Modelling Stress Distribution in a Flexible Beam Using Bond Graph Approach

The bond graph (BG) approach of modelling provides a unified approach for modelling the systems having components belonging to multi-energy domains. Moreover, as evident by its name, it is a graphical approach. The graphical nature provides a tool for conceptual visualization of the model. It also provides some algorithmic tools because of its formal structure and syntax, thereby enabling model consistency checks such as checking algebraic loops, etc. There are a large number of texts published in recent years that may be refereed for background material on the BG methodology. Though used in many applications, its use in modelling stress distribution in the system is limited. Finite element (FE) modelling has found wide applicability for the same. This chapter is aimed at providing background knowledge, a comparison of BG approach with the FE approach, and a review of research progress of past two decades in this direction.

Performance of Strain Gauge in Strain Measurement and Brittle Coating Technique

The strain gauge system consists of a metallic foil supported in a carrier and bonded to the specimen by a suitable adhesive. Previous chapters discussed the construction, configuration, and the material of the strain gauge. The strain gauge has advantages over the other methods. A strain gauge can give directly the strain value as output. However, in optical methods, it is required to interpret the results. It is also required to be aware that the strain gauge technology is majorly used, and it can also be easily wrongly used. Hence, it is required to obtain the proper knowledge of the strain gauge to get the full benefit of the technology. This chapter covers the majorly on the performance of the strain gauge, its temperature effects, and strain selection. Further, this chapter also covers the brittle coating technique that is used to decide the position of the strain gauge in the applications.

Simulation of Mn2-x Fe1+x Al Intermetallic Alloys Microstructural Formation and Stress-Strain Development in Steel Casting

In this simulation, the permeation of the n-phase precipitation to the Mn2 Fe Al crystallization is induced by the steel casting solidification process by JMatPro. Using the model, the morphological evolution of the Fe and Mn in different percentages was obtained, in which the heated data obtained by simulating casting and extreme heat treatment processes were adopted. This chapter describes a model of the computer model for calculating the phase transition and properties of materials required to predict the deviation during the heat treatment of steel. The current model has the advantage of using a variety of shape memory alloys including medium to high aluminium-based Heusler alloys. Even for an arbitrary cooling profile, a wide range of physical, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties can be calculated as a function of time/temperature/cooling with different proportions. TTT (time-temperature transfer) curves are exported to FE-/FD-based packages to reduce the data distortion of materials. The test results are displayed as a stress-strain diagram.

Prominence in Understanding the Position of Drill Tool Using Acoustic Emission Signals During Drilling of CFRP/Ti6Al4V Stacks

CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries as structural components. The parts are made to near net shape and are assembled together. Aerospace standards demand rigid tolerance for the holes. While drilling stacks, during the exit of drill from CFRP and entry into Ti6Al4V, there is a change in the overall behavior of the drilling process due to changes in the mechanical properties of the two materials. Hence, stacks should be drilled under their optimal machining conditions in order to achieve better hole quality. The machining parameters and tool geometry are different for CFRP and Ti6Al4V. This requires knowing the thickness of the CFRP and Ti6Al4V layers beforehand so that at the time of drill tool transition from CFRP to Ti6Al4V the machining parameters can be altered. But in aircraft bodies the cross-section varies along the profile and the thickness of the individual layers at different locations. The current study proposes the use of acoustic emission (AE) signals to monitor the drill position while drilling of CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks.

Optical X-Ray Diffraction Data Analysis Using the Williamson–Hall Plot Method in Estimation of Lattice Strain-Stress

Lattice stress and strain was analysed with estimated crystalline size of the synthesised ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles from x-ray diffraction data using Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. This very peculiar method was used to analyse the other physical parameters such as strain, stress, and energy density. Values calculated from the W-H method include uniform deformation model, uniform deformation stress model, and uniform deformation energy density model. These are very useful methods to label each data point on the Williamson-Hall plot according to the index of its reflection. Particularly, the root mean square value of strain was calculated from the interplanar distance using these three models. The three models have given different strain values by reason of the anisotropic nature of the nanopartcles. The average grain size of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles estimated from FESEM image, Scherrer's formula, and W-H analysis is relatively correlated.

Optical Methods in Stress Measurement

Stress will be produced in most of the engineering components related to their manufacturing process or because of their loading condition. For some special cases, both types also combined together and produce stress. Manufacturing processes like casting, welding, machining, and hot forming are creating the stress in the components. This stress will produce due to alteration of the microstructure (size, shape, phase composition, and orientation). Loading conditions are also produced stresses in the engineering components. This stress may be classified into compression, shear, tension, and fatigue. These depend on the load. Measuring the stresses in the components is very important because it can save a lot in terms of money, material, and manpower. A lot of techniques are used in industries to measure the stresses. Based on that, measurement techniques are broadly classified into two category, namely destructive and non-destructive techniques. Each method has its own advantages and limitations too. In this chapter, the optical method of measuring stress is discussed briefly.

Measurement of Strain Using Strain Gauge and Piezoelectric Sensors

Today, measurement of strain plays a crucial role in different areas of research such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive industry, agriculture, and medical. Many researchers have used different types of strain transducers to measure strain in their relevant research fields. Strain can be measured using mainly two methods (i.e., electrical strain sensors and optical strain sensors). Electrical strain sensors consist basically of strain gauges, piezo film, etc. In electrical strain sensors, the strain gauge is one of the oldest and reliable strain sensors which are available in different types (i.e., wire strain gauge, foil strain gauge, and semiconductor strain gauge). Piezofilm is also playing an important role in the field of strain measurement due to easy availability and less cost.

Introduction and Application of Strain Gauges

Strain gauge method is one of the essential and fundamental methods in experimental stress techniques that uses the resistance of the material to determine the stress at a point. The strain gauges can be used in a different combination called Rosette to obtain stress in various directions. This chapter intends to cover types of strain gauges, materials, and Rosette arrangements to provide the reader with an overview of the techniques. The chapter will discuss the basic physics behind the resistance measurement and take the reader into insights on how the developments were made to the application of strain gauges as experimental techniques.

Introduction to the Basics of Stress

For the design and development of new machine components, the researchers and engineers must have an extreme understanding of the stress, strain, and the basic equations/laws relating the stress to the strain. In this chapter, the authors show the basic concepts of stress developed in a component concerning the external loading and the loading concerning the body force. In this chapter, the following aspects were proposed to be briefly discussed: type of stresses, introduction to stress at particular node, stress equation relates the equilibrium of body, laws related to transformation of stress, states of stress, and sample solved problems related to the simple state of the stress system.

Finite Element Analysis of Chip Formation in Micro-Milling Operation

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a numerical technique in which product behavior under various loading conditions is predicted for ease of manufacturing. Due to its flexibility, its receiving research attention across domain discipline. This chapter aims to provide numerical investigation on chip formation in micro-end milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. It is widely used for medical applications. The chip formation process is simulated by a 3D model of flat end mill cutter with an edge radius of 5 μm. Tungsten carbide is used as a tool material. ABACUS-based FEA package is used to simulate the chip formation in micro-milling operation. Appropriate input parameters are chosen from the published literature and industrial standards. 3-D orthogonal machining model is developed under symmetric proposition and assumptions in order to reveal the chip formation mechanism. It is inferred that the developed finite element model clearly shows stress development in the cutting region at the initial stage is higher. It reduces further due to tool wear along the cutting zone.