Experience of Antibiotic Use and Resistance Among Pharmacy Students in the University of Kerbala

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Ahmed Sahib ◽  
Saif Abbas ◽  
Karar Hasson ◽  
Mohammed Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Antibiotics dispensing without prescription, misuse of antibiotics are considered as a major cause of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial resistance causes extra health care cost and leads to loss of productivity; also patients with resistant infections are more expensive and difficult to treat. Many strategies and steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact and limit the spread of resistance. The pharmacist has effective role in averting antibiotic resistance. Methodology: A questioner form was designed to assess student’s knowledge, attitude and perception about antibiotic use and resistance, 146 pharmacy students from the fourth stage and fifth stage in the University of Kerbala, were selected randomly. Result: A total number of 146 students, (70 from the fourth stage and 76 from the fifth stage) were participated in this study of both sexes (30 male: 116 female). About 82% of students understand what the antibiotic resistance term mean. 87% of students knew that antibiotics shouldn’t be used for common cold. 84% of students did not stop taking antibiotics until taken all of the antibiotics as directed. 34% of students usually consult a doctor before starting an antibiotic. Less than 23% of students did not stop taking antibiotic when any side effect appears. Conclusion: Based on results obtained in this study that done in Kerbala University / College of Pharmacy it has been concluded that students were of high level in knowledge and perception about antibiotics use and resistance, but the students were of lower level in attitudes, lower percent of student have good attitude toward antibiotics use.

scholarly journals Are Antibiotics Prescribed to Inpatients According to Recommended Standard Guidelines in Juba Teaching Hospital, South Sudan? A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ekubu Otim ◽  
Desmond Kabuya Demaya ◽  
Amina M Al-Marzouqi ◽  
Jean P. Mukasa
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background: The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance occurred at an alarming rate globally, and has limited the use of antibiotics for preventing and treating infectious diseases. Failure to follow guidelines and protocols for antibiotic use for rational therapeutics and infection control has led to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. However, there is paucity of data on the current pattern of antibiotics prescribing for hospitalised patients in South Sudan, which is among the youngest countries in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the prescription and use of antibiotics at Juba Teaching Hospital (JTH) in South Sudan.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among JTH inpatients between January and December 2016. A sample of 316 files from the medical and surgical wards were extracted using probability sampling proportional to ward size. Extracted files were reviewed to determine the pattern of antibiotics administration. Data on indications for antibiotic use were also collected. All data were entered twice and analysed using STATA version 13.0.Results: In all reviewed files, patients received treatment with antibiotics. Antibiotic use was highest in the medical ward (75.4%). Conditions in which antibiotic use was most prevalent were infectious and parasitic diseases (23.7%) and diseases of the digestive system (19.9%). The top three antibiotics prescribed were ceftriaxone (21.2%), metronidazole (20.0%) and amoxicillin (11.5%). The majority of patients (40.2%) were treated with two antibiotics. Conclusions: This study revealed a high level of inappropriate antibiotics use at JJTH. Furthermore, there is non-adherence to national/international guidelines in administration of these antibiotics among doctors. It is necessary to introduce antibiotic stewardship activity, along with continuous national surveillance and enforcement to reduce irrational antibiotics use and the associated risk for antibiotic resistance.

Assessment of parental knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Thejaswini Karanth ◽  
Someswar Deb ◽  
Lal Ruatpuii Zadeng ◽  
Rajeswari Ramasamy ◽  
Teena Nazeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Knowledge ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Case Report Form ◽  
Standard Case ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Objective to assess the impact of pharmacist assisted counselling in improving Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice [KAP] towards antibiotic use in children. A Prospective, Educational Interventional Study was conducted in 200 subjects, from the randomly chosen communities in Bangalore. The investigators did door to door visit. The primary demographics data of parents and their children were collected using standard Case Report Form (CRF), and the baseline towards antibiotic use in Children was obtained from parents using validated Questionnaire. In the presence of both parents, only one was supposed to answer the Questionnaire. Pharmacist assisted parent centred interventional counselling was provided with the help of Patient Information Leaflet1s (PIL). Follow-up and post interventional KAP assessment were done after two months from the baseline measurement. The changes in parental KAP towards antibiotics use in children were being assessed by comparing the Pretest and Posttest responses using statistical analysis. The knowledge of parents towards antibiotic use in children was medium to good in the baseline KAP assessment; however, in the majority of the participating parents it was not satisfactory in attitude and practice domains. A statistically significant improvement was seen in the KAP of parents towards antibiotic use in children after the pharmacist assisted interventional counselling. Thus, Investigators could bring excellent changes in the knowledge part; whereas the result for changes in the Attitude and Practice was good to medium respectively.

