CHANGES IN MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DURING COMPOSTING OF SIAM WEED (Chromolaena odorata) AND COWDUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
A K AKINTOKUN ◽  
P O AKINTOKUN ◽  
A O OBAWUSI ◽  
O R LAWAL
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Three compost samples were prepared in this study from Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and cowdung. Sample A was prepared from Cow dung and siam weed at ratio 100g: 100g, Sample B was prepared from 200g chopped siam weed and sample C contained 200g cowdung. These three sam-ples were composted in plastic drums perforated for aeration and each sample were replicated three times. The content in the drums were regularly turned and monitored at 1, 10, 30 and 60 days for mi-crobiological and physicochemical properties. The microbiological and physicochemical analyses of the compost were carried out using standard procedures. Bacterial, Coliform and Fungal count in-creased from day 1 to the 30th day and thereafter decreased from 30th day to the 60th day in all the composting samples. The bacteria species isolated and identified were Pseudomonas fragilis, Pseu-domonas nitrificans, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Streptococcus faecium, Micrococcus luteus, Clostridium perfringes, Bacillus cereus, Proteus morganii, Micrococcus acidophilus. Fungal species were Aspergil-lus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporium, Penicillum chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The pH of the composted samples ranges between 5.8 to 6.9. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content increased with days of composting but the heavy metals decreased with days of composting. The sulfatase, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, amyl-ase and cellulose enzymes in the three samples increased from day 1 to the 60th day. Sulfatase en-zyme which was the highest ranged from 25 to 76.5% in the three sample, phosphatase (14 to 60.5%), dehydrogenase (20.5 to 55.0%), cellulose (16.5 to 49%) and amylase which was the least enzyme recorded ranged from 5.0 to 38%.

INHIBITION OF Fusarium oxysporum Pathogenic Fungus USING COMPOST EXTRACT FROM Chromolaena odorata (SIAM WEED) AND COW DUNG

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
A K AKINTOKUN ◽  
P O AKINTOKUN ◽  
A R OLOYEDE
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Dung Sample

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of composts extract from cow dung and Chromolae-na odorata in controlling Fusarium oxysporum. Three compost samples were prepared in this study from Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) and cow dung. Sample A was prepared from Cow dung and siam weed at ratio 100g: 100g, Sample B was prepared from 200g chopped siam weed and sample C contained 200g cow dung. These three samples were composted in plastic drums perforated for aera-tion and each sample were replicated three times. The content in the drums were regularly turned and monitored for 1, 10, 30 and 60 days. The microbiological analysis of the composts were determined using standard procedures. The inhibitory activities of the sterilised compost extracts on the F. ox-ysporum were determined using agar well diffusion method. The bacterial, coliform and fungal loads ranged from 1.50 – 9.0 × 107 cfu/ml, 0.3 – 6.0× 107 cfu/ml and 0.1 – 2.50 × 107 cfu/ml respectively. Inhibitory activities of the compost extracts on F. oxysporum at different days of composting increased with days of composting. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded by extract from compost pre-pared from C. odorata at 60 days of composting, closely followed by extract from compost prepared from mixture of cow dung and C. odorata at 60 days of composting. No antifungal activity was found in all extracts from the 24h-composts. Highest disease severity was recorded in extract of 24 h and on control. All extract at 60 days of fermentation were healthy The study therefore revealed the potentials of extracts from Chromolaena odorata and cow dung for the inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum of many crops.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Efficiency of Vermicompost Derived from Different Biowastes on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plant Growth and Soil Health

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zubair Aslam ◽  
Safdar Bashir ◽  
Waseem Hassan ◽  
Korkmaz Bellitürk ◽  
Niaz Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Aphid Infestation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
The Impact

The present study was conducted to explore the role of different types of vermicomposts (VCs) prepared from different substrates to improve soil health (physical and chemical properties) and wheat plant growth under field conditions. Different combinations of vermicompost prepared from different substrates (cow dung, paper waste, and rice straw) and inorganic fertilizers were applied in soil using wheat as a test plant. The impact of three different VCs on physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient availability in soil was evaluated to examine their efficacy in combination with chemical fertilizers. Temporal trends in vermicomposting treatments at various stages showed significant improvement in physico-chemical attributes of the VCs substrates. All the plant physiological attributes showed significant response where N:P:K 100:50:50 kg ha−1 + 10 t ha−1 cow dung vermicompost was applied. In addition, post-harvest analysis of soil not only revealed that different combinations of the vermicomposting treatments improved the soil health by improving the physico-chemical attributes of the soil. Conclusively, application of cow dung vermicompost along with recommended NPK not only improved crop yield, soil health, reduced insect (aphid) infestation but also fortified grains with Zn and Fe.

