scholarly journals Long-Term Atmospheric Emissions for the Coal Oil Point Natural Marine Hydrocarbon Seep Field, Offshore California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Leifer ◽  
Christopher Melton ◽  
Donald R. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Atmospheric Emissions ◽  
Model Inversion ◽  
Inversion Model ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Plume Composition

Abstract. In this study, we present a novel approach for assessing nearshore seepage atmospheric emissions through modeling of air quality station data, specifically, a Gaussian plume inversion model. Three decades of air quality station meteorology and total hydrocarbon concentration, THC, data were analysed to study emissions from the Coal Oil Point marine seep field offshore California. THC in the seep field directions was significantly elevated and Gaussian with respect to wind direction, θ. An inversion model of the seep field anomaly, THC’(θ), derived atmospheric emissions. The model inversion is for the far field, which was satisfied by gridding the sonar seepage and treating each grid cell as a separate Gaussian plume. This assumption was validated by offshore in situ offshore data that showed major seep area plumes were Gaussian. Plume air sample THC was 85 % methane, CH4, and 20 % carbon dioxide, CO2, similar to seabed composition, demonstrating efficient vertical plume transport of dissolved seep gases. Air samples also measured atmospheric alkane plume composition. The inversion model used observed winds and derived the three-decade-average (1990–2021) field-wide atmospheric emissions of 83,500 ± 12,000 m3 THC day−1. Based on a 50:50 air to seawater partitioning, this implies seabed emissions of 167,000 m3 THC dy−1. Based on atmospheric plume composition, C1-C6 alkane emissions were 19, 1.3, 2.5, 2.2, 1.1, and 0.15 Gg yr−1, respectively. The approach can be extended to derive emissions from other dispersed sources such as landfills, industrial sites, or terrestrial seepage if source locations are constrained spatially.

scholarly journals Long-term atmospheric emissions for the Coal Oil Point natural marine hydrocarbon seep field, offshore California

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 17607-17629
Author(s):  
Ira Leifer ◽  
Christopher Melton ◽  
Donald R. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Emissions ◽  
Model Inversion ◽  
Inversion Model ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Gaussian Plume ◽  
Plume Composition

Abstract. In this study, we present a novel approach for assessing nearshore seepage atmospheric emissions through modeling of air quality station data, specifically a Gaussian plume inversion model. A total of 3 decades of air quality station meteorology and total hydrocarbon concentration, THC, data were analyzed to study emissions from the Coal Oil Point marine seep field offshore California. THC in the seep field directions was significantly elevated and Gaussian with respect to wind direction, θ. An inversion model of the seep field, θ-resolved anomaly, THC′(θ)-derived atmospheric emissions is given. The model inversion is for the far field, which was satisfied by gridding the sonar seepage and treating each grid cell as a separate Gaussian plume. This assumption was validated by offshore in situ data that showed major seep area plumes were Gaussian. Plume total carbon, TC (TC = THC + carbon dioxide, CO2, + carbon monoxide), 18 % was CO2 and 82 % was THC; 85 % of THC was CH4. These compositions were similar to the seabed composition, demonstrating efficient vertical plume transport of dissolved seep gases. Air samples also measured atmospheric alkane plume composition. The inversion model used observed winds and derived the 3-decade-average (1990–2021) field-wide atmospheric emissions of 83 400 ± 12 000 m3 THC d−1 (27 Gg THC yr−1 based on 19.6 g mol−1 for THC). Based on a 50 : 50 air-to-seawater partitioning, this implies seabed emissions of 167 000 m3 THC d−1. Based on atmospheric plume composition, C1–C6 alkane emissions were 19, 1.3, 2.5, 2.2, 1.1, and 0.15 Gg yr−1, respectively. The spatially averaged CH4 emissions over the ∼ 6.3 km2 of 25 × 25 m2 bins with sonar values above noise were 5.7 µM m−2 s−1. The approach can be extended to derive emissions from other dispersed sources such as landfills, industrial sites, or terrestrial seepage if source locations are constrained spatially.

