scholarly journals Nutrition al manipulation of feeding behaviour of birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
E. J. Ubah ◽  
F. O. Abeke ◽  
I. I. Madziga
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Rate Experiment

 A research to manipulate the feeding behaviour of laying hens from nutritional perspective was conducted with 504 ISA Brown. Seventeen (17) week old ISA brown with weights ranging between 1590 and 1812 g were allocated to six dietary treatments. There were seven replicates per treatment with 12 birds each making a total of 42 pens in all. Experimental diets differed in the levels of energy, levels insoluble Non Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) and the particle sizes of the NSP. Birds had free access to water and feed during which feeding observations with video cameras were made to observe and record the feeding behaviour of birds at 17, 21, 25, 29, 33 and 35 weeks of age. A computer software programme called Observer 5.0 was used to analyze the observations by one person for 30 minutes per cage. In order to gain more insight in the feeding behaviour of laying hens, 60 laying hens were used for a passage rate experiment using titanium dioxide as an inert marker: Five birds were used for each dietary treatment, and replicated twice. At t=0, three titanium capsules were offered to each bird. After five different time points (30, 90, 180, 270 and 360 minutes), these birds were sacrificed and dissected. The gut (titanium) contents from different segments of the GIT (crop, gizzard, ileum, colon and caeca) of each bird were analysed using spectrophotometer at an absorbance of 408 nm. Results from the study indicate that the feeding behaviour of laying hen can be manipulated nutritionally. Bulky diets (10.6 MJ/kg) significantly (P<0.05) increased the eating time of laying hens by 15% compared with normal energy content (11.8 MJ/kg) and this led to consumption of more feed (average 2355g) than those of normal energy diets (2175g). Similarly, the separate effect of NSP, NSP coarseness and interaction between low energy; NSP and NSP coarseness influenced the eating behaviour. Feeding layers with low density diet containing a combination of low energy high NSP coarse NSP increased the amount of time birds spent feeding by 32% and consequently increased the feed intake by 11% (average feed intake of 135g ) above normal energy low NSP mixture diet (average feed intake of 120g). The passage rate experiment showed that Low energy High non starch polysaccharide coarse (LeHnspcoarse) diet reduces the gut transit time, thus birds quickly feel hungrier after a period of satiety, possibly resulting in a short inter-meal interval. Conclusively, the interaction between low energy, high NSP and NSP coarseness influence birds' feeding behaviour necessitating increase in eating time and faster passage rate via the GIT  

scholarly journals Xylanase, and the role of digestibility and hindgut fermentation in pigs on energetic differences among high and low energy corn samples1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4293-4297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L Petry ◽  
Helen V Masey O’Neill ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The experimental objective was to evaluate the digestibility and fermentation differences between high and low energy corn samples and their response to xylanase supplementation. Four corn samples, 2 with higher DE content (HE-1 and HE-2; 3.74 and 3.75 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively) and 2 with a lower DE content (LE-1 and LE-2; 3.63 and 3.56 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively) were selected based upon a previous digestibility trial. Sixteen individually housed barrows (PIC 359 × C29; initial BW = 34.8 ± 0.23kg) were surgically fitted with an ileal T-cannula and randomly allotted to treatments in an 8 × 4 Youden square design. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial: HE-1, HE-2, LE-1, and LE-2, with and without xylanase supplementation. Diets were formulated using one of the 4 corn samples, casein, vitamins, minerals, and 0.4% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Feed intake was established at approximately 3 times the estimated energy required for maintenance (NRC 2012) based upon the average initial BW of the pigs at the start of each collection period, which consisted of 9 d adaptation, 2 d of fecal, and 3 d of ileal collections. Diets, ileal, and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, GE, and total dietary fiber (TDF), to determine apparent total tract (ATTD), hindgut fermentation (HF), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients. A diet × enzyme interaction was not observed for any of the measured variables (P > 0.10). The HE-1 and HE-2 diets had greater ATTD of GE, and HE-2 diet had greater ATTD of DM (P < 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). Xylanase, independent of diet, improved the ATTD of GE and DM (84.8 vs. 83.6% for GE with and without enzyme, respectively, P = 0.008; and 84.2 and 83.0% with and without enzyme, respectively, P = 0.007). The energetic differences among these corn samples appeared to be driven by fermentability in the hindgut. Supplementing xylanase improves digestibility irrespective of the digestibility energy content of corn.

