scholarly journals Refugee Related Political Violence in Asia and Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-76
Author(s):  
Lucie Konečná ◽  
David Mrva
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Frequency Intensity

This work focuses on the analysis of one of the most discussed phenomenon of recent years, the reception of refugees. The authors of this work examine refugee-related political violence, a phenomenon that has not been explored in the last twenty years. The aim is to describe the occurrence of this phenomenon in cases from Asia and Africa. The individual incidents are categorised into six categories of political violence. The authors describe the type of political violence involving refugees for the last 15 years. They also analyse which type of violence is most common. At the same time, they devote to the analysis and description of frequency, intensity and persistence. They compare their findings with similar work that was published in 1998, and they explain why and what changes have occurred in the field of refugee-related political violence over the last 15 years.

scholarly journals On some continuous observations of the rate of dissipation of electric charges in the open air

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (508) ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Variable Quantity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Conductivity ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sea Coast

During the latter part of 1902 and the early months of 1903 I resolved to take as many observations of the rates of dissipation of positive and negative electric charges as possible, and to continue them over the whole 24 hours of the day, and, when opportunity offered, over longer periods. There appeared to be little information regarding the rate of dispersion during the night hours. At about the same time that these observations were being made, Nilsson was doing similar work at Upsala, and found a noticeable maximum value for atmospheric conductivity at about midnight. The observations were made on the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand, at a station about 20 feet above sea-level and about five miles due west from the sea coast. The apparatus used was Elster and Geitel’s Zerstreuungs- apparat , and the formula of reduction used was that given by them, viz:- E = 1/ t log V 0 /V- n / t ' log V' 0 /V' . In this formula E is proportional to the conductivity of the gas surrounding the instrument—for positive or negative charges, as the case may be. The constant “ n ” = ratio of capacity without cylinder ____________________________________ capacity with cylinder was determined by me to be 0·47, as the instrument was always used, with the protecting cover. The cover was always at one height above the base of the instrument, and was set so as to be as nearly co-axial with the discharging cylinder as could be judged by eye. No attempt was made to determine the actual capacity of the condenser cylinder and protecting cover, which would be a somewhat variable quantity owing- (1) to the differences on different days in attempting to cause the two to be co-axial; (2) to a certain amount of looseness in the fit of the shank of the cylinder on to its hole. The value above given for “ n "is the mean of several deter­minations made with different settings of the cover and cylinder. The individual values of “ n ” varied over about 0.03.

scholarly journals Africa: Risk, Security and Mapping of Human Rights Violations

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-127
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Varani ◽  
Enrico Bernardini
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Planetary interdependence makes the task of states and international organizations to guarantee security inside and outside national borders ever more urgent. The tendency is to widen the space from national to international and to conceive of security as multidimensional for the satisfaction of human needs, assumed as priority needs with respect to those of the States. The old concept of national security must today confront the new concept of human security cultivated within the United Nations, which places the fundamental rights of the individual and of people at the centre of attention and lays the foundations for overcoming the traditional politics of power. The concept of human security emphasises the security of the individual and his protection from political violence, war and arbitrariness. It takes account of the strong correlation between peace policy, human rights policy, migration policy and humanitarian policy. The contribution provides, through a series of social indicators such as the Global Peace Index (GPI), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the World International Security and Policy Index (WISPI), a framework on risk, security, human rights violations in the African continent and examines some significant case studies related to sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Optimizations for Energy Efficiency in Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4779
Author(s):  
Sorin Buzura ◽  
Bogdan Iancu ◽  
Vasile Dadarlat ◽  
Adrian Peculea ◽  
Emil Cebuc
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Data Broadcast ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Software-defined wireless sensor networking (SDWSN) is an emerging networking architecture which is envisioned to become the main enabler for the internet of things (IoT). In this architecture, the sensors plane is managed by a control plane. With this separation, the network management is facilitated, and performance is improved in dynamic environments. One of the main issues a sensor environment is facing is the limited lifetime of network devices influenced by high levels of energy consumption. The current work proposes a system design which aims to improve the energy efficiency in an SDWSN by combining the concepts of content awareness and adaptive data broadcast. The purpose is to increase the sensors’ lifespan by reducing the number of generated data packets in the resource-constrained sensors plane of the network. The system has a distributed management approach, with content awareness being implemented at the individual programmable sensor level and the adaptive data broadcast being performed in the control plane. Several simulations were run on historical weather and the results show a significant decrease in network traffic. Compared to similar work in this area which focuses on improving energy efficiency with complex algorithms for routing, clustering, or caching, the current proposal employs simple computing procedures on each network device with a high impact on the overall network performance.