A Novel Approach to Design a Scalable Air Quality Monitoring System

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Ivaylo Atanasov ◽  
Ventsislav Trifonov ◽  
Kamelia Nikolova ◽  
Evelina Pencheva
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Telemetry System ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
A Value ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Co2 Monitoring ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

The research presents a novel approach to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions monitoring and access to local air quality data. The approach applies the advanced Internet of things technology to design a mobile telemetry system for CO2 data collection and processing in order to be presented as a value-added application to mobile users. Based on requirements analysis, functional architecture for mobile telemetry system is proposed. The design aspects of mobile telemetry application layer protocol are studied. An approach to formal verification of protocol behavior is suggested. An information model that captures the basic concepts related to CO2 monitoring is proposed. Examples of ubiquitous access to CO2 measurements are described.

scholarly journals The Synergistic Effect of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations on Occupant Satisfaction and Work Productivity in a Meeting Room

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4109
Author(s):  
Jindong Wu ◽  
Jiantao Weng ◽  
Bing Xia ◽  
Yujie Zhao ◽  
Qiuji Song
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Meeting Room ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Occupant Satisfaction ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

High indoor air quality is crucial for the health of human beings. The purpose of this work is to analyze the synergistic effect of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on occupant satisfaction and work productivity. This study carried out a real-scale experiments in a meeting room with exposures of up to one hour. Indoor environment parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, illuminance, and noise level, were controlled at a reasonable level. Twenty-nine young participants were participated in the experiments. Four mental tasks were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the work productivity of occupants and a questionnaire was used to access participants’ satisfaction. The Spearman correlation analysis and two-way analysis of variance were applied. It was found that the overall performance declined by 1% for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration. Moreover, for every 10% increase in dissatisfaction with air quality, productivity performance decreased by 1.1% or more. It should be noted that a high CO2 concentration (800 ppm) has a stronger negative effect on occupant satisfaction towards air quality than PM2.5 concentration in a non-ventilated room. In order to obtain optimal occupant satisfaction and work productivity, low concentrations of PM2.5 (<50 μg/m3) and CO2 (<700 ppm) are recommended.

scholarly journals Thermal Condition and Air Quality Investigation in Commercial Airliner Cabins

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7047
Author(s):  
Nu Yu ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Mengya Zhang ◽  
Haifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Cabin air quality and thermal conditions have a direct impact on passenger and flight crew’s health and comfort. In this study, in-cabin thermal environment and particulate matter (PM) exposures were investigated in four China domestic flights. The mean and standard deviation of the in-cabin carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in two tested flights are 1440 ± 111 ppm. The measured maximum in-cabin carbon monoxide (CO) concentration is 1.2 ppm, which is under the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit of 10 ppm. The tested relative humidity ranges from 13.8% to 67.0% with an average of 31.7%. The cabin pressure change rates at the end of the climbing stages and the beginning of the descending stages are close to 10 hPa·min−1, which might induce the uncomfortable feeling of passengers and crew members. PM mass concentrations were measured on four flights. The results show that PM concentrations decreased after the aircraft cabin door closed and were affected by severe turbulences. The highest in-cabin PM concentrations were observed in the oldest aircraft with an age of 13.2 years, and the waiting phase in this aircraft generated the highest exposures.

scholarly journals Regional Energy, CO2, and Economic and Air Quality Index Performances in China: A Meta-Frontier Approach

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu ◽  
Liang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Desirable Output ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Rapid economic development has resulted in a significant increase in energy consumption and pollution such as carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), SO2, and NO2 emissions, which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Therefore, to ensure a sustainable future, it is essential to improve economic efficiency and reduce emissions. Using a Meta-frontier Non-radial Directional Distance Function model, this study took energy consumption, the labor force, and fixed asset investments as the inputs, Gross domestic product (GDP) as the desirable output, and CO2 and the Air Quality Index (AQI) scores as the undesirable outputs to assess energy efficiency and air pollutant index efficiency scores in China from 2013–2016 and to identify the areas in which improvements was necessary. It was found that there was a large gap between the western and eastern cities in China. A comparison of the CO2 and AQI in 31 Chinese cities showed a significant difference in the CO2 emissions and AQI efficiency scores, with the lower scoring cities being mainly concentrated in China’s western region. It was therefore concluded that China needs to pay greater attention to the differences in the economic levels, stages of social development, and energy structures in the western cities when developing appropriately focused improvement plans.

scholarly journals Effect of Air Heat Pump Cooling System as a Greener Energy Source on the Air Quality, Housing Environment and Growth Performance in Pig House