Pathogen-induced anorexia: a herbivore strategy or an unavoidable consequence of infection?

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Infected Animal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

A reduction in voluntary food intake is a common feature of infection with pathogens and is frequently referred to as pathogen-induced anorexia. Anorexia has been previously viewed either as an unavoidable consequence of infection or as an animal strategy that enables them to cope with the consequences of infection. Both approaches lead to certain expectations as far as the characteristics of anorexia are concerned. By linking anorexia to host immune response one should be able to make predictions about when and for how long anorexia would occur. By appreciating what an infected animal is trying to achieve through its feeding behaviour, one would be able to make predictions about the extent of anorexia on different quality foods. The thesis of the paper is that these approaches should no longer be viewed as mutually exclusive, but, by combining them, one should be able to make pathogen-induced anorexia more predictable. This is done in the development of a model that aims to predict the food intake of grazing sheep exposed to an abomasal parasite. The predictions of the model are consistent with the features and consequences of parasite-induced anorexia of sheep given access to moderate and high quality foods. However, there is a degree of uncertainty about the validity of predictions made by the model on anorexia seen on poor quality foods of low energy content. This is not a deficiency of the model developed but can be attributed to the lack of appropriate experiments against which model predictions can be tested.

scholarly journals Futteraufnahme und Fressverhalten wachsender Lämmer – 1. Mitteilung: Heritabilitäten und genetische Korrelationen

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wassmuth ◽  
E. Gernand ◽  
H. Lenz ◽  
C. Mendel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Test Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Total Data

Abstract. Title: Feed intake and eating behaviour of growing lambs, 1st communication: heritabilities and genetic correlations In the test stations “Grub” (Bavaria) and “Schöndorf” (Thuringia) data were collected on lambs of the breeds Merinolandschaf and Merino Longwool. Feed intake during the whole test period (FAP), feed efficiency (FAW), daily feed intake (TFM), the number of daily visits (TBH) and eating time (TBD) of lambs were measured. In total, data from 1,608 lambs with 37,161 daily records in “Grub” and 1,424 lambs with 35,356 daily records in “Schöndorf” were included. The aim of the present study was to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations for different traits of feed intake and eating behaviour. In “Schöndorf” the heritability of FAP and FAW was 0.29 and 0.32, respectively. In the test station “Grub” the heritability of the same traits was 0.58 and 0.57, respectively. The heritability of TBH, TBD and TFM were 0.33, 0.25 and 0.05, respectively, in “Schöndorf” and 0.49, 0.36 and 0.10, respectively, in “Grub”. The genetic correlations between the eating behaviour traits TBH and TBD on one hand and feed intake (FAP, FAW, TFM) on the other hand were low. It could be concluded that feed intake as well as eating behaviour showed considerable variances and heritabilities. Further, eating behaviour was not a good indicator of feed intake.

