scholarly journals When and Why Java was Deliberated from the Slavery?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Djoko Marihandono
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Napoleon Bonaparte ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

Java islands as one of the colonies on the European nations in Asia, had several changes since the Dutch Government liquidated the operation. This condition was caused by the change of the political constellation in Europe since the end of this century. As we knew that since 1795 till 1813, the Netherland was dominated by the French. From the year 1795, in January, the Bataafsche Republic was established in Netherland, supported by French after the governor (Staathouder) escaped by leaving his country to London. The result of this fact, the changes were happened in all provinces in Netherland and in almost of its colonies, included in Java. The form of the government was changed because of the implementation of the French Revolutionary ideas. How to overlook the colonies were different compared by the VOC era.  In VOC era, East India had been looked as the economical point of view. In the other hand, in Bataafsche Republic era, it had been considered as the integrated territory of French. So, there was a different management of both. During the VOC era, East India was placed under the Ministry of trade and colony regions. Then, in the Bataafsche Republic era, it was located under the Ministry of Maritime Army and the Colonies.The status of this colony was totally changed. The consequence of this change, there were a reformation of the social, politic and economic. The influences of the liberation idea, the main idea of French Revolution, was applied in almost all the regulations of its colony regions. Human rights guaranteed the rights not only as individual but also as a member of society. The Governor General deliberated all slaves in Java and others several islands to be trained as the soldiers.From the French point of view, Java would be set as centre of the French strategy in the effort to reoccupy India as before. According to Napoleon Bonaparte, India had natural resources more than the riches of all European kingdoms. So, the position of Java island geographically was very important because of his location was directly in front of India Ocean, and the military troupes could directly attack India.  Java which was very rich of the natural resources as wood as the basic materials of ship industry, potassium nitrate, as the materials of ammunition and the Javanese who had the very special endurance were considered by the Emperor as a very ideal island. The Javanese could compete the Sepoy soldiers, the Indian indigenous soldiers formed by the British. So, Napoleon Bonaparte considered that the Javanese would be prepared to realize the Napoleonic strategy. Java had to be saved from the British attack.

Embassy of the Russian Empire in Berlin on the Socialist Movement in Germany in 1890–1898

2021 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Anna Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Democratic Movement ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Russian Empire

The study focuses on assessing the representativeness and relevance of diplomatic documents for the study of key aspects of German domestic politics. Three issues are central to the analysis of the documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire: the completeness of the indicated sources for understanding the factors of the German Empire’s inner policy; the assessment of the subjectivity of the author of diplomatic dispatches, i.e. how much the ambassador's personality determined the content of the dispatches that he sent to the ministry; the relevance of highlighting key issues of internal life in Germany from the point of view of Russian diplomats. Among constantly present in the messages, the most important was the problem of the socialist movement and the Social-Democratic Party’s activities. The socialists were mentioned for significant reasons: the repeal of the Law against the Socialists, the Berlin Conference on the Labor Protection (1890); elections to the Reichstag (1893, 1898); the Reichstag votes on issues important for Russia. The measures of counteraction to the socialists, discussed by the emperor and the government, also aroused interest. The study of archival documents (1890–1898) allows the author to draw the following conclusions. The dispatches adequately reflect the main trends in the socialist movement and the tactics of the SPD, therefore they can be used to study many internal problems faced by Germany in the course of its political evolution. The development of the social-democratic movement was rightly interpreted by Russian diplomats as one of the fundamental reasons for the internal instability of the German state during the reign of Wilhelm II. At the same time, the conclusion drawn by the diplomats can be primarily explained by the Russian imperial regime and its substantial characteristics, rather than the political realities within Germany itself. They considered parliamentarism, limiting the monarch actions (the state interests), to be the main reason for the high popularity and the broadest electoral support of the SPD. The key factor preventing the monarch from defeating the “coup parties” was defined as the activities of liberal political parties, which demanded the unconditional observance of the freedoms prescribed in the Сonstitution of 1871, as well as the prevention of the introduction of Exceptional Laws and other measures of an extraordinary nature.

Climate change catastrophes and social intersections

2018 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Rob White
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Related Issue ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Social

This chapter examines the consequences of climate change from the point of view of disasters and their consequences for specific interest and population groups. A key focus is the social intersections that become apparent in such events. For example, the climatic and weather events that form the backdrop to present conflicts in places such as Syria are discussed, as are the gendered vulnerabilities evident in disaster situations such as cyclones and tsunami. Social conflicts stemming from climate change are then elaborated as a more general and increasingly likely scenario. In response to real and perceived threats and risk linked to climate change, issues of security are already generating angst among policy-makers and military planners. Indeed, the securitisation of natural resources, to the detriment of others, is emerging as an important climate-related issue, especially in regard to food, water, land, and air quality.

scholarly journals The Challenges Saudi Women Face at Work

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lama Hakem
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Saudi Women ◽  
Government Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

