Effect of different processing methods on the biochemical composition of water hyacinth and acceptability by WAD goats

The limiting factor in the use of water hyacinth (WH) as a fodder is the high moisture content. Subjecting this water weed to various processing methods might reduce the moisture content to an appreciable level that will be tolerated by animals. Fresh samples of water hyacinth harvested from lagoon water body in Ogun State were processed into wilted, ensiled, sun-cured. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 involved the determination of nutrient composition (Dry matter, Crude protein, Crude fibre Ash, Neutral detergent fibre and Acid detergent fibre), mineral content(macro and micro minerals) and secondary metabolites (spot test analysis of (saponin, phenol and steroid) of fresh and processed WH. In experiment II, the fresh and processed WH were fed to eight WAD goats in a cefetaria feeding trial to determine the Coefficient of Preference (COP) ofall forms of water hyacinth. Results revealed that, the nutrient composition was influenced by processing methods except for the ash content. The sun-cured WH contained more dry matter (89.30 g/100g DM), while the lowest dry matter (8.22 g/100g DM) was recorded for fresh WH. However, ensiled WH contained more crude protein (16.23 g/100g DM) than other forms of WH, the lowest CP (10.42 g/100gDM) was recorded for fresh WH (DBG has some protein in it and it added to the water hyacinth, hence the raised CP content of ensiled WH). However, the neutral detergent fibre ranged from 55.20 to66.25 g/100g DM in ensiled and sun-cured respectively.The mineral content of all forms of WH were similar. Qualitative evaluation of saponin, phenol and steroid showed that all forms of WH contained tannins and steroids; saponin was found but declared negative due to height of the form. The result of COP,showed thatthefresh WH (0.74) was rejected, while all processed WH were acceptable to the animals.However,the ensiled WH (1.40) was most preferred. It is concluded that processing methods can improve the nutrient composition of WH and also the preference by animals.

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Nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of processed crayfish (Atya gabonensis) from river Benue, Nigeria.

Sustainability Agri Food and Environmental Research ◽

10.7770/safer-v9n2-art2257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Micheal Iwar ◽

Comfort Msurshima Amu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Mineral Concentrations

The species of crayfish identified as (Atya gabonensis) along River Benue Nigeria and were captured and analyzed for nutrient and antinutrient content including, proximate composition (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and moisture content), as well as vitamin A, Vitamin B components, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, vitamin E, Vitamin K and select mineral concentrations. Additionally, some important antinutrients in crayfish were also examined. The proximate composition showed that moisture content was (9.54%), protein was (7.46%), Crude fibre was (5.60%), fat was (1.57%) and ash was (2.47%) respectively. This was found to be rich in protein and considerably high amount of moisture content. The anti-nutrient composition analysis revealed the presence of Saponin (0.471mg/100g), Alkaloid (3.905mg/100g), flavonoid (0.675mg/100g), tannin (0.017mg/100g), Phytate (0.060mg/100g), Oxalate (0.005mg/100g) and others, all of which are below toxic level. For mineral and vitamin compositions, potassium was significantly (P>0.05) higher than iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus while vitamin C was (4.920mg/100g) which is higher than all other vitamins evaluated. Based on these findings crayfish (Atya gabonensis) is recommended for consumption and for further investigation as a potential raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.Keywords: Atya gabonensis, Nutrient, Anti nutrient, River Benue,composition

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Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i3.679 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 332-341

Author(s):

B. M. Munza ◽

M. R. Hassan ◽

R. J. Tanko ◽

S. M. Otaru ◽

D. J. U. Kalla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre

During the dry season, forages are low in quantity and quality; hence lacks the essential nutrients that are prerequisite for growth in ruminants, suggesting a supplemental feeding. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in growing Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay supplemented with concentrate. Eight growing Red Sokoto bucks with average body weight of 15±1.0 kg were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments containing S. bicolor hay/concentrate mixture (100:0 and 60:40). The bucks were individually fed at 3.5% body weight daily for a period of 21 days in a completely randomised design with four replicates per treatment. The parameters measured were dry matter intake, water intake, amount of faeces voided, volume of urine and costs of feeding. Total dry matter intake (424.64g/day) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 60:40 dietary treatment than 100:0 treatment (353.57g/day). The digestibility coefficients of crude fibre (92.34 %), acid detergent fibre (71.46 %) and neutral detergent fibre (69.77 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed Sorghum bicolor hay:concentrate ratio of 100:0 compared to bucks fed 60:40 diet with crude fibre (87.25 %), acid detergent fibre (59.67 %) and neutral detergent fibre (60.08 %) digestibility coefficient values. However, crude protein (78.49 %) and ash (70.04 %) digestibility coefficients in bucks fed 60:40 diet were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed 100:0 diet with 38.14 % crude protein and 21.45 % ash digestibility coefficients. There was an increasing trend (p<0.05) in all parameters measured when concentrate was supplemented. The nitrogen retained (7.55 g/day), nitrogen retained as % intake (68.76 %) and nitrogen absorbed as % intake (78.46 %) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Red Sokoto bucks fed 60:40 diets when compared with that of 100:0 diet which recorded 0.69 g/day nitrogen retained, 23.87 % nitrogen retained as % intake and 38.15 % as nitrogen absorbed as % intake, respectively. Total costs per kg of feed (N78.13K) and costs of feeding per buck (N696.72K) were significantly (p<0.05) higher for 60:40 diet than 100:0 diet with N45.83K total costs per kg feed and N340.29K costs of feeding per buck. It is therefore, concluded that concentrate supplementation on Sorghum bicolor hay enhances its utilisation by growing Red Sokoto bucks in terms of increased dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria.