scholarly journals Chicken adaptive response to low energy diet: main role of the hypothalamic lipid metabolism revealed by a phenotypic and multi-tissue transcriptomic approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Jehl ◽  
Colette Désert ◽  
Christophe Klopp ◽  
Marine Brenet ◽  
Andrea Rau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract Background Production conditions of layer chicken can vary in terms of temperature or diet energy content compared to the controlled environment where pure-bred selection was undertaken. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of a 15%-energy depleted diet on egg-production, energy homeostasis and metabolism via a multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis. Study was designed to compare effects of the nutritional intervention in two layer chicken lines divergently selected for residual feed intake. Results Chicken significantly increased their feed intake and decreased their abdominal adipose tissue weight in response to the low-energy diet, whereas their egg-production was unchanged. For each production trait, no significant interaction was observed between diet and line. Moreover, the low energy diet had no effect on adipose tissue and liver transcriptomes. By contrast, the nutritional challenge affected the blood transcriptome and, more severely, the hypothalamus transcriptome which displayed 2700 differentially expressed genes. In this tissue, the low-energy diet lead to an over-expression of genes related to endocannabinoid signaling (CN1R, NAPE-PLD) known to regulate feed intake, and to genes related to polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis (FADS1, ELOVL5 and FADS2) such as the arachidonic acid which is a precursor of anandamide, a key endocannabinoid. A possible regulatory role of NR1H3 (alias LXRα) has been associated to these transcriptional changes. The low-energy diet further affected brain plasticity-related genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis and in the synaptic activity, revealing a link between nutrition and brain plasticity. It also upregulated genes related to protein synthesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the hypothalamus, suggesting reorganization in nutrient utilization and biological synthesis in this brain area. Conclusions We observed a complex transcriptome modulation in the hypothalamus of chicken in response to low-energy diet suggesting numerous changes in synaptic plasticity, endocannabinoid regulation, neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and protein synthesis. This global transcriptomic reprogramming could explain the adaptive behavioral response (i.e. increase of feed intake) of the animals to the low-energy content of the diet.

scholarly journals Chicken adaptive response to low energy diet: main role of the hypothalamic lipid metabolism revealed by a phenotypic and multi-tissue transcriptomic approach

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jehl ◽  
C. Désert ◽  
C. Klopp ◽  
M. Brenet ◽  
A. Rau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
System A ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract Background Production conditions of layer chicken can vary in terms of temperature or diet energy content compared to the controlled environment where pure-bred selection is undertaken. The aim of this study was to better understand the long-term effects of a 15%-energy depleted diet on egg-production, energy homeostasis and metabolism via a multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis. Study was designed to compare effects of the nutritional intervention in two layer chicken lines divergently selected for residual feed intake. Results Chicken adapted to the diet in terms of production by significantly increasing their feed intake and decreasing their body weight and body fat composition, while their egg production was unchanged. No significant interaction was observed between diet and line for the production traits. The low energy diet had no effect on adipose tissue and liver transcriptomes. By contrast, the nutritional challenge affected the blood transcriptome and, more severely, the hypothalamus transcriptome which displayed 2700 differentially expressed genes. In this tissue, the low-energy diet lead to an over-expression of genes related to endocannabinoid signaling (CN1R, NAPE-PLD) and to the complement system, a part of the immune system, both known to regulate feed intake. Both mechanisms are associated to genes related polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis (FADS1, ELOVL5 and FADS2), like the arachidonic acid, a precursor of anandamide, a key endocannabinoid, and of prostaglandins, that mediate the regulatory effects of the complement system. A possible regulatory role of NR1H3 (alias LXRα) has been associated to these transcriptional changes. The low-energy diet further affected brain plasticity-related genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis and in the synaptic activity, revealing a link between nutrition and brain plasticity. It upregulated genes related to protein synthesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the hypothalamus, suggesting reorganization in nutrient utilization and biological synthesis in this brain area. Conclusions We observed a complex transcriptome modulation in the hypothalamus of chicken in response to low-energy diet suggesting numerous changes in synaptic plasticity, endocannabinoid regulation, neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and protein synthesis. This global transcriptomic reprogramming could explain the adaptive behavioral response (i.e. increase of feed intake) of the animals to the low-energy content of the diet.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of menthol-rich bioactive lipid compounds alters circadian eating behaviour of sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amlan K. Patra ◽  
Sebastian Geiger ◽  
Hannah-Sophie Braun ◽  
Jörg R. Aschenbach
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
Circadian Distribution ◽  
Lipid Compounds

