scholarly journals Discussing the Efficacy and Safety of Covid-19 Vaccine Available in India- A Mini Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Yogendra Shrestha ◽  
◽  
Jeet Bahadur Moktan ◽  
Renukaradhya Chitti ◽  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Restricted Use

Background: Many variants detected after Wuhan-Hu-1 reference which were able to develop the resistance against the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccine and may cause false negative results in diagnostic test. Novel variant B1.617 was detected in India and the Covid-19 cases hiked to its maximum; forcing the government towards approving a new vaccine for restricted use in emergency situation to cover a maximum population. Aims: This review looks at the efficacy, safety, and economical aspects of vaccines that have been authorized in India. Materials and methods: Wide-ranging assessment and analysis of accessible resources on online database. Results: The rAd26-s & rAd5-s demonstrate high efficacy as well as safety, followed by BBV152 and AZD1222. Various combinations of the vaccines with different platforms or vectors may induce wide range of immunity than a specific one. As per economical aspect, AZD1222 is more economical than the other two currently approved in India. Conclusion: There is a lack of clear end point to measure efficacy of the vaccine so the epidemiological studies with huge number of populations is required which may predict the perfect endpoint for efficacy measurement. Until then, inoculation with locally accessible vaccines and self-awareness about disease transmission prevention are the main options for reducing fatalities, protecting the health-care system, and eventually disease control.

scholarly journals Laboratory markers included in the Corona Score can identify false negative results on COVID-19 RT-PCR in the emergency room

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-359
Author(s):  
Roberto Assandri ◽  
Ciro Canetta ◽  
Giovanni Viganò ◽  
Elisabetta Buscarini ◽  
Alessandro Scartabellati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Emergency Rooms ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Emergency Room Patients ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

After December 2019 outbreak in China, the novel Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has very quickly overflowed worldwide. Infection causes a clinical syndrome encompassing a wide range of clinical features, from asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic course to acute respiratory distress and death. In a very recent work we preliminarily observed that several laboratory tests have been shown as characteristically altered in COVID-19. We aimed to use the Corona score, a validated point-based algorithm to predict the likelihood of COVID-19 infection in patients presenting at the Emergency rooms. This approach combines chest images-relative score and several laboratory parameters to classify emergency room patients. Corona score accuracy was satisfactory, increasing the detection of positive patients’ rate.

scholarly journals The TZM-bl Reporter Cell Line Expresses Kynureninase That Can Neutralize 2F5-like Antibodies in the HIV-1 Neutralization Assay

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Vladimir Morozov ◽  
Sylvie Lagaye ◽  
Alexey Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Reporter Cell Line ◽  
Reporter Cell ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Hiv 1

Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting ectodomain of the transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein gp41 HIV-1 provides a basis for the development of a universal anti-viral vaccine. The HeLa cell-derived TZM-bl reporter cell line is widely used for the estimation of lentiviruses neutralization by immune sera. The cell line is highly permissive to infection by most strains of HIV, SIV, and SHIV. Here we demonstrated that TZM-bl cells express a 48 kDa non-glycosylated protein (p48) recognized by broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2F5 targeting the ELDKWA (aa 669–674) epitope of gp41TM of HIV-1. A significant amount of p48 was found in the cell supernatant. The protein was identified as human kynureninase (KYNU), which has the ELDKWA epitope. The protein is further called “p48 KYNU”. The HIV-1 neutralization by mAb 2F5 and 4E10 in the presence of p48KYNU was tested on Jurkat and TZM-bl cells. It was demonstrated that p48KYNU reduces neutralization by 2F5-like antibodies, but it has almost no effect on mAb 4E10. Therefore, p48KYNU can attenuate HIV-1 neutralization by 2F5-like antibodies and hence create false-negative results. Thus, previously tested immune sera that recognized the ELDKWA-epitope and demonstrated a “weak neutralization” of HIV-1 in TZM-bl assay should be reevaluated.

Validation of JAK2 and New Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Polycythemia Vera (PV).

