scholarly journals The liquid penetration of diesel substitutes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Weiss ◽  
Sebastian Riess ◽  
Javad Rezaei ◽  
Andreas Peter ◽  
Michael Wensing
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Phase Transition ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Mie Scattering ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Ambient Atmosphere ◽  
Ambient Gas

Diesel fuel consist of several hundreds of substances on organic basis. Experimental and numerical investigationsof this multicomponent fuel are hard to interpret in detail, since the behavior of the multicomponent mixture is complex. Physical and chemical data of this system is not available under engine relevant conditions. Instead, fundamental research substitutes diesel with pure substances, where a big database exists.Prior work already showed, that overall spray propagation (including vapor phase) is nearly independent on the injected fuel. This is due to the high air entrainment at present diesel engine conditions (very high injection pressure and dense ambient atmosphere). The high air entrainment shortly behind the nozzle exit (within the first 5 mm penetration) creates a situation where properties of the ambient gas dominate the spray propagation resulting in similar mass and momentum distributions even for different fuels, if the injection conditions are kept constant. On the other hand, the liquid length is clearly different for different fuels, so that location and time of the phase change differ with consequences on the time available for mixture formation in the gas phase. The paper describes the liquid length as a function of the enthalpy necessary for the phase transition (given by the fuel and fuel temperature at injection) and the injection conditions (ambient gas properties, injector design and injection pressure). We compare two different models describing the enthalpy balance. Siebers et al. presented “Model I”, where mass transfer dominates the enthalpy transfer and evaporation takes place. In our own “Model II” evaporation is suppressed, resulting in a heat transfer driven enthalpy transfer without mass transport. The calculations are validated with experimental data.The liquid length is optically accessible by Mie-Scattering imaging techniques, the complete spray evolution by Schlieren technique. The experimental study was carried out in the high-pressure combustion vessel “OptiVeP” at FAU. The data shown in this paper derived from measurements with dodecane injected at 1200 bar into 613 K ambient. The ambient pressure varies from 1 – 10 MPa. A Continental research injector with a 115 µm hole and L/D of 6.5 was used. Nitrogen atmosphere suppressed ignition.Increasing the ambient pressure leads to a change in the mechanism in phase transition. It switches from a masstransfer dominated regime to a heat transfer dominated regime at high ambient pressures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4764

scholarly journals Assessment of impinged flame structure in high-pressure direct diesel injection

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Zhao ◽  
Xiucheng Zhu ◽  
Jeffrey Naber ◽  
Seong-Young Lee
Keyword(s):  
Soot Formation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Mie Scattering ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Spray Impingement

Spray impingement often occurs during cold-start in direct-injection diesel engines, affecting the subsequent combustion process by altering the local flow condition. This work has investigated the impinged flame structure by examining local expansion distance and planar curvature of the boundary in details. The experiments were carried out in a constant volume combustion chamber. The injection pressure and ambient density were varied from 120 to 180 MPa and 14.8 to 30.0 kg/m3 under non-vaporizing conditions, respectively. For reacting conditions, the injection pressure and ambient density were fixed at 150 MPa and 22.8 kg/m3 but with different ambient temperatures from 800 to 1000 K. Unlike orthogonal spray impingement, the profile of expansion distance along the radial direction at the 60° impinging angle is non-uniform but the profile is comparable between the non-vaporizing and reacting conditions under the same injection pressure and ambient density. With the help of Intensity-aXial-Time method, the most intensive soot luminosity region and Mie scattering intensity region are identified and the region has been found to be along the impinged spray axial direction. Outmost boundary of an impinged flame is found to have wrinkles attributed to air entrainment. The temporal level of flame wrinkles is higher in reacting conditions than in non-vaporizing conditions. The scatter distribution of the boundary curvature and near-field soot formation illustrates an inverted “S” shape correlation with time. High flame luminosity is found to be formed in concave regions while less soot is formed in convex regions. This inverted S-shape is a new finding of the state relationship at the solid–liquid–gas impinged flame propagation. Finally, heat flux measurement through the plate is examined.

Heat Transfer and Flow Visualization of Equilaterally Staggered Jet Arrangement on a Flat Surface

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alankrita Singh ◽  
B. V. S. S. S. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Mie Scattering ◽  
Spacing Ratio ◽  
Circular Jets ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Staggered Arrangement

Abstract The present study discusses two equilaterally staggered jet arrangements for uniform cooling of flat surface. The equilateral staggered arrangement consists of a circular jet surrounded by four neighboring chamfered jets at an angle of 45° called as chamfered configuration. An equilateral staggered jet arrangement consisting only of circular jets is considered as the non-chamfered configuration. Large-eddy simulations and Mie-scattering imaging techniques are discussed for heat transfer and flow visualization of equilateral staggered jet configurations. Formation of number of eddies characterizes the flow feature. The turbulence quantities of the jet configurations determine the amount of heat transfer. The eddies are formed due to recirculation which later breaks into smaller parts by the incoming jet fluid. The flow features basically constitute of jet to jet interaction, jet interference and upwash flow. It is also noticed that every jet cools an independent area. However with the inclusion of chamfered jets the region of highest heat transfer shifts away from the jet centerline. This happens because of change in direction of flow of jet due to chamfering. The heat transfer results are discussed in terms of Nusselt number and temperature contours. A maximum variation of 22.8% in average Nusselt number is obtained between both the configurations while varying the gap ratios between 3 to 7. An increase of jet-to-jet spacing ratio from 2 to 7 shows improvement in heat transfer by 15.1% and 13.2% for non-chamfered and chamfered configurations respectively.

scholarly journals Thermal Conductivity of Ionic Liquids and IoNanofluids. Can Molecular Theory Help?

