scholarly journals METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS

2017 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Zh. E. Belyan ◽  
I. V. Buynevich ◽  
S. V. Goponiako
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Tuberculosis Therapy

The decoding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome opened new possibilities for the development of new diagnostic methods based on detection of antigen-specific immune response. New methods detecting the immune response to proteins which are mostly produced by actively propogating pathogenic microbacteriummake it possible to assess the risk for development of active tuberculosis in patients with latent tuberculosis as well as to prescribe preventive treatment. Their results may be used as a criterion for complex assessment of active tuberculosis and efficiency of anti-tuberculosis therapy.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Developing Active Tuberculosis After the Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis in Adults Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Amoakwa ◽  
Neil A. Martinson ◽  
Lawrence H. Moulton ◽  
Grace L. Barnes ◽  
Reginah Msandiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Therapy ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Baseline Viral Load ◽  
Test Size ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and rates of tuberculosis remain high even after preventive therapy. Among 908 HIV-infected adults in a trial of preventive treatment, we found self-reported alcohol consumption, low baseline CD4 count, high baseline viral load, and tuberculin skin test size >15 mm as independent risk factors for incident tuberculosis.

scholarly journals A Broad Profile of Co-Dominant Epitopes Shapes the Peripheral Mycobacterium tuberculosis Specific CD8+ T-Cell Immune Response in South African Patients with Active Tuberculosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e58309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Axelsson-Robertson ◽  
André G. Loxton ◽  
Gerhard Walzl ◽  
Marthie M. Ehlers ◽  
Marleen M. Kock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
South African ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
African Patients

PpiA antigen specific immune response is a potential biomarker for latent tuberculosis infection

Tuberculosis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Pathakumari ◽  
Deenadayalan Anbarasu ◽  
R.T. Parthasarathy ◽  
Alamelu Raja
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Potential Biomarker

scholarly journals Immune Response to Mycobacterial Infection: Lessons from Flow Cytometry

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikoletta Rovina ◽  
Marios Panagiotou ◽  
Konstantinos Pontikis ◽  
Magdalini Kyriakopoulou ◽  
Nikolaos G. Koulouris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Reliable Diagnosis ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Two Stages

Detecting and treating active and latent tuberculosis are pivotal elements for effective infection control; yet, due to their significant inherent limitations, the diagnostic means for these two stages of tuberculosis (TB) to date remain suboptimal. This paper reviews the current diagnostic tools for mycobacterial infection and focuses on the application of flow cytometry as a promising method for rapid and reliable diagnosis of mycobacterial infection as well as discrimination between active and latent TB: it summarizes diagnostic biomarkers distinguishing the two states of infection and also features of the distinct immune response againstMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) at certain stages of infection as revealed by flow cytometry to date.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in Diagnosis Methods for Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Its Clinical Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Ling Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

AbstractMost people with latentMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection can partly develop active tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, diagnosis of this condition bears significance in early TB prevention. To date, the main methods for diagnosis of latent TB infection (LTBI) include tuberculin skin test and interferon γ release test. These two methods feature their own advantages and disadvantages. Although new diagnostic markers continually emerge, no uniform diagnostic criteria are available for TB detection. This study summarizes several methods for diagnosis of LTBI and new related markers and their application value in clinical practice.

scholarly journals The Use of Interferon Gamma Release Assays in the Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvan M. Vesenbeckh ◽  
Nicolas Schönfeld ◽  
Harald Mauch ◽  
Thorsten Bergmann ◽  
Sonja Wagner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assays ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Low Prevalence

Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) arein vitroimmunologic diagnostic tests used to identifyMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. They cannot differentiate between latent and active infections. The cutoff suggested by the manufacturer is 0.35 IU/mL for latent tuberculosis. As IGRA tests were recently approved for the differential diagnosis of active tuberculosis, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the latest generation IGRA for detection of active tuberculosis in a low-incidence area in Germany. Our consecutive case series includes 61 HIV negative,Mycobacterium tuberculosisculture positive patients, as well as 234 control patients. The retrospective analysis was performed over a period of two years. In 11/61 patients with active tuberculosis (18.0%) the test result was <0.35 IU/mL, resulting in a sensitivity of 0.82. We recommend establishing a new cut-off value for the differential diagnosis of active tuberculosis assessed by prospective clinical studies and in various regions with high and low prevalence of tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific Th22 cells and the effect of tuberculosis disease and HIV co-infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohau S. Makatsa ◽  
F. Millicent A. Omondi ◽  
Rubina Bunjun ◽  
Robert J. Wilkinson ◽  
Catherine Riou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Th22 Cells ◽  
Distinct Subset ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTThe development of a highly effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is likely dependent on our understanding of what constitutes a protective immune response to TB. Accumulating evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells producing IL-22, a distinct subset termed ‘Th22’ cells, may contribute to protective immunity to TB. Thus, we characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific Th22 (and Th1 and Th17) cells in 72 individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or TB disease, with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We investigated the functional properties (IFN-γ, IL-22 and IL-17 production), memory differentiation (CD45RA, CD27 and CCR7) and activation profile (HLA-DR) of Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells. In HIV-uninfected individuals with LTBI, we detected abundant IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells (median: 0.93%) and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells (median: 0.46%) in response to Mtb. The frequency of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells was much lower, at a median of 0.06%. Consistent with previous studies, IL-22 was produced by a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells and not co-expressed with IL-17. Mtb-specific IL-22 responses were markedly reduced (median: 0.08%) in individuals with TB disease and HIV co-infection compared to IFN-γ responses. Mtb-specific Th22 cells exhibited a distinct memory and activation phenotype compared to Th1 and Th17 cells. Furthermore, Mtb-specific IL-22 was produced by conventional CD4+ T cells that required T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. In conclusion, we confirm that Th22 cells contribute substantially to the immune response to TB. Depletion of Mtb-specific Th22 cells during HIV co-infection may contribute to increased risk of TB disease.

scholarly journals The Role of microRNAs and Long Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manikuntala Kundu ◽  
Joyoti Basu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Mycobacterial Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Non-coding RNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the immune response to infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which regulate host defense mechanisms against viruses, bacteria and fungi. They are involved in the delicate interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), and its host, which dictates the course of infection. Differential expression of miRNAs upon infection with M. tuberculosis, regulates host signaling pathways linked to inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis and polarization of macrophages. Experimental evidence suggests that virulent M. tuberculosis often utilize host miRNAs to promote pathogenicity by restricting host-mediated antibacterial signaling pathways. At the same time, host- induced miRNAs augment antibacterial processes such as autophagy, to limit bacterial proliferation. Targeting miRNAs is an emerging option for host-directed therapies. Recent studies have explored the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in the regulation of the host response to mycobacterial infection. Among other functions, lncRNAs interact with chromatin remodelers to regulate gene expression and also function as miRNA sponges. In this review we attempt to summarize recent literature on how miRNAs and lncRNAs are differentially expressed during the course of M. tuberculosis infection, and how they influence the outcome of infection. We also discuss the potential use of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of active and latent tuberculosis. Comprehensive understanding of the role of these non-coding RNAs is the first step towards developing RNA-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools for the treatment of TB.

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