Manager or Craftsman

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Court System ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Representative Family ◽  
Shed Light

The chapter investigates how the ‘palace machine’ of the Qing dynasty reproduced (or systematically trained) particularly skilled bannermen as ethnically-marked official experts. By mapping out these bannermen’s education, training process, and official appointments, I explain how the court system perpetuated the administrative privilege of bannermen families and how specific skills of different generations matched the particular demands of empire building projects of the Qing dynasty in different stages. I focus on a representative family, the Wanggiyan/ Wanyan clan, generations of which served the court within the institutional framework of the Imperial Household Department. Placing this extended family in the context of peer bannermen equipped with specialized skills allows me to shed light on the larger issue of the relationship between hereditary status and specialized skills in the Qing palace machine.

龔自珍戒詩歷程考論

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 053-068
Author(s):  
張日郡 張日郡
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Chinese Poetry ◽  
Late Qing Dynasty ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

<p>龔自珍為清代著名的詩人及思想家，而這樣一位「但開風氣不為師」的詩人，一生有過幾次自覺戒詩的經驗，而「戒詩」的現象在中國詩歌史上相當特殊的，詩人為何要戒詩，而又破戒？龔自珍內心「寫作的焦慮」之根源是什麼？本文試圖從兩個方面切入，其一、爬梳相關文獻，先行探求龔自珍的詩學觀，唯有如此，我們才能從中得知為何是戒「詩」。其二、切入相關詩歌文本，觀看龔自珍自己如何看待自己的「戒詩」與「破戒」的說法。最後，分析兩者之間的關係，以及變化。期能為龔自珍之相關研究做出一點貢獻。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Gong Zizhen was a famous poet and thinker in the Qing dynasty. The era he lived was a turning point from flourish to the decadence, from tradition to modern. This phenomenon can be read in the works from Gong Zizhen and it’s also the key point for emancipation of the ideas in late Qing dynasty. Gong Zizhen who leaded the fashion but not stood under the spotlight, he had many experiences of quitting writing poetry. Quitting writing poetry is a special phenomenon in the history of the Chinese poetry, why did poet want to quit? The thesis studied these from two aspects. The first is to explore the poetry concept of Gong Zizhen through article review so that it may be understood why he choose to quit writing poetry? Second, it could be discovered how did Gong Zizhen treat his explain about quitting writing poetry and breaking it repeatedly by reviewing related poetries. Last, analyzing the relationship and transformation between the two. Expecting to offer some contributions for the study of Gong Zizhen.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

A Primer on the Qing Dynasty Monetary System

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Austin Dean
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Monetary Reform ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
System P ◽  
Institutional Challenges ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter highlights the relationship between copper and silver and stresses the decentralized nature of Qing dynasty monetary institutions and practices in the middle of the nineteenth century. It introduces how and why monetary arrangements began to be questioned in the late Qing. It also explains the contours of the currency, credit, and payment ecosystem in the middle of the nineteenth century in order to understand debates and conflicts about Chinese monetary reform from the 1870s to the 1930s. The chapter describes the Chinese currency system that is filled with different “ghost money” units of account, copper coins of varying quality, silver in the form of ingots and coins from Latin America, and notes from various financial institutions. It talks about the decentralized nature of the Qing monetary system that presented political and institutional challenges.

Manchuria in Modern East Asia, 1600s–1949

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Shao
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Japan And China

Manchuria is an English geographical term that, in the past three centuries or so, has referred to the region that approximately overlaps the region of Northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces) in the People’s Republic of China. A scholar’s choice of using or rejecting this term might be associated with their understandings of the historical changes in the territoriality of this region. From the 17th century to the mid-20th century, different powers contested over this region, including different tribes of the Jurchens, before the Manchus founded the Qing Dynasty; Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty; the Russians and Japanese; the Republic of China Government and Warlord regime; Japan and China; as well as the Communist Party of China and the Nationalist Party of China. All these contestations redefined the relationship between this region and China Proper, reshaping the social orders, communal identities, and statehood of the local peoples. Located at the nexus of the modern history of multiple ethnic groups and states, studies of modern Manchuria often require scholars to take transnational approaches, or at the least to adopt cross-border perspectives.

scholarly journals Interpretations of Mohism’s “Impartial Love” in the Republic of China: A Comparative Approach to Confucianism and Mohism