While women have all the rights to work and be in charge of powerful positions, in some countries women continue to struggle to be accepted as empowered and productive individuals. In Saudi Arabia, women are facing many challenges with regard to formal political and social participation including their participation in the labor sector.  The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the obstacles and the impediments that Saudi working women face in order to succeed.  This study examines the role of Saudi women in the labor sector and the job market taking into account the social barriers, the religious point of view, the government role, and cultural complexities. 

scholarly journals ‘Forming identity through Song’: How our songs in worship shape our theological identity: A study of Lutheran hymns and how they shaped German descendent Lutheran congregations

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertrud Tönsing
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Ethics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Blind Spots

How do songs and Christian hymns shape the identity and theology of Christian communities? How does the identity and theology of a Christian community shape the hymns that are written, sung and collected in song books and hymnals? This article explores these questions from the point of view of the author’s community, the German-descendent Lutheran communities in South Africa, and studies their main hymn book, the Lutheran hymnal from Germany (Evangelisches Kirchengesangbuch [EKG]) which was used from the 1950s until the early 1990s in the congregations. It shows up the strengths and the gaps of these hymns which come from a theology with a strong focus on faith and trust, but a rather narrow personal morality, with the social ethics restricted to doing one’s Christian duty and praying for the government. Comparing this hymnal to the later hymnal published in 1990, the article shows, that some of the blind spots of one generation can be filled in by the next generation of songwriters.

scholarly journals THE APPLICATION OF THE BALANCE PRINCIPAL IN THE NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN MARINE AND COASTAL AREAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Jantje Tjiptabudy
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Natural Resources Management ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Balance Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Authority

This research aims to discuss the implementation of balance principle of marine and coastal resources management.  The type of this research is a normative research by way of applying the provisions and conceptual approach. The result of the research shows that the government authority is more dominant than protect the interest of adat law society. In the implementation of balance principle with regards to the coastal and natural resources management has not yet fully provided the positive impact for the social welfare. Besides, both parties have different concept of balance principle, so that it is incompatible with the substance and interpretation in its implementation. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji penerapan asas keseimbangan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya alam laut dan pesisir. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan pemerintah lebih dominan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam, namun kurang memberikan perlindungan terhadap kepentingan masyarakat hukum adat. Penerapan prinsip keseimbangan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya alam di wilayah laut dan pesisir belum sepenuhnya memberikan pengaruh positif bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Selain itu, kedua belah pihak mempunyai konsep yang berbeda tentang prinsip keseimbangan sehingga dalam penerapannya belum sesuai dengan makna atau hakekatnya.

scholarly journals Military Identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-382
Author(s):  
Robert Prodanciuc
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Military

Abstract This paper is aimed at exploring the process of military identity acquisition. In order to be able to do this, it is important to define the concepts of institution and organization with reference to the social subsystem represented by the army. The analysis of the aspirants to the status of member of the army was done through the systemic and action paradigms, as well as the praxiological vision. Individuals wishing to integrate into the military system are analysed from a four-dimensional perspective, that is to say, from the point of view of the four defining aspects of each individual: biological, psychological, social and cultural. We also think that it is very important to address the responsibilities of the manager, in our case the commander, regardless of the level of the commanded formation. In the unfortunate case where the results do not meet the expectations, there are competent specialists who can provide the necessary support, not only military, but also civilians, and their specialization isn’t restricted to the field of psychology

scholarly journals Covid-19 and the Social Construction of Reality in Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-740
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdel Karim Al Hourani
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Social Construction Of Reality ◽  
Bonding Social Capital ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Powerful Explanation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Coercive Intervention

Abstract Almost all nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of Covid-19 by restricting large gatherings and close social interactions. However, it is not expected that people will stop all social gatherings and interactions voluntarily. This situation requires the construction of a new social reality that compels people to abandon their traditional practices, particularly in countries such as Jordan that have a traditional social order and strong bonding social capital. Nevertheless, Jordan had the lowest rates of Covid-19 in the Middle East during the first four months of the pandemic, because its government used its power to impose restrictions and new regulations. However, the situation has become one of the worst cases in the entire world after the government eased its restrictions. The example of Jordan provides strong evidence that the social construction of reality sometimes requires coercive intervention. Thus, this article reconsiders and extends Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social construction by examining it in the realm of social power. The theory includes three significant processes of social construction: externalization, objectivation, and internalization that should consider the concept of social power to extend the range of its powerful explanation.

scholarly journals TEACHERS’ PERCEPTION ON CLASSROOM ACTION RESEARCH IN ENGLISH EDUCATION AMONG ENGLISH TEACHERS IN CIAMIS WEST JAVA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Rina Herlina ◽  
Asep Dudi Kurnia ◽  
Didih Faridah
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Action Research ◽  
English Education ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Classroom Action Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

