THE INFLUENCE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS ON CONGRESS

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Charles Tien ◽  
Dena Levy
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
House Floor ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn this paper we approach, from a different angle than previous research, the question of whether gains in descriptive representation for African Americans result in losses in substantive representation. By looking at how the presence of African Americans has changed Congress over time, we assess the long-term impact of electing more African Americans to Congress on substantive representation. Specifically, we content analyze House floor debates on civil rights legislation, from 1957 to 1991, and find that Black members have influenced how White members talk about civil rights.

Naturalistic Study of the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depressive Relapse

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 764-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Fitzgerald ◽  
Jessica Benitez ◽  
Anthony R. De Castella ◽  
Timothy L. Brown ◽  
Z. Jeff Daskalakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression has been assessed in a number of acute treatment trials during the last 10 years. Little is known about the long-term impact of the treatment on the disorder and its effectiveness when applied for repeated relapses of depression over time. Method: Nineteen patients who had previously responded to rTMS in clinical trials received treatment with rTMS for a total of 30 episodes of depressive relapse. Results: Approximately 10 months elapsed between treatment episodes. The majority of patients achieved a significant improvement in each treatment course with significant improvements achieved in patients treated with both low-frequency right-sided rTMS and high-frequency left-sided rTMS. Conclusions: The study suggests that rTMS may have value in the treatment of episodes of depressive relapse with little reduction in efficacy over time.

Peak Impact Accelerations during Track and Treadmill Running

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M.R. Bigelow ◽  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Acrylic Plate ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Wireless Accelerometer ◽  
Vertical Impact ◽  
Over Time

To determine whether peak vertical and horizontal impact accelerations were different while running on a track or on a treadmill, 12 healthy subjects (average age 32.8 ± 9.8 y), were fitted with a novel, wireless accelerometer capable of recording triaxial acceleration over time. The accelerometer was attached to a custom-made acrylic plate and secured at the level of the L5 vertebra via a tight fitting triathlon belt. Each subject ran 4 miles on a synthetic, indoor track at a self-selected pace and accelerations were recorded on three perpendicular axes. Seven days later, the subjects ran 4 miles on a treadmill set at the individual runner’s average pace on the track and the peak vertical and horizontal impact magnitudes between the track and treadmill were compared. There was no difference (P= .52) in the average peak vertical impact accelerations between the track and treadmill over the 4 mile run. However, peak horizontal impact accelerations were greater (P= .0012) on the track when compared with the treadmill. This study demonstrated the feasibility for long-term impact accelerations monitoring using a novel wireless accelerometer.

scholarly journals Modelling the evolution of COVID-19 in high-incidence European countries and regions: estimated number of infections and impact of past and future intervention measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernandez-Recio
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

A previously developed mechanistic model of COVID-19 transmission has been adapted and applied here to study the evolution of the disease and the effect of intervention measures in some European countries and territories where the disease had major impact. A clear impact of the major intervention measures on the reproduction number (Rt) has been found in all studied countries and territories, as already suggested by the drop in the number of deaths over time. Interestingly, the impact of such major intervention measures seems to be the same in most of these countries. The model has also provided realistic estimates of the total number of infections, active cases and future outcome. While the predictive capabilities of the model are much more uncertain before the peak of the outbreak, we could still reliably predict the evolution of the disease after a major intervention by assuming the afterwards reproduction number from current study. More challenging is to foresee the long-term impact of softer intervention measures, but this model can estimate the outcome of different scenarios and help planning changes in the implementation of control measures in a given country or region.

Simulated Osteotomy of the Trapezium Reduces Radial Subluxation and Improves Contact Pressure Distribution Across the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint in Lateral Pinch

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deana Mercer ◽  
Christina Salas ◽  
James Love ◽  
Letitia Lansing ◽  
Amanda Medoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joint Laxity ◽  
Carpometacarpal Joint ◽  
Contact Pressure Distribution ◽  
Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint ◽  
Thumb Carpometacarpal ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Flexion And Extension ◽  
Cmc Joint ◽  
Over Time

Joint laxity and radial subluxation of the metacarpal on the trapezium have been associated with arthritis of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb. In normal flexion and extension of the thumb, the ligaments and the joint are minimally stressed. However, in opposition and lateral pinch (key pinch), the two surfaces rotate on each other, generating an unequal surface stress. Over time, the unequal stresses lead to an asymmetrical wear pattern. This leads to increased strain on the ligaments and may lead to subluxation over time.1 Surgical treatment of early arthritis of the CMC joint includes ligament reconstruction or first metacarpal extension osteotomy to decrease joint laxity. Once laxity exists, joint degeneration is accelerated.2 The long-term impact of painful CMC arthritis on activities of daily living can be debilitating.

Case Studies of Exceptional People: What Can They Teach Us?

