scholarly journals Assessment of urban aerosol pollution over Moscow megacity by MAIAC aerosol product

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Y. Zhdanova ◽  
Natalia Y. Chubarova ◽  
Alexei I. Lyapustin
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
City Centre ◽  
The North ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
Aerosol Sources ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City

Abstract. We estimated the distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with a spatial resolution of 1 km over Moscow megacity using MAIAC aerosol product based on MODIS satellite data (Lyapustin et al., 2018) for the warm period of year (May–September). AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network)-based validation near the city centre at Moscow_MSU_MO and over Moscow suburbs at Zvenigorod revealed that MAIAC AOT at 470 nm is in agreement with AERONET AOT though underestimated by 0.05–0.1 for AOT  1. The MAIAC AOT biases were almost the same for the Moscow_MSU_MO and Zvenigorod AERONET sites, which indicated that MAIAC effectively removed the effect of the bright urban surface in the city centre. For the ground-based measurements, the annual median AOT difference between Moscow_MO_MSU and Zvenigorod (ΔAOT) varied within −0.002±0.03 with statistically significant positive bias for most years and an average ΔAOT of ~ 0.02. According to MAIAC dataset, ΔAOT varied within ±0.01 and was not statistically significant. The ΔAOT started decreasing recently due to intensive urban development of the territory around Zvenigorod and the decrease of pollutant emissions in Moscow, which is mainly caused by the environmental regulations. According to the MAIAC dataset, the most pronounced spatial AOT difference over the territory of Moscow was observed at 5 % quantile level, where it reached 0.05–0.06 over several locations and could be attributed to the stationary sources of aerosol pollution, for example, power plants, or aerosol pollution from roads. The difference between the maximum and the mean AOT for different quantiles, except the 95 % quantile, within the Moscow region, was about 0.02–0.04 which could be attributed to the local aerosol sources. The application of the MAIAC algorithm over the whole Moscow region has revealed a decreasing AOT trend over the centre of Moscow and an increasing trend over the New Moscow territory which experienced an intensive build-up and agricultural development in the north and the south parts of this district, respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of urban aerosol pollution over the Moscow megacity by the MAIAC aerosol product

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 877-891
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Y. Zhdanova ◽  
Natalia Y. Chubarova ◽  
Alexei I. Lyapustin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Aerosol Pollution ◽  
Aerosol Sources ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City

Abstract. We estimated the distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) with a spatial resolution of 1 km over the Moscow megacity using the MAIAC aerosol product based on MODIS satellite data (Lyapustin et al., 2018) for the warm period of the year (May–September, 2001–2017). AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network)-based validation of satellite estimates near the city centre at Moscow_MSU_MO and over the Moscow suburbs at Zvenigorod revealed that MAIAC AOT at 0.47 µm is in agreement with AERONET AOT though underestimated by 0.05–0.1 for AOT<1 and overestimated for smoke conditions with AOT>1. The MAIAC AOT biases were almost the same for the Moscow_MSU_MO and Zvenigorod AERONET sites, which indicated that the MAIAC algorithm effectively removed the effect of the bright urban surface in the city centre. For the ground-based measurements, the difference between annual median AOT at Moscow_MO_MSU and Zvenigorod (ΔAOT) varied within −0.002 to +0.03, with statistically significant positive bias for most years, and an average ΔAOT was about 0.02. According to the MAIAC dataset, the ΔAOT varied within ±0.01 and was not statistically significant. The ΔAOT started decreasing recently due to intensive urban development of the territory around Zvenigorod and the decrease in pollutant emissions in Moscow, which is mainly caused by the environmental regulations. According to the MAIAC dataset, the most pronounced spatial AOT differences over the territory of Moscow were observed at the 5 % quantile level, where they reached 0.05–0.06 over several locations and could be attributed to the stationary sources of aerosol pollution, for example, large areas of construction sites, aerosol pollution from roads and highways, or agriculture activities. The differences between the maximum and the mean AOT for different quantiles, except the 95 % quantile, within the Moscow region, were about 0.02–0.04, which could be attributed to the local aerosol sources. The application of the MAIAC algorithm over the whole Moscow region has revealed a decreasing AOT trend over the centre of Moscow and an increasing trend over the “New” Moscow territory which experienced an intensive build-up and agricultural development.