scholarly journals Physico-chemical properties and microbiological status of admixture and single-hive honey produced in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rofela Combey ◽  
Prosper Dordunu ◽  
Isaac Kwame Badu ◽  
Peter Quandahor
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Codex Alimentarius ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbiological Status ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

Abstract Honey is commonly used as a food sweetener in Ghana and it is one of the most important food products with enormous nutritive benefits. In recent times, the increasing concern about sugar related diseases such as diabetes has led to increased consumption of honey in Ghana. This study assessed the physico-chemical properties and microbiological quality of honey collected from supermarkets and apiaries across six major agro-ecological zones of Ghana. In all, 57 honey samples were analyzed for pH, colour, solid sugars and moisture contents, whereas 46 samples were assessed for their microbiological status. The results showed that honey produced in Ghana had significantly wider variations in pH, moisture (p=0.000), solid sugar (0.000) and RI (0.000) within and across the six agro-ecological zones. Similarly, wider variations of these indices occurred between honey harvested from single hives and the admixtures. The results also showed that most of the honey produced in Ghana are characteristically amber in colour, while fewer samples appear black. Honey from the Northern region had the widest variation in colour, ranging from light amber to black. Most of the honeys studied (66.7% of samples) contained solid sugar contents which is either below the CODEX Alimentarius recommendation of 80 %, while 33.3% of the samples contained levels within the recommended ranges. Moreover, the admixture had higher solid sugar contents than single hive honey. About 66% of the honey studied had moisture content above the 20% recommended by USDA and Codex Alimentarius. In addition, the single hive honeys had higher moisture contents than the admixture honeys. The results also revealed that admixtures possess higher RIs than single hive honey. The honey samples assessed in this study were contaminated with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Providencia rettgeri, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis) and fungi genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor. Further, 45% of the total samples were above the USDA acceptable limits of microorganisms considered safe for foods and honey. Moreover, significant levels of bacterial and fungal contamination of honey samples; significantly high means of bacterial counts were observed in honey from both admixture and apiaries than fungi. Interestingly, Clostridium botulinum was isolated from a few samples of honey. Only 7% of the total honey samples from Greater Accra, Western, Volta, Eastern and Northern regions contained Clostridium botulinum and this was the first time this organism is being reported in the country. However, contamination levels were below USDA acceptable limits of 1 x 104 CFU per gram for detected samples. Therefore, the honey studied can be considered safe for consumption. This notwithstanding, the study has demonstrated the need for monitoring the quality of honey produced in the country to ensure the safety of consumers.

scholarly journals Development of the technology for preparation of enzymatic hydrolysate of waste chick embryos

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Ovsyannikov ◽  
M. S. Dursenev
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Growth Properties ◽  
Solid Nutrient Medium

The development of technologies for preparation of protein nutritional bases for microbiological nutrient media, from production waste of mainly readily available or non-food products, is a promising area in biotechnology. Researchers of Vyatka State Agrotechnological University assume that non-food secondary raw materials, such as waste chick embryos (WCEs) used in the production of anti-influenza products, could be used for these purposes, after removal of the virus-containing allantoic fluid. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for preparation of WCE enzymatic hydrolysate (WCEEH), and to evaluate growth properties of the hydrolysate-based solid nutrient medium, using Escherichia coli M-17 and Pseudomonas alcaligenes IP-1 test strains. Materials and methods: the authors offer methodological approaches to obtaining WCEEH and substantiate hydrolysis parameters. The obtained WCEEH was characterised in terms of physico-chemical properties: pH, amine nitrogen, total nitrogen, sodium chloride, degree of protein cleavage. The growth properties of the hydrolysate-based nutrient medium were studied using E. coli M-17 and Ps. alcaligenes IP-1 test strains. Results: the experiments demonstrated the feasibility of performing enzymatic hydrolysis of WCEs, and assessed physico-chemical properties of the prepared WCEEH batches. The study demonstrated the possibility of using the prepared hydrolysate as a component of solid nutrient media for growing the selected test strains. Conclusions: the study substantiated the optimal technological parameters for WCE enzymatic hydrolysis: pH (7.6 ± 0.3), duration (48 ± 2 h), temperature (49 ± 1) °C. The loading of hydrolysis components was optimised: mass fraction of the substrate—500 g/L, mass fraction of the hydrolysing agent—100 g/L. The physico-chemical properties of WCEEH make it suitable for preparation of microbiological media; the hydrolysate-based solid nutrient medium consistently ensures the growth of E. coli M-17 and Ps. alcaligenes IP-1 test strains with standard properties. The growth properties of the experimental medium are comparable to those of the meat-peptone broth-based nutrient medium.

