Characteristics of aerosol vertical profiles in Tsukuba, Japan, and their impacts on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer
Abstract. Vertical profiles of the aerosol physical and optical properties, with a focus on seasonal means and on transport events, were investigated in Tsukuba, Japan, by a synergistic remote sensing method that uses lidar and sky radiometer data. The retrieved aerosol vertical profiles were input into our developed one-dimensional atmospheric model, and the impacts of the aerosol vertical profiles on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were studied by numerical sensitivity experiments. The retrieval results in the spring showed that aerosol optical thickness was greater in the free atmosphere (FA) than in the ABL owing to the frequent occurrence of transported aerosols in the FA. In other seasons, optical thickness in the FA was almost the same as that in the ABL. The aerosol optical and physical properties in the ABL showed a dependency on the extinction coefficient, whereas large variability in the physical and optical properties of aerosols in the FA were attributed to transport events, during which the transported aerosols consisted of varying amounts of dust and smoke particles depending on where they originated (China, Mongolia, or Russia). Numerical sensitivity experiments based on simulations conducted with and without aerosols showed that aerosols caused the net downward radiation and the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the surface to decrease. Direct heating of aerosols in the FA strengthened the capping inversion around the top of the ABL. Consequently, the ABL height was decreased in simulations with aerosols compared with simulations without aerosols. We also conducted simulations in which all aerosols were compressed into the ABL but in which the columnar properties were the same and compared with the simulation results for uncompressed aerosol profiles. The results showed that the reductions in net downward radiation and in sensible and latent heat fluxes were the same in both types of simulations, but in the simulations with compression the capping inversion was weakened owing to aerosol direct heating in the ABL, and as a result the ABL height was increased compared with that in the simulations without compression. These results suggest that the vertical profile of aerosol direct heating has important effects on the ABL evolution.