scholarly journals Impacts of some meteorological parameters on the SO2 concentrations in the city of Obrenovac, Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Nenadovic ◽  
Ljiljana Matovic ◽  
Misko Milanovic ◽  
Sava Janicevic ◽  
Jasmina Grbovic-Novakovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
North West ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The North ◽  
West Part ◽  
Measuring Site ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In this paper, the impacts of some meteorological parameters on the SO2 concentrations in the City of Obrenovac are presented. The City of Obrenovac is located in the north-west part of Serbia on the banks of the River Sava. The observed source emission, the power plants TENT A and TENT B are situated on the bank of the Sava River in the vicinity of Obrenovac. During the period from January to November 2006, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air at 4 monitoring sites in Obrenovac were measured. It was noticed that the maximal measured daily concentrations of sulfur dioxide ranged from 1 ?g/m3 (16th November, 2006) to 98 ?g/m3 (29th January 2006) and lie under the maximal allowed concentration value according to the Serbian Law on Environmental Protection. The measured sulfur dioxide concentrations mostly showed characteristics usual for a daily acidification sulfur dioxide cycle, excluding the specificities influenced by the measuring site itself. Sulfur dioxide transport was recorded at increased wind speeds, primarily from the southeast direction. Based on the impact of meteorological parameters on the sulfur dioxide concentration, a validation of the monitoring sites was also performed from the aspect of their representivity.

scholarly journals Tourism

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Richard White ◽  
Justine Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Everyday Activity ◽  
Tourist Gaze ◽  
Blue Mountains ◽  
The North ◽  
International Visitors ◽  
The City ◽  
North And South

Sydney has been shaped by tourism but in a large metropolis, where tourist experiences so often overlap with everyday activity, its impact often escapes attention. Urban tourism involves not just international visitors, but people from interstate and regional NSW and even day trippers, who all see and use the city differently. Tourist Sydney has never been the same as workaday Sydney – the harbour, beaches, city centre, the Blue Mountains and national parks to the north and south loomed disproportionately large in the tourist gaze, while vast swathes of suburbia were invisible.

scholarly journals Aerosol concentration and size distribution measured below, in, and above cloud from the DOE G-1 during VOCALS-REx

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 17289-17336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. Kleinman ◽  
P. H. Daum ◽  
Y.-N. Lee ◽  
E. R. Lewis ◽  
A. J. Sedlacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
The North ◽  
Stratocumulus Clouds ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. During the VOCALS Regional Experiment, the DOE G-1 aircraft was used to sample a varying aerosol environment pertinent to properties of stratocumulus clouds over a longitude band extending 800 km west from the Chilean coast at Arica. Trace gas and aerosol measurements are presented as a function of longitude, altitude, and dew point in this study. Spatial distributions are consistent with an upper atmospheric source for O3 and South American coastal sources for marine boundary layer (MBL) CO and aerosol, most of which is acidic sulfate in agreement with the dominant pollution source being SO2 from Cu smelters and power plants. Pollutant layers in the free troposphere (FT) can be a result of emissions to the north in Peru or long range transport from the west. At a given altitude in the FT (up to 3 km), dew point varies by 40 °C with dry air descending from the upper atmospheric and moist air having a BL contribution. Ascent of BL air to a cold high altitude results in the condensation and precipitation removal of all but a few percent of BL water along with aerosol that served as CCN. Thus, aerosol volume decreases with dew point in the FT. Aerosol size spectra have a bimodal structure in the MBL and an intermediate diameter unimodal distribution in the FT. Comparing cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and pre-cloud aerosol (Dp > 100 nm) gives a linear relation up to a number concentration of ~150 cm−3, followed by a less than proportional increase in CDNC at higher aerosol number concentration. A number balance between below cloud aerosol and cloud droplets indicates that ~25 % of aerosol in the PCASP size range are interstitial (not activated). One hundred and two constant altitude cloud transects were identified and used to determine properties of interstitial aerosol. One transect is examined in detail as a case study. Approximately 25 to 50 % of aerosol with Dp > 110 nm were not activated, the difference between the two approaches possibly representing shattered cloud droplets or unknown artifact. CDNC and interstitial aerosol were anti-correlated in all cloud transects, consistent with the occurrence of dry in-cloud areas due to entrainment or circulation mixing.