scholarly journals Effects of animal manures on enzymes activities and physico-chemical properties of a degraded humid ultisol

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
A.I. Afangide ◽  
N.H. Okoli ◽  
M.A. Okon ◽  
N.T. Egboka ◽  
P. Inyang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical

Application of animal manures for soil amendment plays a major role in the improvement of soil properties and enzymatic activities of a degraded Ultisol. This study assessed the effects of poultry manure (PM) and swine manure (SM) on the activities of catalase and urease enzymes and some soil properties. The PM and SM were applied at the rate of 30 t ha–1 each on experimental plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Soil samples were collected at day 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 from 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths and analyzed for catalase and urease enzymes and some soil properties using standard procedures. The results showed increase in soil pH (in H2O) from 4.0 to 5.4 following manure application. At 0-15 cm soil depth, PM and SM recorded 28.1 and 28.8% increases in soil pH (in H2O), respectively. Soil organic carbon was highest (2.6 g kg–1) at 0-15 cm depth for soil amended with SM while the lowest value of 1.1 g kg–1was obtained at 15-30 cm depth for soil unamended with SM. In PM-amended soil, catalase activities ranged from 1.32 to 6.77 mg g–1 while its activities in SM-treated soil significantly (p < 0.05) varied between 1.55 and 8.11 mg g–1. Urease showed ranges of 0.72-3.90 mg g–1 and 0.96-4.71 mg g–1 in PM-amended and SM-treated soils, respectively. The results uphold that animal manures improve soil properties and are enzymatically controlled.

Physico-chemical properties of actin cleaved with bacterial protease from E. coli A2 strain

FEBS Letters ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Yu. Khaitlina ◽  
J.H. Collins ◽  
I.M. Kuznetsova ◽  
V.P. Pershina ◽  
I.G. Synakevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Protease ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals Assessment of natural groundwater physico-chemical properties in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos metropolis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lekan Taofeek Popoola ◽  
Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff ◽  
Tajudeen Adejare Aderibigbe
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
American Public Health Association ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Residential Locations ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Health Association

Abstract This study investigated groundwater quality collected from two industrial and residential locations in each of Lagos metropolis. Prescribed standard procedures of American Public Health Association were used to measure physico-chemical parameters of each of the groundwater samples which include pH, EC, DO, TDS, BOD, COD, anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, PO43−) and heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Co, Cd and Cr). From laboratory analysis, measured physico-chemical parameters were within the permissible ranges specified by the WHO and NSDWQ except pH, TDS, EC, Pb, Mn and Fe for groundwater samples from industrial locations and pH, Pb, Mn and Fe for residential locations. Higher concentrations of TDS and EC reported for groundwater samples from industrial locations were attributed to heavy discharge of effluents from industrial treatment plants as well as dissolution of ionic heavy metals from industrial activities of heavy machines. Statistical Pearson’s correlation revealed physico-chemical parameters of water quality to be moderately and strongly correlated with one another at either p  < 0.05 or < 0.01.

scholarly journals Human sphingosine kinase: purification, molecular cloning and characterization of the native and recombinant enzymes

2000 ◽  
Vol 350 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. PITSON ◽  
Richard J. D'ANDREA ◽  
Lucianne VANDELEUR ◽  
Paul A. B. MORETTI ◽  
Pu XIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physico Chemical