scholarly journals The Oppressed, the Suspect, and the Citizen: Subjectivity in Competing Accounts of Political Violence

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Bibler Coutin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central America ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Liberal Theory ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Asylum Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

By juxtaposing religious, legal, and victims'accounts of political violence, this essay identifies and critiques assumptions about agency, the individual, and the state that derive from liberal theory and that underlie U.S. asylum law. In the United States, asylum is available to aliens whose gooernments fail to protect them from persecution on the basis of their race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or social group membership. Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants have challenged this definition of persecution with their two-decade-long struggle for asylum in the United States. During the 1980s, U.S. religious advocates and solidarity workers took legal action on behalf of what they characterized as victims of oppression in Central America. The asylum claims narrated by the beneficiaries of these legal efforts suggest that repessiwe pactices rendered entire populations politically suspect. To prevail in immigration court, however, victims had to prove that they were individually targeted because of being somehow “different” from the population at large. In other words, to obtain asylum, persecution victims had to explain how and why their actions had placed them at risk, even though persecution obscured the reasons that particular individuals were targeted and thus rendered all politically suspect.

scholarly journals ‘Confession’ and ‘Forgiveness’ as a strategy for development in post-genocide Rwanda

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Kubai
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
State Level ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Interpretative Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

The government of Rwanda has pursued reconciliation with great determination in the belief that it is the only moral alternative to post-genocide social challenges. In Rwanda, communities must be mobilised and reshaped for social, political and economic reconstruction. This creates a rather delicate situation. Among other strategies, the state has turned to the concepts of confession and forgiveness which have deep religious roots, and systematised them both at the individual and community or state level in order to bring about reconciliation, justice, social cohesion and ultimately economic development. In view of these strategies and challenges, some of the important questions are: Does forgiveness restore victims and empower them to heal their communities? What empirical evidence exists that religiously inspired justice and reconciliation processes after mass political violence make a difference? In what areas might the understanding of religious thought and activity towards transitional justice be deepened? These questions provide the backdrop against which I examine the case of post-genocide Rwanda in this article. A hermeneutic interpretative analysis is used to situate the phenomena of forgiveness, confession and social transformation within the specific context of post-conflict societies.

scholarly journals The Memory of the National and the National as Memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Poblete
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Centered Form ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

This essay seeks to illuminate a different, more encompassing kind of transition than that from dictatorship to post-dictatorship (and its attendant forms of memory of military brutal force and human rights abuses) often privileged by studies of political violence and social memory. The focus is twofold: first, to describe a transition from the world of the social to that of the post-social, i.e. a transition from a welfare state-centered form of the nation to its neoliberal competitive state counterpart; and secondly, to analyze its attendant memory dynamics. The double articulation of collective memory under neoliberalism, the deep and recurring violence it has involved at both the social and the individual level, and its self-articulation as a social memory apparatus are apparent in two Chilean films exploring the logic (Pablo Larraín’s Tony Manero) and the history (Patricio Guzmán’s Nostalgia de la luz) of the implementation of this neoliberal memory apparatus in Chile. Este trabajo intenta iluminar una transición más amplia que aquella entre dictadura y post-dictadura ( y sus correspondientes formas de memoria sobre la violencia militar o los abusos a los derechos humanos) que suele ser el objeto de estudio de los trabajos sobre violencia política y memoria social. Mi interés es doble: primero, describir una transición del mundo social al post-social (es decir, una transición desde una forma de estado-nación centrada en el estado de bienestar a su contraparte neoliberal y competitiva; y en segundo lugar, analizar sus correspondientes formas de memoria. La doble articulación de la memoria colectiva bajo el neoliberalismo, la profunda y recurrente violencia presente, tanto a nivel social como a nivel individual, y su autoarticulación como un aparato de la memoria social son evidentes en las dos películas chilenas Tony Manero de Pablo Larraín y Nostalgia de la luz de Patricio Guzmán que exploran la lógica y la historia de la implementación de este aparato de la memoria neoliberal en Chile.

