scholarly journals PERGUMULAN ISLAM DAN KOLONIALISME ABAD KE 18 DAN 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Syaripuddin Daulay
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Sector ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the 16th century the colonizers came to Indonesia one after another. Starting with the Portuguese, then moving on to the Netherlands and ending with the Japanese. After that, actually there was colonialism carried out by the British before Indonesia's independence. Although briefly, but enough to swallow many victims and various losses. Indeed, until the end of the 19th century colonialism was still visible in various parts of the world. This paper is qualitative, with a library research approach. The struggle of Muslims with colonialism in the field of education was when the Dutch discriminated against Islamic educational institutions (pesantren). In the field of the Dutch economy managed to make the Muslim economy slumped. At first the Muslim profession was located in the center of trade but was taken over by the Dutch by spreading false Hadith that "it is better to linger in the mosque than in the market. In the Dutch political sector, two methods were used to colonize Muslims. These methods are the method of ethical politics (reciprocity) and the politics of fighting sheep (devide et impera). Many Muslims, especially kings and sultans, chose the "safe way" to join the Netherlands because they considered the Dutch to have done a great job

scholarly journals Cidade Velha de Salamanca : Património Monumental do Século XVI

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
Tara Trancón
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Santiago De Compostela ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Cultural Interest ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
New Situation

The policies regarding the protection and safeguard of Heritage through the classification of monuments as Goods of Cultural Interest has benefited the city of Salamanca since the 19th century. Both the historic-artistic complex of “Barrio Viejo" and "Barrio Catedralicio" were included in the list of the World Heritage in 1988. Salamanca has 40 of Goods of Cultural Interest, mainly from the 16th century. This was a time of great progress and adaptation to a new arquitectonic language. This new situation also occurred in other Spanish cities such Santiago de Compostela or Plasencia, favoured by the publishing of the first Spanish treaty Medidas del Romano by Diego de Sagredo in 1526.

2. Imperialism, genocide, and the ‘science’ of race

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Ali Rattansi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The term ‘race’ entered English early in the 16th century, referring to family, lineage, and breed. In the 18th-century Enlightenment, the idea of race became incorporated into more systematic meditations on the nature of the world. ‘Imperialism, genocide, and the “science” of race’ explains how doctrines of race gained considerable strength with the growing slave trade, and how, in the 19th century, a range of theories emerged that explained all human variation on the basis of innate racial characteristics. The idea of nation also played a crucial role in the origins and development of racial thinking. The impact of imperialism, the rise of eugenics, social Darwinism, and the racial genocide of the Nazis are also outlined.

The theocrats take over: Education has been reduced to an instrument of the Islamic Revolutionary Council

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Jalil Bahar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
The 19Th Century

Soon after its beginning Islam gave birth to a cultural tradition of intellectual analysis and curiosity unrivalled among contemporary cultures. By this tradition, scholars adhering to other faiths were held in high esteem and given refuge and hospitality in Islamic societies. Consequently, an atmosphere of tolerance and freedom prevailed in most Islamic countries, including Iran, where education was free from domination by theologians. But towards the end of the 16th Century AD the clergy began to extend their control over academic life; and by the middle of the 19th Century the country's educational institutions, like the judiciary, had been turned into a realm of the clergy.

Aesthetics of the presence of women in Afghan cinema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Positive View ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cinema consists of two different dimensions of art and instrument. A tool that mixes with art and represents society in which anything can be depicted for others. But art has always sought to portray the beauties of this universe. The beauty that lies within philosophy. Since the advent of human beings, men have always sought to dominate and abuse women for their own benefit. In the 19th century, cinema entered the realm of existence and found its place in the human world. With the empowerment of cinema in the world, filmmakers tried to achieve their goals by using this tool.Many filmmakers use women as a propaganda tool to attract a male audience. In many films, when the hero of a movie succeeds in reaching a woman, or in doing so, she is succeeded by a woman. In this way, of course, women themselves are not faultless and have helped men abuse women. Afghanistan, a traditional and male-dominated country, has not been the exception, and in many Afghan films women have been instrumental zed and used in various ways to benefit men, and we have seen fewer films in which women be a movie hero or a woman in a movie like a man. This kind of treatment of women in Afghan films has caused other young Afghan girls to not have a positive view of Afghan cinema.