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel lipid messenger that has important roles in a wide variety of mammalian cellular processes including growth, differentiation and death. Basal levels of S1P in mammalian cells are generally low, but can increase rapidly and transiently when cells are exposed to mitogenic agents and other stimuli. This increase is largely due to increased activity of sphingosine kinase (SK), the enzyme that catalyses its formation. In the current study we have purified, cloned and characterized the first human SK to obtain a better understanding of its biochemical activity and possible activation mechanisms. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from human placenta using ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, calmodulin-affinity chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography. This resulted in a purification of over 106-fold from the original placenta extract. The enzyme was cloned and expressed in active form in both HEK-293T cells and Escherichia coli, and the recombinant E. coli-derived SK purified to homogeneity. To establish whether post-translational modifications lead to activation of human SK activity we characterized both the purified placental enzyme and the purified recombinant SK produced in E. coli, where such modifications would not occur. The premise for this study was that post-translational modifications are likely to cause conformational changes in the structure of SK, which may result in detectable changes in the physico-chemical or catalytic properties of the enzyme. Thus the enzymes were characterized with respect to substrate specificity and kinetics, inhibition kinetics and various other physico-chemical properties. In all cases, both the native and recombinant SKs displayed remarkably similar properties, indicating that post-translational modifications are not required for basal activity of human SK.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON PLANT NEMATODE POPULATION DENSITY UNDER Chromolaena odorata FALLOW

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
SEGUN I. ODEYEMI, ◽  
AFOLAMI, S. OLAOLUWA ◽  
AZEEZ J. OLADIPUPO
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Popu Lation ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Relationships between soil abiotic factors and population densities of plant parasitic nematodes spe-cies under planted fallow of Chromolaena odorata was investigated for 2 years. Soil samples were collected at 0 – 30 cm depth to determine population of nematode species and soil physico-chemical properties was done at test initiation and afterwards at 6 months interval for 2 years. Four genera of plant parasitic nematode species (Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp, Helicotylenchus spp. and Xiphinema spp) and two free – living (Rhabditids and Dorylaimus spp.) were identified in the fallow. Soil organic Matter and soil N were significantly higher at 2 years than at 6, 12 and 18 months. Popu-lation density of plant parasitic nematode species significantly reduce as the fallow period extend reaching minimum at 2 years of fallow. Highest percentage reduction of 90.3 % was observed in popu-lation of Xiphinema at 2 years of fallow, followed by Pratylenchus with 51.5 % reduction in population and lowest reduction of 44 % was observed in Meloidogyne population. Negative and significant rela-tionship existed between soil physico-chemical properties and population density of plant parasitic nematode species indicated that soil characteristics play an important role in the abundance, distribu-tion and structure of nematode communities.

scholarly journals Effect of Fermentation and Mango Mesocarp or Fluted Pumpkin Powders on the Chemical Composition and Potential Mineral Bioavailability of Sorghum-Based Complementary Foods

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Sengev Iorfa Abraham ◽  
Ariahu Chukwuma Charles ◽  
Abu Joseph Oneh ◽  
Gernah Dickson Iorwuese
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Fluted Pumpkin ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Mineral Bioavailability ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Good Potential

The effect of fermentation, mango mesocarp or fluted pumpkin leaf powders on the chemical properties and potential mineral bioavailability of sorghum-based complementary foods was investigated. Samples were formulated based on 16% protein to satisfy the nutrient requirement of preschool children to obtain non-fermented sorghum/mango mesocarp/crayfish (NFSMC), non-fermented sorghum/fluted pumpkin leaf/crayfish (NFSPC), fermented sorghum/ mango mesocarp/crayfish (FSMC) and fermented sorghum/ fluted pumpkin leaf /crayfish (FSPC). Some physico-chemical properties of the blends were analysed using standard procedures. Moisture (10.22–10.99%) and carbohydrate (78.73-79.89%). The protein (15.84-16.91%), fibre (0.07-0.08%) and ash (2.07-2.15%) were within the recommended limits. Fat contents ranged from 2.00-2.16% and energy values ranged from 401.40 to 402.10 kCal. Fermentation did not significantly (p ≥ 0.05) affect the proximate composition of the products. The mineral values for magnesium (53.25-61.60%), sodium (32.06-46.30%), potassium (20.80-44.66%), calcium (198.60-230.30%) and phosphorus (98.99-101.50%) with no significant (p ≥ 0.05) difference in most of the products. The iron and copper values ranged from 10.03-17.09% and 0.42-1.43% respectively. Mineral ratios for the products ranged from 0.74 – 2.19 for Na/K, 1.96 – 2.71 for Ca/P and 3.69 – 5.07 for Ca/Mg. The tannins content ranged from 20.23 to 51.51 mg/100 g, phytate (7.25-22.16 mg/100 g), oxalate (5.50 to 14.37 mg.100 g), pH (6.20 to 7.80) and beta-carotene ranged from 724.50 - 1215.40 µg/100 g with significant (p<0.05) difference between the blends. The molar ratios of the blends, except NFSMC, indicated good potential for mineral bioavailability.

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