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Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional properties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) calyx flour

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-02-2020-0049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Saheed Adewale Omoniyi ◽

Adamu Musa Muhammad ◽

Ruth Ayuba

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Nutritional Properties ◽

Content Type

Purpose Calyx of okra pods is usually cut off and discarded as a waste during processing, whereas the pulp and seeds are being used. This study aims to investigate the nutrient composition and anti-nutritional properties of okra calyx flour. Design/methodology/approach Calyces from four varieties (Ex-kwadon, Solar, Chalawa and Syria) of okra pods were processed into flour. The proximate composition, mineral content, vitamin content and anti-nutritional composition of the flour samples were analysed by using standard methods. Findings There were significant differences in moisture content (p = 0.012), crude fat (p = 0.001), crude fibre (p = 0.002), carbohydrate (p = 0.002), sodium (p < 0.001), magnesium (p < 0.001), iron (p < 0.001), zinc (p = 0.006), vitamin A (p < 0.001) and vitamin C (p = 0.001) contents of okra calyx flour. The values of proximate composition ranged 8.1-8.9%, 8.4-9.0%, 14.3-15.3%, 1.4-2.1%, 16.9-18.2% and 47.1-49.4% for moisture content, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and carbohydrate, respectively, whereas the values of mineral contents ranged 7.6-8.7 mg/100g, 35.7-41.2 mg/100g, 26.5-28.1 mg/100g, 93.2-95.8 mg/100g, 1.6-1.8 mg/100g and 5.2-5.7 mg/100g for sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron and zinc, respectively. The values of vitamin contents of okra calyx flour ranged 0.2-0.3 µg/100g, 7.1-8.9 mg/100g and 0.1-0.2 mg/100g for vitamin A, vitamin C and thiamine contents respectively. Also, there were significant differences in the values of phytate (p = 0.023), oxalate (p = 0.011) and saponin (p < 0.001) contents with the values of anti-nutritional properties ranging 1.3-1.5 mg/100g, 2.5-3.3 mg/100g, 7.4-9.7 mg/100g and 2.3-3.6 mg/100g for tannin, phytate, oxalate and saponin contents, respectively. Research limitations/implications There are scanty published works/information on proximate composition, mineral content, vitamin content and anti-nutritional composition of okra calyx flour. Practical implications The study showed that okra calyx flour could be useful in fortification/supplement of carbohydrate-based foods in food system. Originality/value Okra calyx flour comprises high crude fibre, crude protein, ash and vitamin C contents. Also, calcium is the major mineral content of okra calyx flour followed by magnesium and potassium. However, the tannin content reported higher in okra leaf flour, and okra flour is low in okra calyx flour.

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Nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of processed crayfish (Atya gabonensis) from river Benue, Nigeria.

Sustainability Agri Food and Environmental Research ◽

10.7770/safer-v0n0-art2257 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Micheal Iwar ◽

Comfort Msurshima Amu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Vitamin B ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Mineral Concentrations

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Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700100067 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

G. L. Mabey ◽

R. Rose Innes

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Digestible Crude Protein ◽

Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

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Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11010018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽

Jia Yu ◽

Young Gyu Song ◽

Shida Li ◽

Jong-Wook Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Nutrient Composition ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Amaranthus Caudatus ◽

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

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Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960003673x ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 230-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. J. C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

The Other ◽

Winter Period ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Plant Basis ◽

Matter Basis

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

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Influence of Processing Methods on Proximate Composition and Dieting of TwoAmaranthusSpecies from West Cameroon

International Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1155/2016/6707313 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arnaud Landry Suffo Kamela ◽

Raymond Simplice Mouokeu ◽

Rawson Ashish ◽

Ghislain Maffo Tazoho ◽

Lamye Glory Moh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Amaranthus Hybridus ◽

Processing Methods ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Reference Protein ◽

