scholarly journals A Lightweight Two-Layer Blockchain Mechanism for Reliable Crossing-Domain Communication in Smart Cities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Xu ◽  
Jianfei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Block Structure ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Collusion Attack ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Reliable Communications ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The smart city is an emerging notion that is leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to achieve more comfortable, smart and controllable cities. The communications crossing domains between smart cities is indispensable to enhance collaborations. However, crossing-domain communications are more vulnerable since there are in different domains. Moreover, there are huge different devices with different computation capabilities, from sensors to the cloud servers. In this paper, we propose a lightweight two-layer blockchain mechanism for reliable crossing-domain communication in smart cities. Our mechanism provides a reliable communication mechanism for data sharing and communication between smart cities. We defined a two-layer blockchain structure for the communications inner and between smart cities to achieve reliable communications. We present a new block structure for the lightweight IoT devices. Moreover, we present a reputation-based multi-weight consensus protocol in order to achieve efficient communication while resistant to the nodes collusion attack for the proposed blockchain system. We also conduct a secure analysis to demonstrate the security of the proposed scheme. Finally, performance evaluation shows that our scheme is efficient and practical.

scholarly journals Edge Network Optimization Based on AI Techniques: A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2830
Author(s):  
Mitra Pooyandeh ◽  
Insoo Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Network Optimization ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Edge Network ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The network edge is becoming a new solution for reducing latency and saving bandwidth in the Internet of Things (IoT) network. The goal of the network edge is to move computation from cloud servers to the edge of the network near the IoT devices. The network edge, which needs to make smart decisions with a high level of response time, needs intelligence processing based on artificial intelligence (AI). AI is becoming a key component in many edge devices, including cars, drones, robots, and smart IoT devices. This paper describes the role of AI in a network edge. Moreover, this paper elaborates and discusses the optimization methods for an edge network based on AI techniques. Finally, the paper considers the security issue as a major concern and prospective approaches to solving this issue in an edge network.

Energy Optimization in a WSN for IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Syed Ariz Manzar ◽  
Sindhu Hak Gupta ◽  
Bhavya Alankar
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Node ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
City Model ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Energy consumption has become a prime concern in designing wireless sensor networks (WSN) for the internet of things (IoT) applications. Smart cities worldwide are executing exercises to progress greener and safer urban situations with cleaner air and water, better adaptability, and capable open organizations. These exercises are maintained by progresses like IoT and colossal information examination that structure the base for smart city model. The energy required for successfully transmitting a packet from one node to another must be optimized so that the average energy gets reduced for successful transmission over a channel. This chapter has been devised to optimize the energy required for transmitting a packet successfully between two communicating sensor nodes using particle swarm optimization (PSO). In this chapter, the average energy for successfully transmitting a packet from one node to another has been optimized to achieve the optimal energy value for efficient communication over a channel. The power received by the sensor node has also been optimized.

scholarly journals Federation of Internet of Things Testbeds for the Realization of a Semantically-Enabled Multi-Domain Data Marketplace

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Lanza ◽  
Juan Santana ◽  
Rachit Agarwal ◽  
Pierre Raverdy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Smart Building ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Application Service ◽  
Crowd Sensing ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The One ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has attracted a lot of attention from the research and innovation community for a number of years already. One of the key drivers for this hype towards the IoT is its applicability to a plethora of different application domains. However, infrastructures enabling experimental assessment of IoT solutions are scarce. Being able to test and assess the behavior and the performance of any piece of technology (i.e., protocol, algorithm, application, service, etc.) under real-world circumstances is of utmost importance to increase the acceptance and reduce the time to market of these innovative developments. This paper describes the federation of eleven IoT deployments from heterogeneous application domains (e.g., smart cities, maritime, smart building, crowd-sensing, smart grid, etc.) with over 10,000 IoT devices overall which produce hundreds of thousands of observations per day. The paper summarizes the resources that are made available through a cloud-based platform. The main contributions from this paper are twofold. In the one hand, the insightful summary of the federated data resources are relevant to the experimenters that might be seeking for an experimental infrastructure to assess their innovations. On the other hand, the identification of the challenges met during the testbed integration process, as well as the mitigation strategies that have been implemented to face them, are of interest for testbed providers that can be considering to join the federation.

