The building materials of “Colle del Melogno” Central Fort (Liguria, Italy)

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Fratini ◽  
Manuela Mattone ◽  
Silvia Rescic
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Ligurian Alps ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
The Government ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Artificial Stone ◽  
The Military

The Melogno pass (Colle del Melogno) is located at 1026 m above sea level, between the high Val Bormida and the hinterland of the Finalese (province of Savona) and is one of the highest mountain passes in the Ligurian Alps. In ancient times, this zone was considered strategically important from the military point of view since it is located at the crossroads of many communication routes. In these areas, in November 1795, during the “Battle of Loano”, the French army, commanded by Andrea Massena and the allied army of Austria, prevailed over the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by Oliver Remigius von Wallis. However, the territory remained possession of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, between 1883 and 1895, the worsening of relations with France induced the government to erect, near the pass, three imposing fortifications (Tortagna, Settepani and Centrale) to prevent an entry into Piedmont by armies coming from the coast. For the same purpose other fortifications were erected near the passes of Tenda, Nava, Turchino and near the villages of Zuccarello, Altare and Vado. The most impressive among the three fortifications of Melogno pass is the Central Fort. It occupies all the saddle of the pass and it is crossed by the provincial road 490 connecting the coast of Finale Ligure to Piedmont. The fort, still of military property, is a listed historical artefact. It has a polygonal shape, with a main barrack developed on two floors. Four defensive and attacking emplacements were located outside the main complex, along a detached hill, with heavy artillery pointed towards the coast. The study will examine the natural and artificial stone materials used for the building through mineralogical and petrographic analysis and will verify both the variations occurred during the construction phases and the relations with the local supply sources.

scholarly journals Minero-Petrographic Characterization of Chianocco Marble Employed for Palazzo Madama Façade in Turin (Northwest Italy)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gambino ◽  
Alessandro Borghi ◽  
Anna d’Atri ◽  
Luca Martire ◽  
Martina Cavallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Selective Dissolution ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Subaerial Exposure ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Dolomitic Rock ◽  
Baroque Era ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Materials Used

The study of ancient marble plays an important role in the interpretation of historical and archaeological sites and gives interesting information about building materials used in ancient times and their trade routes. The present work focuses on Chianocco marble that represents one of the most important ancient white marbles for cultural heritage exploited in the Piedmont region (Northwest Italy) and employed for the Palazzo Madama façade. A multi-analytical study based on petrographic (optical and scanning electron microscopy), electron microprobe, cathodoluminescence and stable isotope analyses was carried out on these marbles in order to perform an archaeometric study. Chianocco marble was used in Turin during the baroque era by the Savoy architect Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736) in historical buildings, such as the façade of the Palazzo Madama, the plinth of the façade of the town Cathedral and the columns (now plastered) of the portico of Piazza San Carlo. This stone is a dolomitic rock belonging to the Mesozoic cover of the Dora Maira Massif (Pennidic Unit). It shows a vuggy fabric characterized by a vacuolar texture due to tectonic brecciation and subsequent selective dissolution during subaerial exposure. This kind of research is useful to highlight the importance of the use of local stones as building materials and to investigate stone materials for the restoration and maintenance of historical buildings.

The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law Part III

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-337
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Ion
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Greek Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

The third part of the essay on the Hellenic Crisis, which has happily received a satisfactory solution, will deal with the incidents which are connected with the law of nations and inquire as to how far the European belligerents in their dealings with Greece, and the Greek Government in its relations with them, adhered to the tenets and usages of international law.The points to be here discussed are of a manifold character.First, it will be examined whether the serious charge made by the Entente Powers against Constantine, the ex-King of the Hellenes, that he violated the obligations arising out of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, by which the two states bound themselves to assist each other for the defense of their respective territories in case of attack by a third Power, and particularly by Bulgaria, is well founded according to the letter and spirit of the instrument of alliance.Secondly, whether the military occupation of portions of the territory of the Hellenic Kingdom by both sets of belligerents, the seizure of its war material and other public property, and particularly the coercive measures employed by the Entente Powers against the Government and people of Greece and their forcible intervention in the internal affairs of that country, can be justified either by reason of treaty stipulations or on account of the unneutral conduct of the then King and his government towards the Entente Allies. The first point to be examined is the obligation arising out of the treaty of alliance between Greece and Serbia.