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Xavier Paredes ◽  
Maria José Lourenço ◽  
Carlos Nieto de Castro ◽  
William Wakeham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Diphenyl Oxide ◽  
Conductivity Enhancement

Ionic liquids have been suggested as new engineering fluids, specifically in the area of heat transfer, and as alternatives to current biphenyl and diphenyl oxide, alkylated aromatics and dimethyl polysiloxane oils, which degrade above 200 °C, posing some environmental problems. Addition of nanoparticles to produce stable dispersions/gels of ionic liquids has proved to increase the thermal conductivity of the base ionic liquid, potentially contributing to better efficiency of heat transfer fluids. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the prediction and estimation of the thermal conductivity of ionic liquids and IoNanofluids as a function of temperature, using the molecular theory of Bridgman and estimation methods previously developed for the base fluid. In addition, we consider methods that emphasize the importance of the interfacial area IL-NM in modelling the thermal conductivity enhancement. Results obtained show that it is not currently possible to predict or estimate the thermal conductivity of ionic liquids with an uncertainty commensurate with the best experimental values. The models of Maxwell and Hamilton are not capable of estimating the thermal conductivity enhancement of IoNanofluids, and it is clear that the Murshed, Leong and Yang model is not practical, if no additional information, either using imaging techniques at nanoscale or molecular dynamics simulations, is available.

scholarly journals Electrical Resistance and Natural Convection Heat Transfer Modeling of Shape Memory Alloy Wires

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Eisakhani ◽  
Xiujie Gao ◽  
Rob Gorbet ◽  
J. Richard Culham
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Natural Convection ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Natural Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Convection Heat ◽  
Heat Transfer Correlation ◽  
Niti Sma ◽  
Inclination Angles

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are becoming increasingly popular in recent years due to their properties such as large recovery strain, silent actuation and low weight. Actuation in SMA wires depends strongly on temperature which is difficult to measure directly. Therefore, a reliable model is required to predict wire temperature, in order to control the transformation, and hence the actuation, and to avoid potential degradation due to overheating. The purpose of this investigation is to develop resistance and natural convection heat transfer models to predict temperature of current-carrying SMA wires using indirect temperature measurement methods. Experiments are performed on electrically heated 0.5 mm diameter NiTi SMA wire during phase transformation. Convection heat transfer experiments are performed in an environment of air that allows for control of the ambient pressure and in turn the thermofluid properties, such as density and viscosity. By measuring convective heat loss at a range of pressures, an empirical natural convection heat transfer correlation is determined for inclination angles from horizontal to vertical, in the Rayleigh number range of 2.6 × 10−8 ≤ RaD ≤ 6.0 × 10−1. Later, effect of temperature changes on electrical resistance and other control parameters such as applied external stress, wire inclination angle, wire length and ambient pressure is investigated. Based on experimental results a resistance model is developed for SMA wires that combined with the heat transfer correlation previously derived can be used to predict temperature and natural convection heat transfer coefficient of NiTi SMA wires during phase transformation for different wire lengths and inclination angles under various applied external stresses.

Fast forced liquid film spreading on a substrate: flow, heat transfer and phase transition

2010 ◽  
Vol 656 ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
ILIA V. ROISMAN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Phase Transition ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Drop Impact ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Navier Stokes Equations ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Viscous Drop

This theoretical study is devoted to description of fluid flow and heat transfer in a spreading viscous drop with phase transition. A similarity solution for the combined full Navier–Stokes equations and energy equation for the expanding lamella generated by drop impact is obtained for a general case of oblique drop impact with high Weber and Reynolds numbers. The theory is applicable to the analysis of the phenomena of drop solidification, target melting and film boiling. The theoretical predictions for the contact temperature at the substrate surface agree well with the existing experimental data.