Streamlining IoT system development with open standards

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Ege Korkan ◽  
Sebastian Kaebisch ◽  
Sebastian Steinhorst
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
World Wide ◽  
System Development ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Time To Market ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is bringing Internet connectivity to a wide range of devices which results in an increasing number of products for smart home, industry 4.0 and/or smart cities. Even though IoT has the ambition to reach an increasing amount of devices and be scalable across different domains, lack of interoperability inhibits this scope to be attained. Recent standardization efforts by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) are addressing the interoperability problem by the means of Thing Description (TD) that allows humans and machines to understand the capabilities and communication interfaces of IoT devices. In this paper, we show a more systematic and streamlined development of IoT devices and systems that relies on the TD standard. We introduce three different complementary methods that can be applied independently in the different stages of the development, or as a framework to streamline the development of IoT devices and systems. As a result of using the TD standard, interoperability between IoT devices of various stakeholders is ensured from early stages and the time to market is reduced.

scholarly journals Detecting security attacks in cyber-physical systems: a comparison of Mule and WSO2 intelligent IoT architectures

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e787
Author(s):  
José Roldán-Gómez ◽  
Juan Boubeta-Puig ◽  
Gabriela Pachacama-Castillo ◽  
Guadalupe Ortiz ◽  
Jose Luis Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Time Detection ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm keeps growing, and many different IoT devices, such as smartphones and smart appliances, are extensively used in smart industries and smart cities. The benefits of this paradigm are obvious, but these IoT environments have brought with them new challenges, such as detecting and combating cybersecurity attacks against cyber-physical systems. This paper addresses the real-time detection of security attacks in these IoT systems through the combined used of Machine Learning (ML) techniques and Complex Event Processing (CEP). In this regard, in the past we proposed an intelligent architecture that integrates ML with CEP, and which permits the definition of event patterns for the real-time detection of not only specific IoT security attacks, but also novel attacks that have not previously been defined. Our current concern, and the main objective of this paper, is to ensure that the architecture is not necessarily linked to specific vendor technologies and that it can be implemented with other vendor technologies while maintaining its correct functionality. We also set out to evaluate and compare the performance and benefits of alternative implementations. This is why the proposed architecture has been implemented by using technologies from different vendors: firstly, the Mule Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) together with the Esper CEP engine; and secondly, the WSO2 ESB with the Siddhi CEP engine. Both implementations have been tested in terms of performance and stress, and they are compared and discussed in this paper. The results obtained demonstrate that both implementations are suitable and effective, but also that there are notable differences between them: the Mule-based architecture is faster when the architecture makes use of two message broker topics and compares different types of events, while the WSO2-based one is faster when there is a single topic and one event type, and the system has a heavy workload.

scholarly journals SDN Controller and Blockchain to Secure Information Transaction in a Cluster Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
Suma V
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Secure Information ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Edge Networks ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Sdn Controller

The Internet of Things [IoT] is one of the most recent technologies that has influenced the way people communicate. With its growth, IoT encounters a number of challenges, including device heterogeneity, energy construction, comparability, and security. Energy and security are important considerations when transmitting data via edge networks and IoT. Interference with data in an IoT network might occur unintentionally or on purpose by malicious attackers, and it will have a significant impact in real time. To address the security problems, the suggested solution incorporates software defined networking (SDN) and blockchain. In particular, this research work has introduced an energy efficient and secure blockchain-enabled architecture using SDN controllers that are operating on a novel routing methodology in IoT. To establish communication between the IoT devices, private and public blockchain are used for eliminating Proof of Work (POW). This enables blockchain to be a suitable resource-constrained protocol for establishing an efficient communication. Experimental observation indicates that, an algorithm based on routing protocol will have low energy consumption, lower delay and higher throughput, when compared with other classic routing algorithms.