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Sixin Ding (丁四新) ◽  
Xiaoxin Wu (吳曉欣)
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
High Regard ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Since the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing in the Qing dynasty, there have been signs of a resurgence of interest in Mohism. Intellectuals became particularly invested in Mozi’s teachings during the period of the Republic of China. “Impartial love,” the notion of equity advocated by Mozi, received the most attention. At the time, most discussions primarily attempted to respond to Mencius’s criticism of Mozi’s doctrine. Some scholars stressed Mohism’s high regard for filial piety and demonstrated persuasively that the concept of impartial love did not closely correspond to Mencius’s labelling of it as “disregarding one’s father.” Other scholars drew a distinction between Mozi and his disciples and identified only the latter as deserving of Mencius’s criticism. Some thinkers affirmed impartial love’s practical significance and saw it as a significant tool for condemning the autocracy and saving the country from imminent downfall. Others vehemently denounced the principle’s impracticability. A close look at these different trends can provide us with a better understanding of the different attitudes of intellectuals in the period of the Republic of China regarding Confucianism and the relationship between Confucianism and Mohism.

Debate on Pieter M. Judson’s The Habsburg Empire: A New History

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 343-384
Author(s):  
Erika Szívós ◽  
Jan Surman ◽  
Jakub Beneš ◽  
Mladen Medved ◽  
Tamara Scheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Central European ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
Shed Light

Since its publication, Pieter M. Judson’s history of the Habsburg Empire: A New History has sparked discussion and debate as a result of its novel reframing of the relationship between nationalism and empire in the Central European polity. Judson offers a new narrative of a vibrant and adaptive state that had the ability to balance empire and nationality, and thus was not doomed to fail, as has been one of the well-worn interpretations of the empire. The contributors to this debate come to the book from different regional and academic standpoints, and take on a number of key issues raised by the book: the role of nationality in the empire; the nature of Habsburg imperial rule within the broader context of European empire building; the relationship of Hungary within the larger empire; and the position of the Habsburg Empire within European history as a whole. Together, these perspectives shed light on core issues raised by the book as well as offer reflections on the future of Habsburg studies.

scholarly journals Better understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty in order to shed light on changes to the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-84
Author(s):  
Chaolumenggerile
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
The State ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Current State ◽  
Small Height ◽  
Regenerative Power ◽  
Shed Light

Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China. Nowadays, the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians is increasingly difficult to maintain. Good and abundant pastures with water fields and soil with soda are key to this lifestyle as they are essential for livestock. In recent years, however, livestock numbers have decreased and, additionally, Inner Mongolians have experienced lifestyle changes such as remaining in one location instead of moving with the changing seasons. Furthermore, grasslands that once grew across the land have lost some of their regenerative power and now grow in patches and only to a relatively small height. Dr. Chaolumenggerile, Inner Mongolia University, China, is exploring historical materials in an effort to better understand these changes and in order to ascertain what can be done to preserve the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians. She believes that understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty 300 years ago would contribute to better understanding the current state of Mongolian society and is working to understand the rangeland demarcation policy that was implemented under the Qing Dynasty rule and how it penetrated Mongolian society. Part of the work involves investigating pasture conflicts in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty and she has already succeeded in shedding light on the forms and patterns of rangeland conflicts that existed during that time.

scholarly journals Tree-weighting for multi-study ensemble learners

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Ramchandran ◽  
Prasad Patil ◽  
Giovanni Parmigiani
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Random Forests ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Prediction Ability ◽  
True Outcome ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Multi-study learning uses multiple training studies, separately trains classifiers on individual studies, and then forms ensembles with weights rewarding members with better cross-study prediction ability. This article considers novel weighting approaches for constructing tree-based ensemble learners in this setting. Using Random Forests as a single-study learner, we perform a comparison of either weighting each forest to form the ensemble, or extracting the individual trees trained by each Random Forest and weighting them directly. We consider weighting approaches that reward cross-study replicability within the training set. We find that incorporating multiple layers of ensembling in the training process increases the robustness of the resulting predictor. Furthermore, we explore the mechanisms by which the ensembling weights correspond to the internal structure of trees to shed light on the important features in determining the relationship between the Random Forests algorithm and the true outcome model. Finally, we apply our approach to genomic datasets and show that our method improves upon the basic multi-study learning paradigm.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Language, Politics and Society in the Middle East

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer AlNajjar
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Grassroots Initiatives ◽  
Language And Politics ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

This book aims to shed light on core questions relating to language and society, language and conflict, and language and politics, in relation to a changing Middle East. While the book focuses on Arabic, it goes way beyond a purely linguistic analysis by bringing to the fore a set of pressing questions about the relationship between Arabic and society. For example, it touches on the development of language policy via an examination of administrative mandates (top-down) in contrast to grassroots initiatives (bottom-up); the deeper layers of the linguistic landscape that highlight the connection between politics, conflict, identity, road signs and street names; Arabic studies and Arabic identity and the myriad ways countries deal simultaneously with globalisation while also seeking to strengthen local and national identity, and more.

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