines how Russian opposition activists negotiate online visibility—their own and that of their messages and campaigns—and the security concerns brought on by the pervasive digital surveillance that the state resorts to in order to reinstate its control over the online discursive space. By examining the internet-based presence and activity of the members of Alexey Navalny’s FBK (Anti-Corruption Foundation) and other opposition activists, the paper traces connections between everyday security practices that these activists engage in online and the resistance tactics and repertoires they enact in an environment where the free and open exchange of information on the Russian internet is becoming increasingly difficult. The analysis finds that Russian opposition activists place a high value on digital, media, and security literacy and that navigating the internet using security tools and protocols such as VPN, two-phase authentication, and encrypted messaging is increasingly seen as the default modus operandi for those participating in organised dissent in Russia to mitigate growing state surveillance. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that Russian activists have to balance the need for security with growing visibility—a key factor for entering the mainstream political and social discourse. The tension between being secure and being visible emerges as a key aspect of resistance practices in an environment of near-constant state surveillance, as activists concurrently manage their safety and visibility online to minimise the risks posed by government spying and maximise the effect of their dissent.

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Draft Once; Deploy Everywhere? Contextualizing Digital Law and Brazil’s Marco Civil da Internet

Television & New Media ◽

10.1177/1527476417738568 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 431-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guy T. Hoskins

Keyword(s):

Civil Rights ◽

Recent History ◽

The Internet ◽

Digital Rights ◽

Internet Policy ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Internet Law ◽

Effective Transfer ◽

Digital Law

On Congressional approval in 2014, Brazil’s charter of civil rights for the Internet, the Marco Civil da Internet, was widely acclaimed as a template for national Internet policy elsewhere in the world. This was the result of a phenomenon I dub “draft once; deploy everywhere,” a pervasive belief in the universality of Internet law. This presumption underpins multiple charters of Internet rights drafted by digital rights organizations and policymakers. By showing how the Marco Civil was bitterly contested by blocks of powerful actors, the role played by Brazil’s recent history of dictatorship as well as its status at the margins of the global digital economy, I problematize the Marco Civil’s status as a global blueprint. This matters because without proper contextualization, the effective transfer of Internet law across national jurisdictions will be harder to realize, and their democratic virtues will prove more elusive.

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THe principles of internet-law

Russian Journal of Legal Studies ◽

10.17816/rjls18162 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 144-154

Author(s):

A V Danilenkov

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Case Law ◽

Soft Law ◽

The Internet ◽

Domain Names ◽

European Court ◽

The Subject ◽

Internet Law ◽

Enforcement Activity

The article is focused on the analysis of the genesis and legal meaning of the Internet-law principles within the framework of the international and national public order; the author substantiates and lays out the classification of those principles; the adoption of the international law act to incorporate the fundamental Internet-law principles is envisaged. The author castigates some positions and views, circulating in the law science, which purport to attribute the Internet-law principles with the so-called «soft law» tag, being of opinion that such meta-juridical assumptions and easiness may impede doctrinal evaluation of Internet-law as evolving area of law and lead to the obscurantism in the field of the scientific legal knowledge about the subject matter and method of Internet-law as well as the substantive characteristics of the relations, governed by its norms. In order to bolster up his thesis the author refers to the practice of sanctioning the «fair customs» in the area of registration and use of the domain names and the rapid development in the last decade of the international legislation and case law including the numerous decisions of the European court for human rights re privacy and etc. which completely overturns the concept of the Internet-law as stuck in the rudimentary standing of the «soft law». Author also substantiates the argument that most of the Internet-law principles are formed in the course of the regulatory and law enforcement activity of the specialized organizations (such as ICANN, ITU and others) and also ensue from the coincidental practice of the states and quasi-state constituencies (such as European Union).

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Transnational Internet Law

The Oxford Handbook of Transnational Law ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197547410.013.19 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 418-436

Author(s):

Christopher Marsden

Keyword(s):

Private Information ◽

The Internet ◽

Network Neutrality ◽

Technical Standards ◽

International Networks ◽

Legal Standards ◽

Monetary Value ◽

Legal Nature ◽

Lex Mercatoria ◽

Internet Law

The greatest, and certainly to a Westphalian nation-state-centered universe most revolutionary, challenge for regulation is the increasing co-operation between national, regional, and international networks of regulators, to regulate the internet. Reidenberg coined the term “lex informatica” to explain its transnational legal nature, based on Berman and Kaufman’s analysis of mediaeval lex mercatoria, rather than Jessup’s transnational law. This chapter briefly considers the technical standards that permit inter-networking and thus the internet, then examines how standards—including commercial and legal standards—have created a transnational lex informatica. The chapter then focuses on two phenomena of the transnational internet law evolution. The first is governance by contract for all commercial transactions, even those that are ostensibly free of monetary value, in which the contractors are trading private information for advertising revenue. The second is the “open internet,” laws protecting some aspects of network neutrality.

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