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Colby
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Case Material ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Moral Commitment ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article describes the use of the case study method for the investigation of exceptional moral commitment. William Damon and I used the case study method in this research because we were interested in sustained, long-term moral commitment and in the transformation of moral goals over time within the context of life histories, social relationships, and other influences. The study yielded in-depth life history interviews with 23 people who were selected for having worked for many years to address such issues as civil rights, poverty, and peace. Case material was used to illustrate and flesh out a theoretical account of a developmental process called the transformation of goals through social influence. The use of 23 diverse cases also allowed us to identify common characteristics that cut across the interviews. The three main themes that emerged from the case material were certainty, positivity, and unity of self and moral goals. (Psychology; Human Development; Case Study)

Long-Term Impact of a District-Wide School/Community-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Initiative on Gateway Drug Use

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Lohrmann ◽  
Randi J. Alter ◽  
Robert Greene ◽  
Tina M. Younoszai
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Abuse Prevention ◽  
Abuse Prevention ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Over Time

This study examined long-term effects of a school/family/community substance abuse prevention partnership intervention lead by a Midwestern school district. Previous findings suggested that the program contributed to decreased tobacco and marijuana, but not alcohol, use prior to and after implementation between 1987 and 1991. The current study examined 8th-12th grade student drug use prevalence data from 1991 and 2003 to determine whether previous program effects were sustained. With one exception, reported lifetime and monthly cigarette use decreased below 1991 levels for all grades. Lifetime and monthly alcohol use decreased below 1991 levels for most grades, a result not previously detected. While still below national rates, reported lifetime use of marijuana increased for all grades over time. The intervention was effective in reducing cigarette and alcohol use over time and in suppressing marijuana use levels below national rates; however, these gains tended to erode in later high school grades.

The Greatest Handicap Suffered by Crippled Workers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Ford Motor Company ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
Disabled Workers ◽  
Over Time

As Chapter 5 shows, another public policy intended to prevent dependency—workmen’s compensation—greatly exacerbated disabled workers’ difficulties on the mainstream labor market. Originally intended to aid families who had lost a breadwinner to death or disability, compensation laws could not encompass the immense diversity of disabilities and their mutability over time. The statutes also did nothing to address the long-term financial challenges faced by workers who became permanently disabled. Due to the segregated nature of the labor force, furthermore, rarely did women and African Americans receive compensation for their work-induced illnesses and disabilities. Making matters worse, the structure of compensation tables created financial incentives for employers to exclude workers with disabilities, regardless of their origin. By the 1920s, nearly all major employers made it a practice to require physical examinations before hiring workers. Even Ford Motor Company substantially reduced its hiring of new workers with disabilities, although it retained many existing ones.

Prisons Within Prisons: The Use of Segregation in the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Browne ◽  
Alissa Cambier ◽  
Suzanne Agha
Keyword(s):  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Over Time

Since the 1980s, departments of corrections have sharply increased the use of segregation as a discipline and management tool. In effect, segregation is a secondary sentence imposed by the correctional facility—one that follows long after and usually is unrelated to the conviction for which the person is incarcerated. The consequences of holding an individual in these conditions over time may include new or exacerbated mental health disturbances, assaultive and other antisocial behaviors, and chronic and acute health disorders. In fact, studies show that prisoners who are released from segregation directly to the community reoffend at higher rates than general-population prisoners. Policy changes that will reduce the use and long-term impact of segregation will benefit not only the staff and prisoners in these units but also ultimately the well-being of facilities, systems, and the community.

“An Abominable Conclave of Negro Hating Demons”

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Andre E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 charts Turner’s acrimonious “relationship” with the Supreme Court. Starting with the Civil Rights Bill of 1875, the chapter examines how Turner’s support and belief that the Supreme Court could or would do anything to promote fairness and protect the rights of African Americans eroded over time. For Turner, as decision after decision nullified the spirit of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments, and moved America from the progress of Reconstruction, Turner’s rhetoric towards the Supreme Court and against the nation grew more bitter and his denouncements became much stronger.

“Out of These Ghettos, People Who Would Fight”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Gold
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
York City ◽  
Rent Control ◽  
Community Power ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines the rent strikes that erupted in Harlem and other ghettos in the 1960s. Ideologically, the rent strikes blur the line between civil rights liberalism and Black Power. Rent strikers renounced the liberal integrationist vision—moving out of the ghetto—that had animated the previous decade's black housing struggles. Instead they sought to improve conditions and build power within the segregated neighborhoods where they, like most African Americans, actually lived. This chapter considers the rent rebellion launched by ghetto residents, drawing inspiration from the burgeoning civil rights movement and support from New York's longtime tenant advocates. It shows that this rent rebellion won modest material improvements and contributed to a growing movement for community power in the ghettos. One of the strikes' main achievements was to galvanize tenants throughout New York City at a critical moment in the long-term fight over rent control. The chapter also discusses issues of gender and race in the Harlem rent strikes.

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