scholarly journals A1.1 - Electrical Strain Gauges, Piezoelectric Sensors or Fiber Bragg Sensors for Force Measurement: Prospects and Potentials

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. Kleckers
Keyword(s):  
Force Measurement ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges

scholarly journals Static Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Kyungrim Kim ◽  
Jinwook Kim ◽  
Xiaoning Jiang ◽  
Taeyang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Piezoelectric Effect ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Static Force ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Direct Piezoelectric Effect

In force measurement applications, a piezoelectric force sensor is one of the most popular sensors due to its advantages of low cost, linear response, and high sensitivity. Piezoelectric sensors effectively convert dynamic forces to electrical signals by the direct piezoelectric effect, but their use has been limited in measuring static forces due to the easily neutralized surface charge. To overcome this shortcoming, several static (either pure static or quasistatic) force sensing techniques using piezoelectric materials have been developed utilizing several unique parameters rather than just the surface charge produced by an applied force. The parameters for static force measurement include the resonance frequency, electrical impedance, decay time constant, and capacitance. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanism of these piezoelectric-type, static force sensing methods that use more than the direct piezoelectric effect. We also highlight the challenges and potentials of each method for static force sensing applications.

Erfahrungen mit alternativen Kraftmessungen/Experiences with alternative force measurements - Comparing sensor-integrated toolholders to traditional piezo-based measurement technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Patrick Georgi ◽  
Ssrah Eschelbacher ◽  
Thomas Stehle ◽  
Hans-Christian Möhring
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Force ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
The One

Die Prozessüberwachung spielt in der Zerspanung eine immer wichtiger werdende Rolle. So können zum Beispiel mittels Zerspankraftmessungen ökonomisch optimierte Parameter in Zerspanprozessen gefunden werden, die zu einer Verbesserung der Auslastung von Werkzeug und Maschine führen. Des Weiteren kann über die Zerspankraft auf den aktuellen Verschleißzustand der Werkzeuge im Prozess sowie auf die jeweils erreichbare Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit zurückgeschlossen werden. Für Zerspankraftmessungen gibt es eine Vielzahl an zur Verfügung stehenden Kraftmesssystemen; zum einen traditionelle Messtechnik auf Basis von Piezosensoren zur Kraftmessung und zum anderen Kraftmesstechnik auf der Basis von Dehnmessstreifen (DMS). Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Kraftaufnahme bei Fräs- und Bohrprozessen, bei denen beide Kraftmesssysteme simultan eingesetzt wurden.   Process monitoring plays an increasingly important role in machining. For example, through cutting force measurements, it is possible to find economically optimal parameters in the milling process, which lead to an improvement in the utilization of the tool and the machine. Furthermore, the cutting force can be used to deduce the state of wear of the tools in the process. There are varieties of available force measuring systems for this purpose; on the one hand, traditional measuring technology based on piezo sensors for force measurement and the other force measuring technology based on strain gauges (strain gauges). This article examines the force absorption in milling and drilling processes where both force-measuring systems were used simultaneously.

Dynamic Force Measurement with Strain Gauges

1974 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-110
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Force Measurement ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Dynamic Force

Microfabrication and Characterization of Tool Embedded Ni-Chrome Thin Film Micro-Sensors for Cutting Force Measurement

2016 ◽  
Vol 693 ◽  
pp. 1074-1081
Author(s):  
Yun Ping Cheng ◽  
Wen Ge Wu ◽  
Xiao Jun Du ◽  
Chun Hua An
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Thin Film Sensor ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Cutting Force Measurement ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Machining Operations

This paper investigated the fabrication and design of embedded Ni-chrome thin-film strain gauges as micro-sensors in tool holders to measure the cutting force in machining operations. A Ni-chrome thin film as piezoresistive material sensor device is embedded within a substrate structure through brazing bonding process, which consists of a Ti6Al4V substrate, a Nickel-chromium thin film sensor and an Alumina insulating layer. The thin-films were characterized by 3D Super Depth Digital Microscope, SEM/EDS, Stylus profiler, to study microstructure, material composition, thickness and sheet resistance respectively. The thin-film strain gauges are calibrated in a cantilever beam setup. Accordingly, in-process cutting force measurement systems are established. The results showed that the thin-film sensor had good linearity and more elaborate structure and superior properties.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Clamping and Cutting Force Measurements with Built-In Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Rezvani ◽  
Chang-Ju Kim ◽  
Simon S. Park ◽  
Jihyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Clamping Force ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Milling Forces

The intensity of the clamping force during milling operations is very important, because an excessive clamping force can distort the workpiece, while inadequate clamping causes slippage of the workpiece. Since the overall clamping force can be affected by the cutting forces throughout machining, it is necessary to monitor the change of clamping and the cutting forces during the process. This paper proposes a hybrid system in the form of a vise with built-in strain gauges and in-house-developed piezoelectric sensors for simultaneous measurement of clamping and cutting forces. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors are fabricated and embedded in a layered jaw to measure the dynamic forces of the machine tool. A cross-shaped groove within the jaw is designed to embed strain gauges, which predominantly measure the static clamping forces. Sensor fusion technology combining the signals of the strain gauges and PZT piezoelectric sensors is used to investigate the interactions between cutting forces and clamping forces. The results show average errors of 11%, 17%, and 6% for milling forces in X, Y, and Z directions, respectively; and 19% error for clamping forces, confirming the capability of the setup to monitor the forces in milling.