scholarly journals When and Why Java was Deliberated from the Slavery?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Djoko Marihandono
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Napoleon Bonaparte ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

Java islands as one of the colonies on the European nations in Asia, had several changes since the Dutch Government liquidated the operation. This condition was caused by the change of the political constellation in Europe since the end of this century. As we knew that since 1795 till 1813, the Netherland was dominated by the French. From the year 1795, in January, the Bataafsche Republic was established in Netherland, supported by French after the governor (Staathouder) escaped by leaving his country to London. The result of this fact, the changes were happened in all provinces in Netherland and in almost of its colonies, included in Java. The form of the government was changed because of the implementation of the French Revolutionary ideas. How to overlook the colonies were different compared by the VOC era.  In VOC era, East India had been looked as the economical point of view. In the other hand, in Bataafsche Republic era, it had been considered as the integrated territory of French. So, there was a different management of both. During the VOC era, East India was placed under the Ministry of trade and colony regions. Then, in the Bataafsche Republic era, it was located under the Ministry of Maritime Army and the Colonies.The status of this colony was totally changed. The consequence of this change, there were a reformation of the social, politic and economic. The influences of the liberation idea, the main idea of French Revolution, was applied in almost all the regulations of its colony regions. Human rights guaranteed the rights not only as individual but also as a member of society. The Governor General deliberated all slaves in Java and others several islands to be trained as the soldiers.From the French point of view, Java would be set as centre of the French strategy in the effort to reoccupy India as before. According to Napoleon Bonaparte, India had natural resources more than the riches of all European kingdoms. So, the position of Java island geographically was very important because of his location was directly in front of India Ocean, and the military troupes could directly attack India.  Java which was very rich of the natural resources as wood as the basic materials of ship industry, potassium nitrate, as the materials of ammunition and the Javanese who had the very special endurance were considered by the Emperor as a very ideal island. The Javanese could compete the Sepoy soldiers, the Indian indigenous soldiers formed by the British. So, Napoleon Bonaparte considered that the Javanese would be prepared to realize the Napoleonic strategy. Java had to be saved from the British attack.

The hygrometric behaviour of some artificial stone materials used as elements of masonry walls

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barsottelli ◽  
G. F. Cellai ◽  
F. Fratini ◽  
C. Manganelli Del Fà
Keyword(s):  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Artificial Stone

scholarly journals Anti-Graffiti Behavior of Oleo/Hydrophobic Nano-Filled Coatings Applied on Natural Stone Materials

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Lettieri ◽  
Maurizio Masieri ◽  
Mariachiara Pipoli ◽  
Alessandra Morelli ◽  
Mariaenrica Frigione
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Contact Angle Measurements ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Paint Removal ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

In recent years, graffiti writings are increasingly regarded as a form of art. However, their presence on historic building remains a vandalism and different strategies have been developed to clean or, preferably, protect the surfaces. In this study, an experimental nano-filled coating, based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, and two commercial products have been applied on compact and porous calcareous stones, representative of building materials used in the Mediterranean basin, and their anti-graffiti ability has been analyzed. All the tested experimental and commercial coatings exhibited high hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, thus meeting one of the basic requirements for anti-graffiti systems. The effects of staining by acrylic blu-colored spray paint and felt-tip marker were, then, assessed; the properties of the treated stone surfaces after cleaning by acetone were also investigated. Visual observations, contact angle measurements and color evaluations were performed to this aim. It was found that the protective coatings facilitated the spray paint removal; however high oleophobicity or paint repellence did not guarantee a complete cleaning. The stain from the felt-tip marker was confirmed to be extremely difficult to remove. The cleaning with a neat unconfined solvent promoted the movement of the applied polymers (and likely of the paint, as well) in the porous structure of the stone substrate.

scholarly journals Implementation Of Permen Esdm No. 17/2012 As A Solution Between Mineral Businessesand Conservation Karst Zone In Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Aris Dwi Nugroho ◽  
Tantan Hidayat ◽  
Muhammad Wachyudi Memed
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water System ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Karst Landscape ◽  
The Government ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Scientific Value