Islamic Tourism in Southeast Asia: The Concept and its Implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Zubaidi Wahyono ◽  
Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Regional Coordination ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Print Materials

Tourism has now become an important source of revenue for many countries in the world. The spillover from this booming and lucrative industry impacts positively the other sectors of the national economy in those countries. This situation is not only true in the advanced countries of the world, but also in the Muslim world. In this present study on Islamic tourism the researchers intend to investigate the definition, destination, purpose and ethical issues related to Islamic tourism. Very particularly, the study will focus on the situation in three of the Muslim countries situated in the region of Southeast Asia; namely Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. Driven by the passion to study on Islamic tourism, the researchers are interested to know the guiding principles set in these countries in contrast to others in the region. Apart from the crux of the investigation, on the peripheral, this study will also look into the topic of tourism from the Islamic ethical dimension, mainly referring to the Qur’an and Sunnah. As a qualitative study, the researchers will employ the library research approach in collecting the pertinent data related to the study. By using the textual-analysis method they will scrutinize data collected from online and print materials. It is hoped that this modest research can be a contribution in advancing Islamic tourism in the Malay Archipelago and elsewhere in the world. From this study, it could discovered initially that Islamic tourism is a huge opportunity for the Muslims in the region to develop further to tap the industry as well as to introduce the region with Muslim majority to the world. Enormous efforts have been done to promote and to develop the religious tourism in the region along with the conventional tourism generally and it had achieved significant results by attaining the top place in Islamic tourism industry. However a lot of works should be done such as the lack of standard facilities and promotions as well as the regional coordination in order to bring the religious industry to another level. It is necessary to expand the niche of Islamic tourism which is still below 20 percent out the conventional tourism industry largely.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

De windmolen

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
JOS BAZELMANS
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
At Home

The windmill. The origins of a Dutch icon The windmill is an icon of the Netherlands. But when did this instrument acquire this symbolic role at home and abroad? After all, mills are also common outside of the Netherlands. In this essay, it is argued that during the second half of the 19th century, foreigners systematically identified the Netherlands and the windmill for the first time. More than in other countries, there was a varied use of mills in the Netherlands, large and robust mills and clusters of industrial mills. Within the Netherlands itself, development towards an iconic position is only visible around the turn of the century when the mill turned out to be a plus in tourist recruitment abroad and when mills were slowly disappearing from the landscape.

Death Shall have no Dominion: The Passing of the World of the Dead in America

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Living World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Dead ◽  
American Society ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
The 19Th Century

The dead have largely lost their social importance, visibility, and impact in American society. This event is essentially a phenomenon of the present century. For three centuries prior, the dead world occupied a significant and readily recognizable place in the living world. Indeed, that place was growing rapidly through much of the 19th century. Causes of the reversal in relationship between the two worlds are examined and consequences of the present radical withdrawal from the dead are suggested.

Tenses in 19th-century Dutch sentence-grammar

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 187-205
Author(s):  
J. A. Le Loux-Schuringa
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
One To One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Summary In this paper some theories on tenses are described. These theories appeared in the Netherlands in the first half of the 19th century. The purpose is not just describing the different tense-systems of P. Weiland (1805), W. Bilderdijk (1826), W. G. Brill (1846) and L. A. te Winkel (1866). In the first half of the 19th century some fundamental changes took place. It is shown that these changes are based upon continuity of research of time and tense in the Dutch tradition. This continuity is found on three levels: (a) The research was concentrated on the verbal forms, no other information from the sentence was used. (b) The grammarians took the relationship between linguistic forms and logical categories as a one-to-one relation. (c) The morphological form of the Dutch language determined the grammatical representation of the tense-systems more and more.

scholarly journals FROM ORANJE NASSAU TO PULAU LAUT : THE INVEST OF COAL MINING IN SOUTHEAST KALIMANTAN FROM 1845 TO 1931

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Mansyur -
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Coal Market ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

European Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century brought great changes not only in Europe itself but also in other parts of the world including Indonesia which was used to be a country of Dutch colony. The invention of steam-powered ships triggered the Dutch to use steam-powered vessels as the alteration of yachts, wind-powered ships, in the 19th century. At the beginning, the steam-powered ships used rotating wheels in the left and right side; however, the ships finally used ordinary windmills or propellers. The decrease and the lack of this production was getting worsened the competition of other producer countries in world market and the unstable coal market and in crisis year in 1930, Pulau Laut Mining Company production dropped so that it was closed down in the same year.

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