Pisidia Survey Project: Melli 2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutgarde Vandeput ◽  
Veli Köse
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The City

AbstractThe third survey campaign of the Pisidia Survey Project at Melli took place in September 2000. Work on the remains of the small, semi-circular theatre completed the study of the monumental city centre and allowed the suggestion of a roughly Severan construction date. In addition, the remains of the early Christian period in the ancient city and in its north necropolis area were recorded, proving that older pagan buildings were partially re-used to build them and that several basilicas had a number of construction phases. A continuation of the study of the remains in the domestic areas of the city allowed a reconstruction of their organisation and showed that richer and poorer houses occupied the same quarters. Finally, work on the monumental temple tombs in the north necropolis was also completed. In general, it has become clear that the city flourished from the Hellenistic period throughout Roman times and into the early Christian period.

Two Geometric Tombs at Atsalenio near Knossos

1968 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Costis Davaras
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
British School ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The City

In the spring of 1962 workmen digging the foundation shafts for the construction of a house at Atsalenio hit upon two Geometric tombs. Atsalenio is a quarter outside Heraklion, midway between the city centre and Knossos. The site of the tombs, which is the property of the contractors, D. Ritsopoulos and D. Serdherakis, lies about 100 metres to the west of the road to Knossos and about 200 metres to the north of the modern graveyard of Atsalenio. As the tombs were just outside the Knossos area of the British School, although belonging to the Geometric cemeteries of Knossos, I undertook their excavation as Epimelete of the Archaeological Service.The site of the tombs, like most of the adjacent area, was a vineyard before building began, and the soil was cultivated to a depth of c. 0·7 m. This had destroyed the roofs of the tombs. The digging of the foundation shafts for the building had also destroyed all but the beginning of the dromos of Tomb A and had just reached the upper level of its burials before work was halted. Nearly all Tomb B, too, had been destroyed; the sherds from it were recovered for the most part from the earth thrown out by the builders.

scholarly journals Análisis de las edades, trayectos y minutos de uso en la utilización de un sistema de bicicletas compartidas: el caso del VaiBike en Vilagarcía de Arousa (España) (Analysis of ages, routes, and minutes of use in a shared bicycle system: the case of VaiBi

Retos ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 314-319
Author(s):  
Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Shared Bicycle ◽  
Bicycle Sharing System ◽  
The City

La creciente contaminación en las ciudades y el incremento de la obesidad y sobrepeso aconsejan medios de transporte activos. Uno de los sistemas que está en auge en los últimos años es el de bicicletas compartidas de uso público. En la actualidad, en España, apenas existen estudios que aporten información sobre las características de los usuarios y los hábitos de utilización del servicio, por lo que con este estudio se pretende categorizar las edades de los usuarios del sistema de bicicletas compartidas, así como la frecuencia de uso, características de los itinerarios y media de minutos de uso de las bicicletas.                 La edad media de los usuarios, durante la primera etapa del 2009 al 2012, fue de 46 años (hombres 49; mujeres 38.7), siendo las diferencias significativas t=83,06; p <0,001. La mayor frecuencia de uso se inicia y finaliza en el centro de la ciudad (15.947 usos; 18.9%). Los hombres entre 50 y 69 años y las mujeres entre 30 y 49 años son los que más utilizan las bicicletas. Los itinerarios por la costa son los preferidos por las mujeres. La media de minutos de uso de los viajes de las bicicletas públicas fue de 36,1 (hombres 38,1; mujeres 31,4), siendo las diferencias estadísticamente significativas t84181=26,30; p <0,001. Abstract. The growing pollution in cities and the increase in obesity and overweight suggest the use of active means of transport. One of these means is the bicycle sharing system, which has become extremely popular in recent years. Currently, hardly any study provides information about the users’ characteristics and the usage habits of the mentioned service in Spain. Therefore, this study is intended to categorize the ages of users of this system, as well as their frequency of use, the route characteristics, and average minutes of use of bicycles. Users’ average age was 46 years during the first period, from 2009 to 2012 (men 49; women 38.7), the difference between men and women being significant (t=83.06; p<0.001). The highest frequency of use begins and ends in the city centre (15,947 uses; 18.9%). Men between 50 and 69 years old and women between 30 and 49 years old are those who use bicycles the most. Coastal routes are the most popular in women. The average minutes of use in public bicycle trips were 36,1 (men 38,1; women 31,4), with statistically significant differences between genders (t84181=26,30; p<0,001).

scholarly journals Composing the North: A Musical Study of Identity, Transformation, and Reflection