Cement is powder made from lime and other materials used to make concrete, glue bricks or make walls (KBBI, 2008). Cement is a material that is hydraulic in nature, that is, a material which will undergo a hardening process in its mixing with water or acid solution. The raw materials for making cement include: clinker / slag of cement as much as 70% - 95% (the results of the combustion of limestone, silica sand, iron sand and clay), 5% gypsum and other additional materials (limestone, pozzolan, fly ash and etc). Along with the increase in infrastructure development which is the focus of the Government at this time, the need for building materials, especially cement, has increased. This increase in demand has made cement companies increase production, which in turn will also reduce the limestone reserves that exist in nature. Geological resources consist of mineral resources, energy resources, water resources, and landscapes.  Limestone  as  one  of  the  dominant  raw  materials  for  making  cement  is  a  mineral  and landscape resource that must be protected. The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources since 2012 has issued regulations relating to the use and protection of Karst Landscape Areas (Permen ESDM No. 17 of2012). Protection of the Karst Landscape Area aims to protect its function as a natural regulator of the water system and its unique / scientific value in the development of science. Meanwhile, the delineation of utilization efforts as minerals and industrial raw materials is regulated so that it does not disturb the conservation zone. Expected with the regulations (Permen  ESDM No. 17 of 2012) can be a solution for the use and protection of the Karst Landscape in Indonesia.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PERMEN ESDM NO. l7 TAHUN 20l2 SEBAGAI SOLUSI ANTARA PENGUSAHAAN MINERAL DAN PERLINDUNGAN KAWASAN KARST DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 847-862
Author(s):  
Aris Dwi Nugroho ◽  
Tantan Hidayat ◽  
Muhammad Wachyudi Memed
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water System ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Karst Landscape ◽  
The Government ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Scientific Value

ABSTRAKSemen  adalah  serbuk atau tepung yang terbuat  dari kapur  dan material lainnya  yang dipakai  untuk membuat beton, merekatkan batu bata ataupun membuat tembok (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 2008). Semen  merupakan  suatu  bahan  yang  bersifat  hidrolis,  yaitu  bahan  yang  akan  mengalami  proses pengerasan pada pencampurannya dengan air ataupun larutan asam. Bahan baku pembuatan semen antara lain : clinker/terak semen sebanyak 70% - 95% (hasil olahan pembakaran batu kapur, pasir silika, pasir besi dan tanah liat), gypsum 5% dan material tambahan lain (batu kapur, pozzolan, abu terbang dan lain- lain). Seiiring dengan peningkatan pembangunan insfrastruktur yang menjadi fokus Pemerintah saat ini, maka kebutuhan bahan baku bangunan khususnya semen mengalami peningkatan. Peningkatan kebutuhan ini membuat perusahaan semen meningkatkan produksi yang pada akhirnya juga akan mengurangi cadangan batugamping yang ada di alam. Sumber daya geologi terdiri atas sumber daya mineral, sumber daya energi, sumber daya air, dan bentang alam. Batugamping sebagai salah satu bahan baku dominan pembuatan semen merupakan sumber daya mineral dan bentang alam yang harus dilindungi. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Alam sejak tahun 2012 telah menerbitkan aturan terkait pemanfaatan dan perlindungan Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst (Permen ESDM N0. 17 Tahun 2012). Perlindungan terhadap Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst bertujuan untuk melindungi fungsinya sebagai pengatur alami tata air dan keunikan/nilai ilmiah dalam pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Sedangkan upaya pemanfaatan sebagai bahan galian maupun bahan baku industri diatur deliniasinya, sehingga tidak menganggu zona konservasi. Diharapkan dengan keluarnya Permen ESDM N0. 17 Tahun 2012 dapat menjadi solusi bagi pemanfaatan dan perlindungan Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Sumber daya geologi, Semen, Kawasan Bentang Alam Karst  ABSTRACTCement is powder made from lime and other materials used to make concrete, glue bricks or make walls (KBBI, 2008). Cement is a material that is hydraulic in nature, that is, a material which will undergo a hardening process in its mixing with water or acid solution. The raw materials for making cement include: clinker I slag of cement as much as 70% - 95% (the results of the combustion of limestone, silica sand, iron sand and clay), 5% gypsum and other additional materials (limestone, pozzolan, fly ash and etc). Along with the increase in infrastructure development which is the focus of the Government at this time, the need for building materials, especially cement, has increased. This increase in demand has made cement companies increase production, which in turn will also reduce the limestone reserves that exist in nature. Geological resources consist of mineral resources, energy resources, water resources, and landscapes.  Limestone  as  one  of  the  dominant  raw  materials  for  making  cement  is  a  mineral  and landscape resource that must be protected.The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources since 2012 has issued regulations relating to the use and protection of Karst Landscape Areas (Permen ESDM No. 17 of 2012). Protection of the Karst Landscape Area aims to protect its function as a natural regulator of the water system and its unique I scientific value in the development of science. Meanwhile, the delineation of utilization efforts as minerals and industrial raw materials is regulated so that it does not disturb the conservation zone. Expected with the regulations (Permen  ESDM No. 17 of 2012) can be a solution for the use and protection of the Karst Landscape in Indonesia. Keywords: Geological resources, Cement, Karst Landscape Area