scholarly journals The impact of early life antibiotic use on atopic and metabolic disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
Semeh Bejaoui ◽  
Michael Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
English Language ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background and objectives The impact of antibiotics use early in life on later-in-life morbidities has received substantial attention as explanations for atopic and metabolic disorders with a surge as modern lifestyle diseases. The objective of this study was to perform meta-analyses to determine if antibiotics administration during the first 2 years of infant life is associated with increased risks of atopic or metabolic disorders later in life. Methodology We screened more than 100 English-language prospective and retrospective studies published between January 2002 and March 2020 and assessed study quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. We performed overall and subgroup meta-analyses on 31 high-quality comparable studies on atopic and 23 on metabolic disorders, involving more than 3.5 million children. Results Antibiotic exposure prenatally and during the first 2 years of life significantly impacts the risk of developing atopic and metabolic disorders. Exposure during the first 6 months of life appears most critical, consistent with this being the time when the microbiome is most susceptible to irreversible perturbations. The presence of dose−response associations and stronger impacts of broad- than narrow-spectrum antibiotics further point to effects being mediated by microbiota-induced changes. Conclusions and implications Our findings support that antibiotics use is a mismatch to modernity that can negatively affect the symbiotic associations we rely on for proper immune function and metabolism. Improving our understanding of these associations, the underlying proximate mechanisms and the impact of antibiotics use on future human−symbiont evolution will be important to improve human health. Lay Summary The use of antibiotics in infancy has been suggested to increase the risks of atopic and metabolic disorders later in life. Through meta-analyses of more than 100 studies of >3.5 million children, we confirm these risks, and show that patterns are consistent with effects being due to microbiota-driven changes.

scholarly journals Didattica delle lingue a distanza durante l’emergenza Covid-19: il quadro generale

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Conti
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

IT In seguito allo spostamento delle attività didattiche online al fine di contenere la diffusione della malattia da nuovo Coronavirus, il Gruppo di Ricerca e azione sull’Apprendimento delle Lingue ha diffuso un questionario volto a valutare l’impatto della didattica a distanza sull’insegnamento delle lingue straniere durante. All’indagine hanno partecipato 136 docenti e 241 studenti, sia universitari che di scuola secondaria. Scopo del presente contributo è quello di descrivere la composizione del questionario e del campione dei rispondenti, e di riportare i principali risultati. In particolare, dall’indagine sono emersi: (i) una mancanza di chiare direttive da parte delle istituzioni scolastiche, sintomo del carattere emergenziale delle misure intraprese; (ii) una generale resistenza a sperimentare formati didattici inediti e più adeguati al mezzo digitale; (iii) il maggiore svantaggio nello sviluppo delle abilità interazionali e di produzione orale; (iv) un alto grado di criticità nel garantire l’affidabilità e l’integrità delle prove di valutazione. Parole chiave: DIDATTICA A DISTANZA; COVID-19; DIDATTICA DELLE LINGUE STRANIERE EN The shift to online teaching aimed at containing the spread of Coronavirus has led the group of Research and Action on Foreign Language Teaching to release a survey with the purpose of assessing the impact of remote instruction on foreign language teaching. 136 teachers and 241 students at both the university and secondary level have participated in this survey. The aim of this article is to describe the content of the survey and the make-up of the participants and to present the main findings. Of particular note from this survey is (i) the lack of clear directives from their educational institutions, which is a symptom of the immediate nature of the measures put into place; (ii) a generalized resistance to experiment with new pedagogical resources that are better suited for the digital format; (iii) the greatest challenge in developing the ability to interact and to communicate orally; (iv) a high level of difficulty in guaranteeing the trustworthiness and the integrity of the assessments. Key words: REMOTE TEACHING; COVID-19; FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING ES El cambio a la enseñanza en línea que se ha producido para contener la propagación del Coronavirus ha llevado al Grupo de Investigación y Acción sobre la Enseñanza de Lenguas Extranjeras a publicar una encuesta con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de la instrucción a distancia en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras. En dicha encuesta participaron 136 profesores y 241 estudiantes de nivel universitario y secundario. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el contenido de la encuesta y la composición de la muestra, así como presentar los principales hallazgos. De esta encuesta cabe destacar (i) la falta de directrices claras por parte de las instituciones educativas, lo que es un síntoma del carácter contingente de las medidas implementadas; (ii) una resistencia generalizada a experimentar con nuevos recursos pedagógicos mejor adaptados al formato digital; (iii) una gran desventaja en el desarrollo de la capacidad de interacción y comunicación orales; (iv) un alto nivel de dificultad para garantizar la fiabilidad y la integridad de las evaluaciones. Palabras clave: ENSEÑANZA A DISTANCIA; COVID-19; ENSEÑANZA DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS

scholarly journals Impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on the Mental Health and Physical Activity of Pharmacy Students at the University of Zambia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steward Mudenda ◽  
Moses Mukosha ◽  
Chiluba Mwila ◽  
Zikria Saleem ◽  
Aubrey Chichoni Kalungia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Time Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a serious global health problem that has negatively impacted the mental health of students.MethodsWe conducted an online descriptive cross-sectional study among 273 undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Zambia. A partial proportional odds regression model was used to determine the predictors of anxiety. All statistical tests were set at 95% confidence level (p<0.05).ResultsA response rate of 70% was obtained with the majority of the students being female 51.6%. Of the 273 respondents, 23.8% did not experience anxiety, 34.4% experienced mild anxiety, 24.9% experienced moderate anxiety while 16.9% experienced severe anxiety about COVID-19. It was also found that 61.2% of students reported that their attention to mental health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic whereas 44.3% reported an increased resting time with a significant reduction in relaxation 51.3% and physical activity 45.4% time. Factors that affected mental health included; reduced family care (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.09-4.74), not changing attention to mental health (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.18-0.62), being in the final year of study (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.84), reduced time of resting (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.26-3.50) and feeling helpless (OR: 0.42; 95% CI:0.23-0.75).ConclusionCOVID-19 negatively impacted the mental health and physical activity of pharmacy students at the University of Zambia. This can have negative health and academic outcomes for students going forward. Higher learning institutions and key stakeholders should implement measures to aid students to recover from the impact of COVID-19 on their mental health and physical activity.

scholarly journals Investigating knowledge regarding antibiotics among pharmacy and allied health sciences students in a Sri Lankan university

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (09) ◽  
pp. 726-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed HF Sakeena ◽  
Alexandra A Bennett ◽  
Fahim Mohamed ◽  
Herath MDR Herath ◽  
Indika Gawarammane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Allied Health ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Questionnaire Response ◽  
The University

Introduction: Education and adequate training regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics for health care professionals is essential in developing countries. Educational strategies can also influence appropriate antibiotic use in the community. The aim of this study was to assess and compare knowledge of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between pharmacy and other allied health sciences (AHS) students at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, which offers undergraduate teaching in pharmacy and other AHS; nursing, radiography and medical laboratory sciences. All students in each program were invited to participate in this study. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive data analysis and Chi square tests were performed. Results: Pharmacy (n = 102) and other AHS students (n = 284) completed the questionnaire (response rate 69%). A majority of participants (76%) reported antibiotic use in the past year. A significantly higher proportion of pharmacy students reported antibiotic use was appropriate for the management of skin wound infection, urinary tract infection and sore throat compared to AHS students, p < 0.05. No significant differences were observed between pharmacy and AHS students regarding knowledge of AMR. Most students understood terms related to antibiotic resistance through their undergraduate studies. Conclusion: Pharmacy students demonstrated better knowledge and understanding regarding antibiotics utilization than AHS students. Both pharmacy and AHS students had good understanding regarding AMR. The undergraduate curricula of pharmacy and AHS have contributed significantly to understanding the terminology associated with antibiotics and AMR.

Novel Technique to Reduce the Incidence of SSI after Colorectal Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 695-699
Author(s):  
Danielle Kay ◽  
Avinash Bhakta ◽  
Jitesh A. Patel ◽  
Jon S. Hourigan ◽  
Shyanie Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acs Nsqip Database ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wound Class

SSI is a leading cause of morbidity and increases health-care cost after colorectal operations. It is a key hospital-level patient safety indicator. Previous literature has identified perioperative risk factors associated with SSI and interventions to decrease rate of infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of blowhole closure on the rate of superficial and deep SSI. The ACS-NSQIP database was queried for patients undergoing colectomy at the University of Kentucky from 2013 to 2016. Retrospective chart review was performed to gather demographic data and perioperative variables. Wounds left open and packed were excluded. Rates of postoperative SSI were measured between the groups. One thousand eighty-three patients undergoing elective and emergent colectomy were reviewed. Nine hundred and forty-five had closed incision and 138 had blowhole closure. Patient characteristics between the groups were well matched. Patients with a blowhole closure were more likely to have an open procedure ( P = 0.037) and a higher wound class ( P < 0.001). The rate of superficial and deep SSI was 9.1 per cent in patients with a closed incision and 5.1 per cent in patients with blowhole closure ( P = 0.142). With adjustment for approach and wound class, blowhole closure decreased the incidence of SSI ( P = 0.04). There was no significant difference in morbidity or mortality. Patients undergoing elective and emergent colectomy had decreased incidence of SSI when blowhole closure was used. Given that it does not increase resource usage and its technical ease, blowhole closure should become the standard method of surgical wound closure.

Effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes in neonatology: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-568
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Araujo da Silva ◽  
Amanda Marques ◽  
Clara Di Biase ◽  
Monique Faitanin ◽  
Indah Murni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionAntimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) are recommended to improve antibiotic use in healthcare and reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of ASPs in reducing antibiotic consumption, use of broad-spectrum/restricted antibiotics, antibiotic resistance and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in neonates.MethodsWe searched PUBMED, SCIELO, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database (January 2000–April 2019) to identify studies on the effectiveness of ASPs in neonatal wards and/or neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Outcomes were as follows: reduction of antibiotic consumption overall and of broad-spectrum/target antibiotics, inappropriate antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and HAIs. ASPs conducted in settings other than acute care hospitals, for children older than 1 month, and ASPs addressing antifungal and antiviral agents, were excluded.ResultsThe initial search identified 53 173 titles and abstracts; following the application of filters and inclusion criteria, a total of six publications were included in the final analysis. All studies, of which one was multi-centre study, were published after 2010. Five studies were conducted exclusively in NICUs. Four articles applied multimodal interventions. Reduction of antibiotic consumption overall and/or inappropriate antibiotic use were reported by four articles; reduction of broad-spectrum/targeted antibiotics were reported by four studies; No article evaluated the impact of ASPs on AMR or the incidence of HAI in neonates.ConclusionASPs can be effectively applied in neonatal settings. Limiting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and shorting the duration of antibiotic treatment are the most promising approaches. The impact of ASPs on AMR and HAI needs to be evaluated in long-term studies.

scholarly journals Understanding of Pharmacy Students towards Antibiotic Use, Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Stewardship Programs: A Cross-Sectional Study from Punjab, Pakistan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Khezar Hayat ◽  
Shazia Jamshed ◽  
Meagen Rosenthal ◽  
Noman Ul Haq ◽  
Jie Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
And Training ◽  
Insight Into

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a significant issue for public health globally. An adequate understanding of ABR and the approaches used to tackle ABR, including antibiotic stewardship programs, are vital. This study aimed to get an insight into antibiotic use, ABR, and antibiotic stewardship programs among pharmacy students of Punjab, Pakistan. This multicenter study was undertaken among final (fifth) year undergraduate pharmacy students of 7 universities of Punjab, Pakistan. A paper-based self-administered questionnaire comprising 48-items was utilized for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. This study included a total of 296 respondents with a response rate of 85.8%. Most of the students had an average understanding of antibiotic use (59.8%), ABR (42.6%), ABR mechanisms (48.0%), and factors of ABR (51.7%). Only 21.6% of students have heard about antibiotic stewardship programs. More than half of the students believed that educating and training healthcare professionals (53.4%) and medical students (57.8%) about the prescribing and judicial usage of antibiotics could reduce the ABR burden. The awareness of most of the pharmacy students about certain aspects of antibiotic use, ABR, and stewardship programs was suboptimal.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of treatment history on plasmid-mediated resistance evolution in human gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23106-23116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Tepekule ◽  
Pia Abel zur Wiesch ◽  
Roger D. Kouyos ◽  
Sebastian Bonhoeffer
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Treatment History ◽  
Resistant Infection ◽  
The Impact

To understand how antibiotic use affects the risk of a resistant infection, we present a computational model of the population dynamics of gut microbiota including antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids. We then describe how this model is parameterized based on published microbiota data. Finally, we investigate how treatment history affects the prevalence of resistance among opportunistic enterobacterial pathogens. We simulate treatment histories and identify which properties of prior antibiotic exposure are most influential in determining the prevalence of resistance. We find that resistance prevalence can be predicted by 3 properties, namely the total days of drug exposure, the duration of the drug-free period after last treatment, and the center of mass of the treatment pattern. Overall this work provides a framework for capturing the role of the microbiome in the selection of antibiotic resistance and highlights the role of treatment history for the prevalence of resistance.

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