Protein Free Diet

The effects of various processing methods on the proximate composition and dieting ofAmaranthus hybridusandAmaranthus cruentusfrom West Cameroon were investigated in this study. Both amaranths leaves were subjected to same treatments (sun-dried and unsliced, sliced and cooked), milled, and analysed for their mineral and proximate composition. Thirty-SixWistaralbino rats of 21 to 24 days old were distributed in six groups and fed for 14 days with 10% protein based diets named D0 (protein-free diet), DI (egg white as reference protein), DII (sun-dried and unslicedA. hybridus), DIII (cooked and slicedA. hybridus), DIV (sun-dried and unslicedA. cruentus), and DV (cooked and slicedA. cruentus). The protein bioavailability and haematological and biochemical parameters were assessed in rats. The results showed that K, P, Mg, Zn, and Fe had the higher content in both samples regardless of processing method. The sun-dried and unslicedA. cruentuscontained the highest value of crude protein 32.22 g/100 g DM (dry matter) while the highest crude lipid, 3.80 and 2.58%, was observed, respectively, in sun-dried and unslicedA. hybridusand cooked and slicedA. cruentus. Cooked and slicedA. hybridusandA. cruentuscontained high crude fiber of 14 and 12.18%, respectively. Rats fed with diet DIII revealed the best protein bioavailability and haematological parameters whereas 100% mortality rate was recorded with group fed with diet DIV. From this study, it is evident that cooked and slicedA. hybridusandA. cruentuscould play a role in weight reduction regimes.

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Effect of Drying on the Rehydration Properties of Some Selected Shellfish

Asian Food Science Journal ◽

10.9734/afsj/2020/v14i130122 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 42-48

Author(s):

D. B. Kiin-Kabari ◽

N. Obasi

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Moisture Loss ◽

Rehydration Ratio ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Oven Drying ◽

Water Imbibition ◽

Nutritional Qualities ◽

Sample Water

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oven drying on the proximate composition and rehydration characteristics of shellfish. Shellfish studied included rough and smooth periwinkle, oyster and whelk. Proximate composition of the fresh samples were determined. Then dried in the oven to a moisture content of 10% and further rehydrated with distill water in sample water ratio of 1:40 and allowed to equilibrate. Proximate composition of the fresh shellfish showed that moisture content ranged from 82.38 to 69.24% with fresh smooth periwinkle having the highest moisture value while whelk had the lowest. The results also showed that whelk had the highest values for ash (2.92%), crude protein (18.83%) and crude fibre (3.71%) when compared to other samples. On rehydration, a moisture loss of 11.75%, 13.28%, 19.24% and 22.04% were observed for rough periwinkle, smooth periwinkle, oyster and whelk, respectively. The results for rehydration indices revealed that dehydration ratio was significantly (p<0.05) high for whelk (1.44), followed by oyster (1.29), rough periwinkle (1.23) and lastly, smooth periwinkle 1.20. Rehydration ratio of whelk (1.47) was equally significantly higher, followed by oyster (1.33) and the least were rough and smooth periwinkle (1.17). For coefficient of reconstitution, oyster recorded the highest value of 1.03, followed by whelk 1.02, rough periwinkle 0.95 and smooth periwinkle 0.98. Rate of water imbibition revealed a sharp increase in the water content of smooth periwinkle up to 240 min and thereafter, it slowed down until equilibrium was reached. In terms of rough periwinkle, oyster and whelk; water imbibition took place with rehydration time up to 300 min, 210 min and 270 min, respectively, thereafter they slowed down. The results have demonstrated that the rate in which oven drying affect the physical and nutritional qualities of shellfish differs.

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Chemical analysis of fodder climbers found in Sunsari district, Nepal

Nepalese Journal of Biosciences ◽

10.3126/njbs.v4i1.41682 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

T. N. Mandal ◽

T. P. Gautam

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Local Information ◽

Slight Variation ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Mineral Contents

Altogether 19 fodder climbers were collected with local information for their quality, feeding season and preference by livestock from Sunsari district, Nepal. Fodder climbers were distributed under 15 angiospermic families. Among them, 6 climber species were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, N-free extract, total ash and mineral contents (K, Ca, and P). Dry matter content ranged from 24.12 to 45.43%. Crude protein content showed slight variation. Ether extract ranged from 2.13- 4.23%, while Crude fiber content ranged between 18.62 and 22.52%. N-free extract showed narrow variation in the content while Total ash content exhibited a wide variation ranging from 5.67 to 11.52%. Among the minerals, Phosphorus showed distinct variation in the content from 0.19 to 0.46%. Fodder quality assessed by local people was compared with the result of chemical composition. On the basis of local information and chemical composition, Hedera nepalensis and Hedyotis scandens were considered as very good fodder climbers.

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