Syntheses and Properties of k-Phase Organic Superconductors

1992 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hau Wang ◽  
K. D. Carlson ◽  
U. Geiser ◽  
A. M. Kini ◽  
A. J. Schultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Density Wave ◽  
Spin Density Wave ◽  
Organic Superconductors ◽  
Organic Superconductor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Class ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Similarities And Differences

ABSTRACTThe syntheses and physical properties of K-(ET)2CU[N(CN)2]X (X = Br and Cl) are summarized. The K-(ET)2Cu [N(CN)2] Br salt is the highest Tc radical-cation based ambient pressure organic superconductor (Tc = 11.6 K), and the K-(ET)2CU [N(CN)2] C1 salt becomes a superconductor at even higher Tc under 0.3 kbar hydrostatic pressure (Tc = 12.8 K). The similarities and differences between K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br and K-(ET)2CU(NCS)2 (TC = 10.4 K) are presented. The X-ray structures at 127 K reveal that the S-S contacts shorten between ET dimers in the former compound while the S-S contacts shorten within dimers in the latter. The differences in their ESR linewidth behavior is also explained in terms of the structural differences. A semiconducting compound, (ET)Cu[N(CN)2]2, isolated during K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl synthesis is also reported. The ESR measurements of the K-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl salt indicate that the phase transition near 40 K is similar to the spin density wave transition in (TMTSF)2SbF6. A new class of organic superconductors, K-(ET)2CU2(CN)3 and K-(ET)2Cu2(CN)3.δBrδ, is reported with Tc's of 2.8 K (1.5 kbar) and 2.6 K (1 kbar), respectively.

The concentration and pressure dependent diffusion of carbon dioxide in nitrile rubbers

1992 ◽  
Vol 339 (1655) ◽  
pp. 497-519 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Parametric Function ◽  
Ambient Gas

The paper reports the results of an experimental and associated analytical study of the time dependent adsorption of carbon dioxide gas into two nitrile elastomers. The mass gas sorption has been measured using a device based on a vibrating reed to a weight fraction accuracy of ca . 0.05 % at 47 °C in the ambient gas pressure range 0.1-34 MPa. The experimental method is described and data are provided. These data are used to compute the most effective description of the diffusion process by invoking a number of different diffusion coefficient, D(θ), characteristics, where θ denotes lapsed time, ambient pressure and local ambient gas concentration within the elastomers. The numerical procedures adopted to perform the fitting of the experimental data with various D(θ) characteristics are described and the quality of the fit is assessed. The D(θ) characteristics chosen have no particular physical basis but follow established empirical precedents. The characteristics of the parameters associated with the various D(θ) functions generally indicate that as the gas is embibed with progressively increasing ambient pressures the diffusion coefficient increases. At high pressures the diffusion is arrested and the coefficient decreases. We have associated the initial increase with gas induced plasticization and the eventual decreases with the effect of the hydrostatic component of the ambient gas pressure. The parameter fitting also indicates that the diffusion is arrested with lapsed time which is tentatively associated with time dependent volumetric relaxations. These interpretations apart, the data and analyses clearly indicate that the transport is not simply fickian and a relatively complex parametric function to describe the sensitivity of the diffusion coefficient to time, concentration and pressure is necessary for these systems.

scholarly journals Effect of pressure on the crystal structure of L-serine-I and the crystal structure of L-serine-II at 5.4 GPa

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Moggach ◽  
David R. Allan ◽  
Carole A. Morrison ◽  
Simon Parsons ◽  
Lindsay Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Phase Transition ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Orthorhombic Space Group ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

The crystal structure of L-serine has been determined at room temperature at pressures between 0.3 and 4.8 GPa. The structure of this phase (hereafter termed L-serine-I), which consists of the molecules in their zwitterionic tautomer, is orthorhombic, space group P212121. The least compressible cell dimension (c), corresponds to chains of head-to-tail NH...carboxylate hydrogen bonds. The most compressible direction is along b, and the pressure-induced distortion in this direction takes the form of closing up voids in the middle of R-type hydrogen-bonded ring motifs. This occurs by a change in the geometry of hydrogen-bonded chains connecting the hydroxyl groups of the —CH2OH side chains. These hydrogen bonds are the longest conventional hydrogen bonds in the system at ambient pressure, having an O...O separation of 2.918 (4) Å and an O...O...O angle of 148.5 (2)°; at 4.8 GPa these parameters are 2.781 (11) and 158.5 (7)°. Elsewhere in the structure one NH...O interaction reaches an N...O separation of 2.691 (13) Å at 4.8 GPa. This is amongst the shortest of this type of interaction to have been observed in an amino acid crystal structure. Above 4.8 GPa the structure undergoes a single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition to a hitherto uncharacterized polymorph, which we designate L-serine-II. The OH...OH hydrogen-bonded chains of L-serine-I are replaced in L-serine-II by shorter OH...carboxyl interactions, which have an O...O separation of 2.62 (2) Å. This phase transition occurs via a change from a gauche to an anti conformation of the OH group, and a change in the NCαCO torsion angle from −178.1 (2)° at 4.8 GPa to −156.3 (10)° at 5.4 GPa. Thus, the same topology appears in both crystal forms, which explains why it occurs from one single-crystal form to another. The transition to L-serine-II is also characterized by the closing-up of voids which occur in the centres of other R-type motifs elsewhere in the structure. There is a marked increase in CH...O hydrogen bonding in both phases relative to L-serine-I at ambient pressure.

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