The Greatest Handicap Suffered by Crippled Workers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Disabled Workers ◽  
Over Time

As Chapter 5 shows, another public policy intended to prevent dependency—workmen’s compensation—greatly exacerbated disabled workers’ difficulties on the mainstream labor market. Originally intended to aid families who had lost a breadwinner to death or disability, compensation laws could not encompass the immense diversity of disabilities and their mutability over time. The statutes also did nothing to address the long-term financial challenges faced by workers who became permanently disabled. Due to the segregated nature of the labor force, furthermore, rarely did women and African Americans receive compensation for their work-induced illnesses and disabilities. Making matters worse, the structure of compensation tables created financial incentives for employers to exclude workers with disabilities, regardless of their origin. By the 1920s, nearly all major employers made it a practice to require physical examinations before hiring workers. Even Ford Motor Company substantially reduced its hiring of new workers with disabilities, although it retained many existing ones.

THE INFLUENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS ON CONGRESS

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Charles Tien ◽  
Dena Levy
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
House Floor ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn this paper we approach, from a different angle than previous research, the question of whether gains in descriptive representation for African Americans result in losses in substantive representation. By looking at how the presence of African Americans has changed Congress over time, we assess the long-term impact of electing more African Americans to Congress on substantive representation. Specifically, we content analyze House floor debates on civil rights legislation, from 1957 to 1991, and find that Black members have influenced how White members talk about civil rights.

scholarly journals Helping Yourself or Others? Motivation Dynamics for High-Performing Volunteers in GLAM Crowdsourcing

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultana Lubna Alam ◽  
Ruonan Sun ◽  
John Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
High Performing ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Over Time

While most crowdsourcing (CS) cases in the literature focus on commercial organisations, little is known about volunteers’ motivation of initial and continued participation in not-for-profit CS projects and importantly, about how the motivations may change over time. It is vital to understand motivation and motivational dynamics in a not-for-profit context because a fundamental challenge for not-for-profit CS initiations is to recruit and keep volunteers motivated without any formal contract or financial incentives. To tackle this challenge, we explore high performing volunteers’ initial motivation for joining and sustaining with a GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives and museums) CS project. We situated our interpretive exploration in a case study of the Australian Newspapers CS project initiated by the National Library of Australia. Based on the case study, we found that high-performing volunteers were motivated by a combination of personal, collective, and external factors classified into intrinsic, extrinsic, and internalised extrinsic motivations. Further, we found that these motivations changed over time. Specifically, many volunteers presented substantial personal (i.e., personal interest and fun) and community-centric motivations (i.e. altruism and non-profit cause) when they initially joined the project, whereas external motivations (i.e., recognition and rewards) had a greater impact on long-term participation. Our findings offer implications for CS system design (e.g., user profiles, tagging and commenting), incentive structure (e.g., reputation-based ranking, leader boards), and relational mechanisms (e.g., open communication channels) to stimulate sustainable contributions for not-for-profit CS initiatives.

The Role of Pensions in the Labor Market: A Survey of the Literature

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Gustman ◽  
Olivia S. Mitchell ◽  
Thomas L. Steinmeier
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Pension Plans ◽  
Employee Compensation ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
Over Time

Because employer-sponsored group pension plans entail agreements between workers and their employers explicitly linking future payment and employment, they offer an unusual window into long-term employment relationships. This review of recent research on pensions explores how pensions influence employee compensation, retirement, turnover, and other matters central to the determination of labor's price and quantity over time. The authors also outline some unanswered questions and difficult-to-reconcile findings.

scholarly journals The Opioid Epidemic and the Labor Market

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dionissi Aliprantis ◽  
Anne Chen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opioid Epidemic ◽  
Drug Overdoses ◽  
Prescription Pain Relievers ◽  
Overdose Deaths ◽  
Over Time

Drug overdoses now account for more deaths in the United States than traffic deaths or suicides, and most of the increase in overdose deaths since 2010 can be attributed to opioids--a class of drugs that includes both prescription pain relievers and illegal narcotics. We look at trends in drug use and overdose deaths to document how the opioid epidemic has evolved over time and to determine whether it could be large enough to impact the labor force.

Invisible Handshakes in Lancashire: Cotton Spinning in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

1986 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Huberman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Auction Market ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
Employment Adjustment ◽  
Set Up

In Lancashire cotton spinning in the heyday of laissez-faire capitalism the labor market did not operate as an auction market. Evidence on piece-rate flexibility, length of tenure, and seniority is consistent with Okun's contract approach. Both workers and firms incurred initial set-up costs. Workers wanted to protect their initial investments in training, and firms, faced with a labor supply that varied in reliability and regularity, had a desire to cover initial hiring and tryout costs. The need to maintain long-term attachments had implications for wage and employment adjustment and the age structure of the labor force.

scholarly journals Tráfico inducido en México: contribuciones al debate e implicaciones de política pública / Induced Traffic in Mexico: Contributions to the Debate and Public Policy Implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Galindo ◽  
David Ricardo Heres ◽  
Luis Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Road ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Over Time