Abstract Background Plant bioactive lipid compounds (PBLC), commonly known as essential oils, are increasingly evaluated as feed additives in ruminants due to beneficial effects on animal performance and health; however, there is no study evaluating circadian eating behaviour in ruminants. Altered eating behaviour may be implicated in changes of feed intake in ruminants. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of menthol-rich PBLC on circadian eating behaviour in 24 growing sheep that were equally divided into three treatments, control (without PBLC), a lower dose (80 mg/d) or a higher dose (160 mg/d) of PBLC. Daily doses of PBLC were supplied with 600 g/d of concentrates fed in three equal portions at 07:00, 11:00 and 15:00 h for 4 weeks, whereas, meadow hay was fed ad libitum. Results The eating behaviour recorded by an automatic transponder-operated feeding system revealed that daily eating time and feeder visits increased with increasing doses of PBLC. The circadian distribution of eating time and feeder visits (with 1-h resolution) was influenced by the treatment. Eating time during concentrate-offering hours and between concentrate-offering hours increased or tended to increase linearly with greater concentrations of PBLC. Feeder visits did not change significantly during concentrate-offering hours, but were greater in the PBLC groups compared with the control between concentrate-feeding hours. Average length of the longest meals (5th percentile) decreased due to PBLC feeding. Daily feed intake was greater in the PBLC groups than the control. Conclusions Menthol-rich PBLC in the applied dose range stimulate circadian eating behaviour, which cannot only be attributed to their presence during concentrate feeding hours, but persist during post-concentrate feeding hours.

scholarly journals Erfassung der Futteraufnahme im Rahmen der Stationsprüfung potentieller Besamungsbullen

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-572
Author(s):  
R. Wassmuth ◽  
H. Alps
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Testing Period ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract. Title ofthe paper: Recording of feed intake in stationary testing of potential AI bulls This study was performed in order to estimate correlations between feed intake, eating time and daily gain in young bulls and in order to estimate genetic parameters for feed intake in successive testing periods aiming at reduction of costs for testing. Data were collected from 269 Station tested potential AI bulls of German Holstein. In the testing period beginning with the 112th and ending with the 312 day of life, bulls consumed 5.1 kg roughage in 125 minutes per day and increased their weight by 1,300 g daily. The heritability of feed intake was 0.42, of eating behaviour 0.40 and of daily gain 0.62. Between feed intake and eating behaviour no relationship could be observed. Hence, an indirect measurement of feed intake is not possible. The high genetic correlation between feed intake and daily gain of 0.96 is no reason to replace feed intake recording because of a promising relationship between feed intake and health of dairy cows. Because of a delayed Start of 32 % of all tested bulls a shortening of the test period should be orientated to the last testing periods. In the last testing period, the heritability of feed intake was 0.65 and the genetic correlation between feed intake in the last and in the whole test period was high with 0.88. Hence, the test period could be shortened favouring intake measurements between 263rd and 312th day of life.

scholarly journals Chicken adaptive response to low energy diet: main role of the hypothalamic lipid metabolism revealed by a phenotypic and multi-tissue transcriptomic approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Jehl ◽  
Colette Désert ◽  
Christophe Klopp ◽  
Marine Brenet ◽  
Andrea Rau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract Background Production conditions of layer chicken can vary in terms of temperature or diet energy content compared to the controlled environment where pure-bred selection was undertaken. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of a 15%-energy depleted diet on egg-production, energy homeostasis and metabolism via a multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis. Study was designed to compare effects of the nutritional intervention in two layer chicken lines divergently selected for residual feed intake. Results Chicken significantly increased their feed intake and decreased their abdominal adipose tissue weight in response to the low-energy diet, whereas their egg-production was unchanged. For each production trait, no significant interaction was observed between diet and line. Moreover, the low energy diet had no effect on adipose tissue and liver transcriptomes. By contrast, the nutritional challenge affected the blood transcriptome and, more severely, the hypothalamus transcriptome which displayed 2700 differentially expressed genes. In this tissue, the low-energy diet lead to an over-expression of genes related to endocannabinoid signaling (CN1R, NAPE-PLD) known to regulate feed intake, and to genes related to polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis (FADS1, ELOVL5 and FADS2) such as the arachidonic acid which is a precursor of anandamide, a key endocannabinoid. A possible regulatory role of NR1H3 (alias LXRα) has been associated to these transcriptional changes. The low-energy diet further affected brain plasticity-related genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis and in the synaptic activity, revealing a link between nutrition and brain plasticity. It also upregulated genes related to protein synthesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the hypothalamus, suggesting reorganization in nutrient utilization and biological synthesis in this brain area. Conclusions We observed a complex transcriptome modulation in the hypothalamus of chicken in response to low-energy diet suggesting numerous changes in synaptic plasticity, endocannabinoid regulation, neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and protein synthesis. This global transcriptomic reprogramming could explain the adaptive behavioral response (i.e. increase of feed intake) of the animals to the low-energy content of the diet.