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 4971-4971
Author(s):  
Richard T. Silver ◽  
Amy V. Jones ◽  
Eric J. Feldman ◽  
Gail J. Roboz ◽  
Ellen K. Ritchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Polycythemia Vera ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Jak2 V617f ◽  
Jak2 Mutation ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Although the pervasive presence of JAK2 in patients (pts) with PV has been noted in at least 7 published studies, its frequency has ranged from 66 to 97%. Although part of the reason for this wide range is false negative results due to the low sensitivity of sequence analysis, varying criteria used for the clinical diagnosis of PV are also likely to be an important factor. In more than 300 studies, the criteria of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group has been used, although many authors, including ourselves, have commented on their inadequacy. Alternative classifications have been the subject of debate mostly centered about using the rbc-Cr51 mass. Our criteria included the use of CR51 labeled red cells to establish first, an increase in red blood cell volume and second, I125 to establish an increase in plasma volume. Exception was made for men with a HCT ≥60%, and women ≥56%. If hypervolemic, the major causes of secondary polycythemia were excluded: congenital polycythemias and those secondary to impaired oxygenation, or benign or malignant tumors. This implied a serum erythropoietin level of ≤5u/ml. The aforementioned and 3 of the following 5 were required: splenomegaly, WBC, ≥12,000/ul, platelet count ≥600,000/ul, abnormal marrow histology. We used them to clinically diagnose 61 patients subsequently undergoing therapeutic trials whose blood was analyzed for the JAK2 V617F mutation by allele specific PCR from 679 patients with myeloproliferative diseases, including normal controls. Of 61 patients, with the phenotypic characteristics of p. vera, 59 (97%) were positive for the JAK2 mutation. The 2 remaining patients, although phenotypically characteristic of PV, were negative on repeat examinations. One pt was newly diagnosed and untreated and the other had a 6 year remission after rIFNα followed by a 1 year remission on imatinib. We conclude that determination of JAK2 is consistent with PV in virtually all cases clinically diagnosed appropriately. Our data, to be presented, indicate that the combination of increased red cell mass, demonstration of JAK2 and increased platelet count establish the diagnosis of PV in virtually all cases.

scholarly journals Small Mirrors Do the Trick: A Simple, but Effective Method to Study Mirror Self-Recognition in Chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-404
Author(s):  
Kathrin S. Kopp ◽  
Sonja J. Ebel ◽  
Roman M. Wittig ◽  
Daniel B. M. Haun ◽  
Catherine Crockford
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Possible Cause

Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is considered an indicator of self-awareness. Standardized mirror tests reveal compelling evidence for MSR in a few non-human species, including all great apes. However, substantial inter-individual variation of MSR within species resulted in an ongoing methodological controversy, questioning the appropriateness of standard MSR tests for cross-species comparisons. Lack of motivation, in particular, is discussed as one possible cause for false negative results. Here, we compare the spontaneous behavioral response of 47 zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to (i) standard body-sized, stationary mirrors and (ii) small, portable hand mirrors. We predicted that the monopolizability and maneuverability of small mirrors increase the chances of identifying MSR across a larger proportion of individuals. Chimpanzees both revealed a substantially higher frequency of general mirror-related behaviors and engaged in significantly more and longer behaviors specifically indicating MSR when provided with small mirrors compared to a large mirror. Handheld mirrors provide a more sensitive measure for MSR within and likely between primate species than the traditional large mirrors, and thereby are a potentially valuable tool for studying self-awareness across species.

scholarly journals Upper airway gene expression reveals suppressed immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 compared with other respiratory viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Mick ◽  
Jack Kamm ◽  
Angela Oliveira Pisco ◽  
Kalani Ratnasiri ◽  
Jennifer M. Babik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
High Titer ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Chemokine Signaling ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by peak viral load in the upper airway prior to or at the time of symptom onset, an unusual feature that has enabled widespread transmission of the virus and precipitated a global pandemic. How SARS-CoV-2 is able to achieve high titer in the absence of symptoms remains unclear. Here, we examine the upper airway host transcriptional response in patients with COVID-19 (n = 93), other viral (n = 41) or non-viral (n = 100) acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs). Compared with other viral ARIs, COVID-19 is characterized by a pronounced interferon response but attenuated activation of other innate immune pathways, including toll-like receptor, interleukin and chemokine signaling. The IL-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are markedly less responsive to SARS-CoV-2, commensurate with a signature of diminished neutrophil and macrophage recruitment. This pattern resembles previously described distinctions between symptomatic and asymptomatic viral infections and may partly explain the propensity for pre-symptomatic transmission in COVID-19. We further use machine learning to build 27-, 10- and 3-gene classifiers that differentiate COVID-19 from other ARIs with AUROCs of 0.981, 0.954 and 0.885, respectively. Classifier performance is stable across a wide range of viral load, suggesting utility in mitigating false positive or false negative results of direct SARS-CoV-2 tests.

scholarly journals Screening Method to Evaluate Point-of-Care Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Devices for Susceptibility to the Hook Effect by hCG β Core Fragment: Evaluation of 11 Devices