El principal objetivo de este estudio es identificar la existencia del fenómeno del tráfico inducido en México. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la ampliación de las vialidades en México origina un aumento de los viajes y de los kilómetros recorridos como consecuencia de una disminución del tiempo de traslado. Esto es, la demanda de viajes puede modelarse como una función de demanda tradicional en donde una disminución de los costos por transporte, que incluyen tanto costos monetarios directos como de tiempo, se traduce en un aumento de la cantidad o longitud de los viajes. Las estimaciones realizadas indican que la elasticidad de las vialidades al consumo de gasolina es de 0.15, confirmando la presencia del tráfico inducido. Asimismo se presentan algunos ejercicios preliminares sobre posibles estimaciones del tráfico inducido para vialidades específicas, aunque debe reconocerse que los valores estimados para el país no necesariamente se aplican al caso de la Ciudad de México. El conjunto de resultados obtenidos indica que la ampliación de la infraestructura vial viene asociada a un aumento menos que proporcional del tráfico, pues se disminuye momentáneamente la razón de uso de las vialidades que, paulatinamente, se va incrementando. De este modo la ampliación vial genera en el corto plazo una mejora en el servicio que tiende a deteriorarse con el tiempo. Esta mejora en el servicio debe sin embargo evaluarse con referencia a los costos que implica en el largo plazo una opción de desarrollo urbano que privilegia el uso del automóvil como medio de transporte en contraposición a otras alternativas. AbstractThe main purpose of this study is to identify the existence of the phenomenon of induced traffic in Mexico. The results obtained indicate that the expansion of roads in Mexico leads to an increase in the number of trips made and kilometers traveled as a result of a reduction in the time taken to move from one place to another. In other words, the demand for trips can be modeled as a function of traditional demand, where a reduction of transport costs, which includes both monetary and time costs, translates into an increase in the number and length of trips. The estimates made indicate that the elasticity of roads to gasoline consumption is 0.15, which confirms the presence of induced traffic. Certain preliminary exercises have also been carried out on possible estimates of induced traffic for specific roads, although it should be recalled that the values estimated for the country as a whole do not necessarily apply to Mexico City. The set of results obtained indicates that the expansion of the road system is associated with a less than proportional increase in traffic, since there is a momentary decrease in the use of the roads that are gradually increased. Thus, in the short term, the expansion of roads leads to an improvement in service that gradually deteriorates over time. This improved service must, however, be evaluated with reference to the long-term costs of a form of urban development that favors the use of the automobile as a means of transport as opposed to other alternatives.

scholarly journals Evolution of Behavior, Uncertainty, and the Difficulty of Predicting Labor Force Participation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Patrick Higgins ◽  
Julie L Hotchkiss ◽  
Ellyn Terry
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Labor Market Conditions ◽  
Over Time

This paper demonstrates the difficulty of forecasting labor force participation (LFP) rates by showing that a random walk does just as well as select sophisticated econometric models in predicting short-term aggregate LFP. Most efforts to improve forecasts of LFP focus on fine-tuning predictions of determinants (i.e., demographics and labor market conditions). However, we show that even perfect knowledge of future demographic trends and labor market conditions is not enough to overcome the additional difficulty posed by changes in behavior over time. Behavior in this paper refers to the way in which demographics and labor market conditions impact labor supply decisions (i.e., parameter coefficients).

scholarly journals Labor Market Status of Older Males in the United States, 1880-1940

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chulhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Older Males ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the labor market status of older males in the early twentieth century, focusing on how the extent of pressure toward retirement differed across occupations and how it changed over time. A comparison of the probability of retirement across occupations shows that men who had better occupations in terms of economic status and work conditions were less likely to retire than were those with poorer jobs. The difficulty faced by older workers in the labor market, as measured by the relative incidence of long-term unemployment, was relatively severe among craftsmen, operatives, and salesmen. In contrast, aged farmers, professionals, managers, and proprietors appear to have fared well in the labor market. The pattern of shifts in the occupational structure that occurred between 1880 and 1940 suggests that industrialization had brought a growth of the sectors in which the pressure toward departure from employment at old ages was relatively strong.

scholarly journals Job Loss and the Fraying of the Implicit Employment Contract

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin F. Hallock
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Implicit Contract ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Job Tasks ◽  
Mass Layoffs ◽  
Over Time

Most workers have one employment contract that is explicit and another one that is implicit. The explicit employment contract specifies working hours, compensation, and job tasks. The implicit contract involves expectations about the extent to which the employment relationship is likely to continue over time. Will the firms will seek to avoid mass layoffs unless or until absolutely necessary? Will firms cushion the wages and compensation of employees to some extent from broad swings in the economy? Will employees show some degree of loyalty to the firm? This paper will argue that, along a number of dimensions, the nature of the worker–firm employment relationship may have changed substantially in recent years—a group of changes that as a whole have negatively affected the lives of workers and produced modest, if any, benefits for firms. If employers have become less involved with cushioning the blow of unemployment and avoiding layoffs where possible, then public policy might have a role to play in spreading the burden of a down labor market so that the burden is not borne so heavily by those who lose their jobs entirely.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

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