Study on Wheel/Rail Interaction Force Real-Time Monitoring Method Based on Piezoelectric Sensing Technology

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Song ◽  
Yan Liang Du ◽  
Bao Chen Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Interaction Force ◽  
Test System ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Test Requirements

Measurement of wheel/rail contact forces is of importance. Traditional methods for wheel/rail interaction force measurement all need strain gauges on wheel sets and/or rails. Because strain gauges have the performances of zero-drift, poor anti-interference property and instability of test system, they can’t meet wheel/rail force test requirements in high-speed and heavy haul railways. A new method based on PVDF piezoelectric sensing technology is presented for the test of vertical and horizontal wheel/rail force in this paper. Firstly, based on the wheel/rail interaction characteristics, the restriction condition of track and strain sensing principle of PVDF films, principle for measuring vertical and lateral wheel/rail interaction forces is proposed. Then a series of tests were carried out to compare the performance of PVDF strain sensors with the one of strain gauges. The results show that the PVDF strain sensor has better reliability in wheel/rail force monitoring. Finally numerical analysis by Finite Element Method has been carried out to verify the feasibility of the method presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Influence of Trajectory and Dynamics of Vehicle Motion on Signal Patterns in the WIM System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 7895
Author(s):  
Artur Ryguła ◽  
Andrzej Maczyński ◽  
Krzysztof Brzozowski ◽  
Marcin Grygierek ◽  
Aleksander Konior
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Measurement Reliability ◽  
Class A ◽  
Vehicle Motion ◽  
Axle Loads ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents the analyses of the signals recorded by the main sensors of a WIM test station in the cases of abnormal runs (i.e., runs with the changes of trajectory or the dynamics of vehicle motion). The research involved strain gauges which are used for measuring the weight of vehicles, inductive loops, as well as piezoelectric sensors used, inter alia, to detect twin wheels and to determine where a vehicle passes through a station. Since the designers intend the station to be able to implement the direct enforcement function, the selection of runs deviating from the normative ones constitutes an important issue for the assessment of the measurement reliability. The study considered the location of the trajectory of the runs, the dynamics (acceleration/braking) and the trajectory changes. The change in the amplitude and the value of the signal recorded by the strain gauges as a function of the location (position) of the contact between sensor and tires is a noteworthy observation which indicates the need to monitor this parameter in automatic WIM systems. Other tests also demonstrated the influence of the analysed driving parameters on the recorded results. However, by equipping the WIM station with a set of duplicate strain gauges, the measurement errors of the gross weight and axle loads are normally within the accuracy limits of class A(5) stations. Only in the case of accelerating/decelerating, does the error in measuring the load of a single axle reach several per cent.

Die fühlende Seilschleifmaschine/The feeling diamond wire saw – Development of a force-controlled all-electric mobile diamond wire saw

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (09) ◽  
pp. 602-607
Author(s):  
Berend Denkena ◽  
Benjamin Bergmann ◽  
Björn-Holger Rahner
Keyword(s):  
Force Control ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Diamond Wire ◽  
Electric System ◽  
Wire Saw ◽  
Diamond Wire Saw ◽  
The Wire

Das mobile Seilschleifen ist ein hochflexibles und produktives Trennschleifverfahren. Nachteilig ist jedoch der Einsatz von unterschiedlichen Energieformen. Für einen rein elektrischen Betrieb fehlt das Wissen über die wirkende Seilspannung, sodass eine elektrische Kraftregelung der Seilspannung unzureichend möglich ist (Seilriss). In diesem Beitrag werden ein Ansatz zur kostengünstigen Seilkraftmessung (Dehnungsmessstreifen) und Einflüsse auf die Seilkraftmessung vorgestellt.   Mobile wire sawing is a highly flexible and productive cut-off grinding process. However, a disadvantage is the use of different forms of energy. As there is no knowledge on the wire force applied in a fully electric system, an electric force control of the wire tension can only be performed insufficently (wire break). This paper presents an approach to low-cost wire force measurement (strain gauges) and influences on wire force measurement.

Measurement of Strain Using Strain Gauge and Piezoelectric Sensors

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kamal ◽  
Vinayak Kulkarni ◽  
Niranjan Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optical Strain ◽  
Semiconductor Strain

Today, measurement of strain plays a crucial role in different areas of research such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive industry, agriculture, and medical. Many researchers have used different types of strain transducers to measure strain in their relevant research fields. Strain can be measured using mainly two methods (i.e., electrical strain sensors and optical strain sensors). Electrical strain sensors consist basically of strain gauges, piezo film, etc. In electrical strain sensors, the strain gauge is one of the oldest and reliable strain sensors which are available in different types (i.e., wire strain gauge, foil strain gauge, and semiconductor strain gauge). Piezofilm is also playing an important role in the field of strain measurement due to easy availability and less cost.

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