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1474
Author(s):  
Dhanushka Rathnayake ◽  
Hong-Seok Mun ◽  
Muhammad Ammar Dilawar ◽  
Il-Byung Chung ◽  
Kwang-Woo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Housing Environment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The present study examined the cooling effects of an air heat pump (AHP) system. An AHP system was installed in a pig house to compare the effects with a traditional cooling system on the growth performance, noxious gas emission, housing environment and consumption of electricity. During the 19-week experimental trial, the internal temperature in the AHP cooling system-connected pig house was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) than the conventional house. Similarly, the temperature–humidity index (THI) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the growing and late finishing period. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and electricity consumption were also reduced significantly in the AHP cooling system relative to the control. The concentration of ammonia (NH3) during the weaning and finishing phase and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) during all periods were lower in the AHP-installed pig house (p < 0.05). From 0–19 weeks, there was no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) in terms of the growth performance of pigs in both houses. These results show that the AHP cooling system can be implemented as an environmentally friendly renewable energy source in swine farms for sustainable pig production and better air quality without adversely affecting productivity parameters.

scholarly journals Remote Work and the Environment: Exploratory Analysis of Indoor Air Quality of Commercial Offices and the Home Office

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamrie Sarnosky ◽  
Mark Benden ◽  
Leslie Cizmas ◽  
Annette Regan ◽  
Garett Sansom
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds

Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated an already existing trend of individuals increasingly working remotely. With the growing popularity of remote working, specifically in a home office, there is a critical need to better understand and characterize the potential environmental differences between these two spaces. Indoor air pollution can have adverse health effects and impair cognitive functioning. Methods: This small pilot cohort study (N=22) recruited home and office workers to better understand the indoor air quality between these spaces. Air contaminants collected and assessed included PM10 and PM2.5, carbon dioxide (CO2), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Results: Findings showed a strong statistically significant increase in all measured variables within homes in comparison to traditional offices (p<0.001). For instance, The mean PM2.5 level in the traditional office space was 1.93 µg/m3 whereas it was more than twice this amount (5.97 µg/m3) in home offices.Conclusion: These results indicate that those who work from home are at increased risk due to longer exposures to higher levels of certain contaminants, the importance to better develop interventions to mitigate this reality is underscored by the fact that many workers will be moving to home-based offices in the coming years.

Novel Dual-Tubing Technique to Eliminate the Shut-in Period in CO2 Huff-n-Puff Injection for Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakaria Hamdi ◽  
Nirmal Mohanadas ◽  
Margarita Lilaysromant ◽  
Oluwole Talabi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Production Time ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Dual Porosity Model ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
First Time

Abstract Some heavy oil production can be established using conventional methods; however, these methods are often somewhat ineffective with low recovery factors of less than 20%. Carbon dioxide (CO2) huff-n-puff or cyclic CO2 injection is one of the Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods that can be used in stimulating aging wells to recover some residual oil. The shut-in stage of this method results in a significant delay in the production time, and hence lower oil recovery. For the first time, in this paper, an attempt is made to overcome this issue by a novel approach, employing dual tubing completions. The aim of this is to increase the oil recovery with the production during soak time. Also, a majority of the remaining heavy oil reservoirs are carbonates, hence the research was focused on the same conditions. Numerical simulation is done using dual-tubing conditions in a dual-porosity model with conventional tubing as a base case. Optimization studies are done for injection rate, injection time, soaking time, production time, and huff-n-puff cycles. The results show that the recovery factor can increase significantly, with no discontinuity in production. Preliminary economic studies for the cases also showed a net increase in profit of 7% (1.3 million Dollars for the case chosen). This demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method which can be implemented into conventional operations, for a more sustainable economy in the era of low oil prices.

scholarly journals Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Commercial Buildings In Kuantan

2018 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 05018
Author(s):  
Noor Huwaida Yahaya ◽  
Ftwi Yohaness Hagos ◽  
Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Respirable Particulate

This work focuses on indoor air quality evaluation of commercial buildings in Kuantan. Some buildings have been selected to monitor indoor air quality. The research has been carried out only in Kuantan, which focused on hotels and government buildings. Some sample measurements were taken which include air temperature, relative humidity, and air movement, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), respirable particulate matter (PM 10), formaldehyde and total volatile organic compound (TVOC). In addition, questionnaires were conducted on a number of workers in each building to determine the level of health and illness caused by air in the building where they work. Hence, this study has analyzed the link between the questioner results and the results of indoor air measurements that were carried out. From surveys, it appears there are four buildings that have low air flow, four buildings have a lot of dust and five buildings have a high temperature. In contrast, four buildings have a good indoor air quality.

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