scholarly journals The Construction Of Roadbeds on Permafrost and in Swamps from Reinforced Soils of Increased Strength

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1922-1931
Author(s):  
Anatoly N. Shuvaev ◽  
Anton P. Smirnov ◽  
Sergey V. Kartavy
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Slabs ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Stone Material ◽  
Artificial Stone

The paper presents the history of the transport infrastructure of the West-Siberian oil and gas complex in the last century and ways to solve the problems of road construction in the twenty-first century. The development of the territory of Siberia and the North in the present period is constrained by the low rates of development of the transport structure. One of the reasons for this lag is the lack of regulatory documents to substantiate transport structures in the harsh climatic and difficult soil and geological conditions based on the use of new modern road-building materials. The development of new resource-saving materials, structures and technologies based on local building materials, products and industrial waste using modern methods and research methods in materials science is an aim of current study. The general research methodology consisted of theoretical, laboratory and field studies. The developed designs and technologies for the construction of embankments in permafrost and in swamps using geotechnical holders filled with unsuitable soils (thawed and frozen waterlogged peat and clay soils) can reduce the volume of work and the cost of construction by one and a half to two times while increasing the service life of structures. The experimental sites of embankments constructed between 1995 and 2009 in the wetlands of the Uvat Group of deposits in the Tyumen Region and in permafrost in the areas of Novy Urengoy have been observed for more than ten years. The artificial stone material tested in Murmansk and Surgut based on the strengthening of local soils with inorganic binders with polymer additives using modern technologies allows it to be used instead of imported stone materials and reinforced concrete slabs for the construction of structural layers of road pavements, reinforcing slopes, as well as in hydraulic structures. The new artificial stone material is characterized by high strength and durability in areas with a temperature gradient of the external environment of more than 100 (from +50 to -50 °C).

The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law

1918 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-588
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Ion
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Safe Harbor ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

Having examined the question of the casus foederìs of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, we shall now inquire whether the use of Greek territory by the Entente Powers for the purpose of carrying on military and naval operations against their enemies and the other forcible measures resorted to against Greece were justified either by reason of rights resulting from treaties, or on account of unneutral acts or omissions of the Government of Constantine.Before discussing the points at issue, it will be necessary to summarize seriatim the facts connected with each.It should be remembered that from the very beginning of the present war the Entente Powers have utilized the territorial waters of some islands in the Ægean Sea which were either under the military occupation of Greece or form part of her territory, and which the Allies subsequently occupied in order to further their military enterprises against Turkey. Thus, during the autumn of the year 1914, shortly after the entrance (November 5th) of the latter Power into the war as an ally of Germany and Austria, the fleets of the Entente Powers utilized the harbors and territory of some of the islands in the vicinity of the Straits of the Dardanelles as bases for their naval and, subsequently, military operations. The islands thus used for the prosecution of the war were Tenedos, Imbros, and Lemnos, and particularly the latter, on account of its convenient and safe harbor.

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