Nordlit ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Stanovic
Keyword(s):  
Steel Production ◽  
Identity Transformation ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Community Arts ◽  
The North ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
National Decline ◽  
Identity Transformations ◽  
The City

In 2015, occursus – a network of artists, researchers, and academics with an interest in space and spatialities in art – commissioned a series of musical compositions based on a small patch of land close to the centre of Sheffield, England. The land in question, which houses one of the world’s oldest cementation furnaces, has witnessed a remarkable period of transformation; initially standing among some 2,500 furnaces in the heart of the industrialised city centre, the national decline of steel production resulted in dereliction and for much of the past sixty years the furnace towered over wasteland. occursus acquired the land in 2012, and turned it into a community arts space, now known as Furnace Park. This article explains how a series of composers responded to this park through the creation of new musical works. Although most attention is directed to the author’s own work, Foundry Flux (2015), the primary focus of the article is on the collective approach to occursus’ objectives which, to the surprise of all of the commission-holders, focused their attention way beyond the tiny patch of land in the heart of Sheffield; the project became a catalyst for: 1) studying the identity of the city; 2) observing and initiating transformations of that identity; and 3) reflecting upon one’s own role within such identity transformations. In combining these three, those in the group found themselves engaged in a practical process of composing the north.

scholarly journals Modern displacement of active faults in South-Yakutian coal-bearing depression on the GPS data

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
V. S. Imaev ◽  
L. P. Imaeva ◽  
S. V. Аshurkov ◽  
N. N. Grib ◽  
I. I. Kolodeznikov
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Yakutia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City ◽  
Gps Observations

For a quantitative assessment of the current horizontal velocity of the surface displacement of the crust in southern Yakutia in recent years, was organized the first and only points of permanent GPS observations in the city of Neryungri (NRG) and the city of Chulman (CHL3). Both points of observation are located within the southern margin of the Eurasian plate, near the system of active structures separating it from the Amur plate. To estimate the relative displacement, the period of joint operation of these two GPS points was chosen, namely from June 29, 2015 to December 1, 2016. The rate of displacement of the point in Neryungri, calculated for a 5-year period (from 27.10.2011 to 01.10.2016), was 21.83±0.73 mm/year in the East-West direction and 12.26±0.25 mm/year in the North-South direction in the international reference basis ITRF2014. The obtained values differ slightly from the theoretical values of the velocity of the Eurasian lithospheric plate at the specified point. The difference of the measured velocities with velocities according to the known kinematic model of the Eurasian plate obtained in this paper is |0.5| mm/year for the Eastern component and |1.0| mm/year for the Northern one and corresponds to the assessment of other authors [Kreemer et al., 2014]. To improve the accuracy of determining the speed of horizontal displacements of the earth's crust at the station CHL3, it is necessary to continue measurements synchronous with the station NRG2.

scholarly journals Spatial patterning and correlates of self-harm in Manchester, England

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Yu Lin ◽  
Harriet Bickley ◽  
Caroline Clements ◽  
Roger T. Webb ◽  
David Gunnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The City

Abstract Aims To investigate the spatial distribution of self-harm incidence rates, their socioeconomic correlates and sex/age differences using data on self-harm presentations to emergency departments from The Manchester Self-Harm Project (2003–2013). Methods Smoothed standardised incidence ratios for index self-harm episodes (n = 14 771) and their associations with area-level socioeconomic factors across 258 small areas (median population size = 1470) in the City of Manchester municipality were estimated using Bayesian hierarchical models. Results Higher numbers and rates of self-harm were found in the north, east and far southern zones of the city, in contrast to below average rates in the city centre and the inner city zone to the south of the centre. Males and females aged 10–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years showed similar geographical patterning of self-harm. In contrast, there was no clear pattern in the group aged 65 years and older. Fully adjusted analyses showed a positive association of self-harm rates with the percentage of the unemployed population, households privately renting, population with limiting long-term illness and lone-parent households, and a negative association with the percentage of ethnicity other than White British and travel distance to the nearest hospital emergency department. The area-level characteristics investigated explained a large proportion (four-fifths) of the variability in area self-harm rates. Most associations were restricted to those aged under 65 years and some associations (e.g. with unemployment) were present only in the youngest age group. Conclusions The findings have implications for allocating prevention and intervention resources targeted at high-risk groups in high incidence areas. Targets for area-based interventions might include tackling the causes and consequences of joblessness, better treatment of long-term illness and consideration of the accessibility of health services.

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