This study is a survey- based research about teachers’ perception on classroom action research in English education among English teachers  in  Ciamis.  The objective of  the study  is to investigate how English teachers perceive on classroom action research in teaching English. It varies among English teachers, indeed. Thus, this survey reveals their sight, point of view, and expectation toward classroom action research. Open-ended questionnaire is the only instrument given to 20 respondents during the survey. It consists of 4 questions. Simple random sampling has been applied. All of them are English teachers from elementary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools and vocational schools in Ciamis. Ten of them are civil servants and the other ten are not. They are from certified and non certified teachers. The survey result shows different English teachers’ perception on classroom action research in percentage display taken from four questions.  Almost all respondents know the function of classroom action research in connection with finding the solution of overcoming some students’ learning problems in the classroom. Some of them have ever made classroom action research and know its procedure. All of them expect the government not to put pressure on English teachers to make classroom action research as the requirement unless they will get sanction due to the fact that it is instructed by the Education and Culture ministry. The conclusion is classroom action research has been a big concern among English teachers in Ciamis. The suggestion then goes to all English teachers to conduct classroom action research as an action to develop their teaching quality not to gain the government reward. Keywords: classroom action research, English teachers, teachers’ perception

scholarly journals The Mayor’s career in “The Government Inspector”. On Nikolai Gogol’s political views

Literary Fact ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 237-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Political Views ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Hidden Agenda ◽  
The Social ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Government

The paper is devoted to the study of Nikolai Gogol’s idea of the social and official status of the Mayor, the character of a “head official” in the satirical comedy The Government Inspector. So far Gogol’s view of his character as a raznochinets, a “mean plebeian”, who blemished his rank and position, hasn’t been considered by the scholars. In Gogol’s opinion, Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, who started his career from the lowest position and acquired his rank and title of nobility with “hard service”, nevertheless hasn’t become a true nobleman because of his bribery and corruption. From this perspective, the character of the Mayor helps to better understand the purpose of Gogol’s satire. Both in The Government Inspector and The Gamblers, another Gogol’s play, that has much in common with his most famous comedy, the satire is not aimed at “those in power”, nor the “state machine”, but at all kinds of frauds and swindlers among officials. Critically examining the state administration in Russia, Gogol shows them through the eyes of a high-ranking, responsible official who takes the problem very much to heart. This point of view resonated with that of the Emperor Nicholas I: it took his personal intervention to have the play published and staged. The paper consists of five parts: 1. The Mayor’s career; 2. Character archetypes in The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforivich and The Government Inspector; 3. Characteristic features of an “average official” in Gogol’s works; 4. The Mayor as a liminal character; 5. Gogol’s use of satire. The paper is based on extensive factual material that allows to trace in detail the Mayor’s career and to specify Gogol’s idea of the comedy as a satiric play aimed at obnoxious saboteurs, both nobles and commoners, who subvert the royal power and the state with their unworthy behavior, who are unfit for the positions they occupy and unable to meet the requirements of the supreme authority. The milestones of the Mayor’s career clearly confirm Gogol’s words that “the government consists of us, we climb the career ladder and make up the government”, that “the occupant of the position is to be blamed, and he is our brother”, and that readers and should be able to find with themselves the faults satirized in the comedy. With utmost sincerity and acuteness Gogol advocates healing self and society, extirpation of vices without the hidden agenda of changing political regime. The paper for the first time considers the connection between two scenes (“Anna Andreevna and Maria Antonovna”. “Khlestakov and Rastakovsky”) published in 1841 and the idea of The Government Inspector

scholarly journals The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly as a Left-Democratic Alternative to the Communists and the Whites in the Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Shubin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Private Property ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) was an option in the Civil War that was essentially distinct from both the Soviet and the White alternatives. Komuch differed from the Soviet and the White authorities, as it was characterised by a combination of advanced socioeconomic policy and a dogmatically principled commitment to parliamentary democracy. In the event of the military victory of such a power, the success of the social democratic model was not guaranteed (as the history of Europe during the interwar period demonstrated), but Russia’s chances of moving along a path that combined a social state and democratic institutions would have increased markedly. While criticising, and in many respects rightly so, the military policy of the Bolsheviks, the Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks had to partially restore market capitalist relations. Their successful development was possible with the cooperation of the government and the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie demanded the dismantlement of “socialist conquests”, which Komuch was not going to do – both for ideological reasons and because the capitalist economy had begun to disintegrate during World War I and the Revolution. Komuch’s path involved the combination of a market economy (not necessarily just capitalist), state regulation, and broad social rights. After the Bolshevik promises, the workers and peasants took it quite calmly, fearing the possible cancellation of the social gains of the Revolution and expressing dissatisfaction with violations of promised civil rights. But the bourgeoisie, convinced of the “inconsistency” of dismantling institutions that infringed on the right of private property, stood in sharp opposition to Komuch, betting on its opponents in the anti-Soviet camp. At the same time, Komuch did not have time to build a state system for monitoring compliance with social rights and had to rely on the activity of trade unions, which, due to their social function, were critical of the government – in this case, Komuch. Komuch followed the law regulating the socialisation of land adopted by the Constituent Assembly and proposed a relatively successful version of regulating the food supply for the cities. Initially, the people’s army created by Komuch was also successful (enjoying support from the Czechoslovak Corps). However, Komuch faced a blockade by the Provisional Siberian Government. It was the opposition of more right-wing forces in the rear that predetermined the defeat of the Komuch alternative.

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