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D Nerenz ◽  
Haowei Song ◽  
Ann M Gronowski
Keyword(s):  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Core Fragment ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Hook Effect ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract BACKGROUND The predominant hCG variant in urine, hCG β core fragment (hCGβcf), has been demonstrated to cause false-negative results in qualitative point-of-care (POC) hCG devices. This is a major concern for healthcare professionals using POC pregnancy tests. We developed a screening method to evaluate qualitative POC hCG devices for their susceptibility to inhibition by hCGβcf. Using this method, we evaluated the performance of 11 commonly used devices. METHODS A wide range of purified hCG and hCGβcf concentrations were mixed and tested on 2 POC devices. By use of those results, a screening method was defined and 9 additional POC devices were evaluated. Two solutions containing (a) 500 pmol/L (171 IU/L) intact hCG with 0 pmol/L hCGβcf and (b) 500 pmol/L intact hCG with 500 000 pmol/L hCGβcf were used to screen all POC devices. RESULTS The OSOM and Cen-Med Elite devices were found to be most susceptible to false-negative results due to hCGβcf. The BC Icon 20 and the Alere were the least susceptible. The remaining 7 were moderately affected. Devices that gave the strongest signal with hCGβcf alone were those that were least likely to show a hook effect. CONCLUSIONS The screening method put forth here can be used by device users and manufacturers to evaluate POC devices for inhibition by hCGβcf. Of 11 devices evaluated, only 2 have been identified that exhibit minimal to no susceptibility to hCGβcf.

Import Substitution in Argentina: Aims and Results

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
P. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Import Substitution ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Substitution Policy ◽  
The Government

Import substitution policy replaced the model of export-oriented agricultural economy that existed in Argentina during the period of 1870–1929. Its mechanism was relatively simple: agricultural products, for which the country had optimal natural conditions, were exported to the external markets, while wide range of industrial products, machinery and equipment were imported. Exports generated substantial revenues (providing a lion's share of state income), and the imports quite satisfied domestic demand for capital and consumer goods. The history of import substitution policy in Argentina can be divided into two stages. At the first stage (1930–1952), the government created its basic tools with a stress on development of labor-intensive light industries whose products were intended to meet domestic consumer demand. During the second phase (1953–1976), Argentine political establishment, not satisfied with the results achieved in the previous period, initiated the policy of “super industrialization”, namely, the creation or expansion of basic capital-intensive industries: metallurgy, machinery, chemicals and petrochemicals, energy. In these years domestic production of machinery and equipment for agriculture and light industry, durables, pharmaceuticals increased dramatically, the national military-industrial complex, scientific and technical sectors were created. In other words, Argentine’s policy of import substitution created a new frame of economic relations. It brought both positive and negative results which fully showed up in mid 70s. Since then, the crisis of import substitution policy became especially evident amidst the world process of globalization and dynamic formation of worldwide value-added chains. Argentina found itself largely isolated from these trends and came into clinch with the changing external conditions. So, under the rumbling populist and nationalist rhetoric it proceeded into the prolonged recession.

scholarly journals Optimization of a molecular method for the diagnosis of canine babesiosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Henrique Gonçalves Moraes ◽  
Claudia Pinheiro Rufino ◽  
Thais Reis ◽  
Délia Cristina Figueira Aguiar ◽  
André Marcelo Conceição Meneses ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nested Pcr ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
P Value ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Babesia Gibsoni ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Babesiosis is a hemolytic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Babesia (Apicomplexa). This disease occurs worldwide and is transmitted by ticks to a variety of mammals, including humans. The objective of the present study was to optimize a molecular approach for the detection of a fragment of 18S rDNA of Babesia canis, Babesia vogeli, Babesia rossi or Babesia gibsoni based on a single semi-nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and compare the efficiency of this approach with that of a simple PCR protocol. To this end, 100 blood samples collected from dogs with suspected hemoparasite infections were analyzed. A comparison of the results of simple PCR and semi-nested PCR indicated a highly significant difference (p value = 0.0000). While only five (5%) of the samples tested positive using the simple protocol, 22 (22%) were positive using the snPCR technique. The results of this study reinforce the findings of previous studies, which have demonstrated the greater sensitivity of tests based on nested or semi-nested PCR. Therefore, to avoid false-negative results due to low levels of parasitemia, we suggest the preferential use of this protocol in epidemiological studies of canine babesiosis, particularly those that require reliable estimates of the prevalence of infection.

scholarly journals Mapping the future dynamics of disease transmission: risk analysis in the United Kingdom Foresight Programme on the detection and identification of infectious diseases

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Suk ◽  
C Lyall ◽  
J Tait
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

This paper reflects on the qualitative risk analysis framework developed for a Foresight study on the Detection and Identification of Infectious Diseases, which was coordinated in 2005 by the United Kingdom (UK) under what is now the Government Office for Science, Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. The risk assessment covered human, plant and animal diseases in the UK and Africa in the years 2015 and 2030. Through engaging a diverse pool of experts, we developed a model conceptualising disease spread as the outcome of interactions among sources, pathways and drivers. We then used this model to conduct a Delphi survey of experts. The factors perceived most likely to contribute to infectious disease spread in 2015 and 2030 included geographic extension of existing pathogens (partially due to climate change), over-use of antibiotics/antivirals/pesticides leading to drug resistance, and zoonoses. Our methodology provides a framework for those who need to integrate a wide range of perspectives and factors into their planning and analyses.

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