scholarly journals A Reliable Communication Framework and Its Use in Internet of Things (IoT)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanweer Alam
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Transmission Control Protocol ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Communication Framework ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

<p>Peoples are naturally communicators but devices are not. In the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, the smart devices (SDs), sensors, programs and association of smart objects are connected together to transfer information among them. The SD is designed as physical device linked with computing resources that are capable to connect and communicate with another SD through any medium and protocol. The communication among intelligent physical things is a challenging task to exchange information that guaranteed to reach to the destination completely in a real time with the same order as sending without corruption. The reliable communication between physical things can be built in the transmission control protocol (TCP) layers. In TCP layer, the reliable communication is required the error detection, correction and confirmation to exchange information among smart devices. In this paper, the author represents a framework to deal with reliability issues to enable the adoption of IoT devices. The results found the improvement in reliability. </p>

scholarly journals A Reliable Communication Framework and Its Use in Internet of Things (IoT)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanweer Alam
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Transmission Control Protocol ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Communication Framework ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

<p>Peoples are naturally communicators but devices are not. In the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, the smart devices (SDs), sensors, programs and association of smart objects are connected together to transfer information among them. The SD is designed as physical device linked with computing resources that are capable to connect and communicate with another SD through any medium and protocol. The communication among intelligent physical things is a challenging task to exchange information that guaranteed to reach to the destination completely in a real time with the same order as sending without corruption. The reliable communication between physical things can be built in the transmission control protocol (TCP) layers. In TCP layer, the reliable communication is required the error detection, correction and confirmation to exchange information among smart devices. In this paper, the author represents a framework to deal with reliability issues to enable the adoption of IoT devices. The results found the improvement in reliability. </p>

scholarly journals Improvement of LoRa Communication Scalability using Machine Learning Based Adaptiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Valach ◽  
Dominik Macko
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Embedded Devices ◽  
Parameters Selection ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

<div>Number of embedded devices connected to the Internet is rapidly increasing, especially in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). The growing number of IoT devices communicating wirelessly causes a communication-parameters selection problem, implying the increasing number of communication collisions. Multiple factors of IoT networks signify this problem, such as inability to communication-channel listening prior to the transmission (due to longer distances), energy constrains (due to inability of powering devices from the grid), or limitation of duty cycle and high interference (due to usage of unlicensed band in communication technologies). This article is focused on alleviating this problem in LoRa networks, which is one of the most promising technology for long-range and low-power</div><div>communication. We utilize the existing LoRa@FIIT protocol to achieve energy-efficient communication. The scalability of the LoRa network is increased by modifying the communication-parameters selection algorithm. By ensuring of quality of service mechanism at each node in the infrastructure, the application domain of the proposed architecture is widened. The simulation-based experimental results showed a significantly reduced number of collisions for mobile nodes, which reduces the channel congestion and the wasted energy by retransmissions.</div>

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS FOR SMART CITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Vishv Patel ◽  
Devansh Shah ◽  
Nishant Doshi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The City ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Day By Day

The large deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) is empowering Smart City tasks and activities everywhere throughout the world. Items utilized in day-by-day life are outfitted with IoT devices and sensors to make them interconnected and connected with the internet. Internet of Things (IoT) is a vital piece of a smart city that tremendously impact on all the city sectors, for example, governance, healthcare, mobility, pollution, and transportation. This all connected IoT devices will make the cities smart. As different smart city activities and undertakings have been propelled in recent times, we have seen the benefits as well as the risks. This paper depicts the primary challenges and weaknesses of applying IoT innovations dependent on smart city standards. Moreover, this paper points the outline of the technologies and applications of the smart cities.

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