Communities fo Practice as Facilitators of Knowledge Exchange

2011 ◽  
pp. 1683-1689
Author(s):  
Scott Paquette
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Learning ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Common Purpose ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

For knowledge to create value in an organization, whether tacit or explicit, it must have the ability to be shared among employees. This intentional (or in some instances unintentional) flow of knowledge can become the driver for organizational learning. When examining knowledge sharing, it is important to consider the context in which the knowledge is developed, as the community in which the individual is learning can affect any knowledge that is created. Organizational learning is impacted by individuals, groups, and the organization as a whole, and how these three levels are linked by social processes (Crossan, Lane & White, 1999). However, it is very difficult to create the right social environment to produce optimum knowledge sharing and learning. Sharing knowledge is an ‘unnatural act’, and therefore firms must strive to create the right environment and means to assist employees in overcoming knowledge flow barriers (Ruppel & Harrington, 2001). Previous research has identified communities of practice as a hub for sharing knowledge within an organization (Brown & Duguid, 1991; Ellis, 1998; Hildreth & Kimble, 1999). The ability of a community of practice to create a friendly environment for individuals with similar interests and problems to discuss a common subject matter encourages the transfer and creation of new knowledge. Practitioners with similar work experiences tend to be drawn to communities, and from this a common purpose to share knowledge and experience arises (Wenger, 1998). Blackler (1995) argues that the creation and deployment of knowledge is inseparable from activity, and different contexts manifest in the form of knowledge boundaries. A community of practice can help individuals remove this boundary through the creation of a common context that links different experiential knowledge in an environment suited for knowledge exchange.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Imraan Coovadia
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
The State ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
Manual Labour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Self ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Radical Transformation

The introduction considers the relationship between Leo Tolstoy, Mohandas Gandhi, and Nelson Mandela. It explores Tolstoy’s rejection of violence from the side of the state, as well as the revolutionary. It considers the close connection Tolstoy proposes between changes in the individual self and a radical transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation of society, pointing to the degree to which Gandhi and Mandela pursued the same project of inward and outward transformation, which involved manual labour and courtesy, the creation of new inward perspectives on death and human dignity, and a realistic understanding of the dynamics of political violence in the context of colony and empire.

‘What are You Worth?’

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Charge Nurse ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
True Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Large Organisation

A few incidents have recently made me sit back and reflect on the perception the general public has of the nursing profession. The first incident centred on a discussion about the levels of wages between the industrial sector and the NHS. Apparently, experienced distribution transport managers are in equally short supply as are anaesthetic and recovery nurses. In a large organisation a transport manager would have similar work patterns and responsibilities as that of a Charge Nurse or Sister in a busy operating theatre. The going rate for such hard to find skills is about £35,000 basic - not bad at all. However, when I asked the individual how much they thought a charge nurse or sister got paid, they replied ‘oh, about £30,000 these days.’ After I had picked myself off the floor and told him the true value, he was horrified. He had been left with the impression that nurses had had a ‘good deal’ in the recent pay awards - I wonder where that information came from?

scholarly journals Radicalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Malthaner
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ideological Transformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Jihadist Terrorism ◽  
The Way

AbstractOver the course of the past decade, “radicalization” has become prevalent as an analytical paradigm to interpret and explain phenomena of political violence, notably in research on jihadist terrorism and Western “foreign fighters” in Syria and Iraq. Thereby, while to some extent opening up new avenues of investigation, the concept also significantly re-shaped the way in which phenomena of political violence were analyzed and explained, focusing analytical attention on processes of cognitive and ideological transformation, mainly at the individual level. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the main strands of development in recent research on radicalization, with reference to and within the context of broader sociological research on political violence as well as reviewing critical debates and recently emerging sub-fields of investigation.

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