scholarly journals Chicken adaptive response to low energy diet: main role of the hypothalamic lipid metabolism revealed by a phenotypic and multi-tissue transcriptomic approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Jehl ◽  
Colette Désert ◽  
Christophe Klopp ◽  
Marine Brenet ◽  
Andrea Rau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Abstract Background Production conditions of layer chicken can vary in terms of temperature or diet energy content compared to the controlled environment where pure-bred selection was undertaken. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of a 15%-energy depleted diet on egg-production, energy homeostasis and metabolism via a multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis. Study was designed to compare effects of the nutritional intervention in two layer chicken lines divergently selected for residual feed intake. Results Chicken significantly increased their feed intake and decreased their abdominal adipose tissue weight in response to the low-energy diet, whereas their egg-production was unchanged. For each production trait, no significant interaction was observed between diet and line. Moreover, the low energy diet had no effect on adipose tissue and liver transcriptomes. By contrast, the nutritional challenge affected the blood transcriptome and, more severely, the hypothalamus transcriptome which displayed 2700 differentially expressed genes. In this tissue, the low-energy diet lead to an over-expression of genes related to endocannabinoid signaling (CN1R, NAPE-PLD) known to regulate feed intake, and to genes related to polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis (FADS1, ELOVL5 and FADS2) such as the arachidonic acid which is a precursor of anandamide, a key endocannabinoid. A possible regulatory role of NR1H3 (alias LXRα) has been associated to these transcriptional changes. The low-energy diet further affected brain plasticity-related genes involved in the cholesterol synthesis and in the synaptic activity, revealing a link between nutrition and brain plasticity. It also upregulated genes related to protein synthesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation in the hypothalamus, suggesting reorganization in nutrient utilization and biological synthesis in this brain area. Conclusions We observed a complex transcriptome modulation in the hypothalamus of chicken in response to low-energy diet suggesting numerous changes in synaptic plasticity, endocannabinoid regulation, neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity and protein synthesis. This global transcriptomic reprogramming could explain the adaptive behavioral response (i.e. increase of feed intake) of the animals to the low-energy content of the diet.

scholarly journals Predicting the growth and feed intake of Boer goats in a feedlot system

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.S. Brand ◽  
D.A. Van Der Merwe ◽  
E. Raffrenato ◽  
L.C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Boer Goat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Boer Goats ◽  
Low Energy Diet

This research sought to develop a mathematical model to predict the growth and feed intake of Boer goat kids destined for slaughter. Data were collected from castrated kids that were housed in individual pens and fed diets that varied in energy content (11.3, 12.0, and 12.7 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg feed). Growth and feed intake were monitored weekly for 20 weeks, from the time that the kids weighed 22.2 ± 3.5 kg until they were slaughtered at 48.3 ± 0.8 kg. The linear equation (bodyweight = 0.202 age – 5.241 (R2 = 0.84)) was found to predict the growth of kids between 126 and 266 days old. Correlations between expressions of intake and bodyweight were evaluated, cumulative feed intake and bodyweight being most highly correlated (r = 0.93). Linear models were developed to predict cumulative feed intake from bodyweight for goats fed each diet. Regression coefficients were compared between diets, with the slope of the equation for goats on the low energy diet (6.74 ± 0.25) being greater than that of the medium (5.80 ± 0.23) and high energy diets (5.82 ± 0.23). This indicates that goats on the medium and high energy diets gained weight more efficiently than those on the low energy diet. The results from this study can be used by goat producers to predict the growth and intake of goats and determine the ideal feedlot finishing period for optimal productivity.______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: cumulative intake, dietary energy, modelling

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