scholarly journals Correction of raindrop size distributions measured by Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional-video-disdrometer as a reference

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 8521-8579 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Raupach ◽  
A. Berne
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Rain Rates ◽  
Mediterranean France

Abstract. The raindrop size distribution (DSD) quantifies the micro-structure of rainfall and is critical to studying precipitation processes. We present a method to improve the accuracy of DSD measurements from Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional-video-disdrometer (2DVD) as a reference instrument. Parsivel disdrometers bin recorded raindrops into velocity and equivolume diameter classes, but may mis-estimate the number of drops per class. We define a filter for raw disdrometer measurements to remove particles that are unlikely to be plausible raindrops. In our correction method, drop velocities are corrected with reference to theoretical models of terminal drop velocity. Non-plausible measurements are removed. Lastly, drop concentrations are corrected such that on average the Parsivel concentrations match those recorded by a 2DVD. The correction can be trained on and applied to data from both generations of Parsivel disdrometers. The method was applied to data collected during field campaigns in Mediterranean France, for a network of first and second generation Parsivel disdrometers. We compared the moments of the resulting DSDs to those of a collocated 2DVD, and the resulting DSD-derived rain rates to collocated rain gauges. The correction vastly improved the accuracy of the moments of the Parsivel DSDs, and in the majority of cases the rain rate match with collocated rain gauges was improved.

scholarly journals Correction of raindrop size distributions measured by Parsivel disdrometers, using a two-dimensional video disdrometer as a reference

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Raupach ◽  
A. Berne
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Rain Rates ◽  
Mediterranean France

Abstract. The raindrop size distribution (DSD) quantifies the microstructure of rainfall and is critical to studying precipitation processes. We present a method to improve the accuracy of DSD measurements from Parsivel (particle size and velocity) disdrometers, using a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) as a reference instrument. Parsivel disdrometers bin raindrops into velocity and equivolume diameter classes, but may misestimate the number of drops per class. In our correction method, drop velocities are corrected with reference to theoretical models of terminal drop velocity. We define a filter for raw disdrometer measurements to remove particles that are unlikely to be plausible raindrops. Drop concentrations are corrected such that on average the Parsivel concentrations match those recorded by a 2DVD. The correction can be trained on and applied to data from both generations of OTT Parsivel disdrometers, and indeed any disdrometer in general. The method was applied to data collected during field campaigns in Mediterranean France for a network of first- and second-generation Parsivel disdrometers, and on a first-generation Parsivel in Payerne, Switzerland. We compared the moments of the resulting DSDs to those of a collocated 2DVD, and the resulting DSD-derived rain rates to collocated rain gauges. The correction improved the accuracy of the moments of the Parsivel DSDs, and in the majority of cases the rain rate match with collocated rain gauges was improved. In addition, the correction was shown to be similar for two different climatologies, suggesting its general applicability.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the New Version of the Laser-Optical Disdrometer, OTT Parsivel2

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1276-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tokay ◽  
David B. Wolff ◽  
Walter A. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Drop Size ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Goddard Space Flight Center ◽  
Absolute Bias ◽  
Fall Speed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Rain Rates

Abstract A comparative study of raindrop size distribution measurements has been conducted at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center where the focus was to evaluate the performance of the upgraded laser-optical OTT Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel2; P2) disdrometer. The experimental setup included a collocated pair of tipping-bucket rain gauges, OTT Parsivel (P1) and P2 disdrometers, and Joss–Waldvogel (JW) disdrometers. Excellent agreement between the two collocated rain gauges enabled their use as a relative reference for event rain totals. A comparison of event total showed that the P2 had a 6% absolute bias with respect to the reference gauges, considerably lower than the P1 and JW disdrometers. Good agreement was also evident between the JW and P2 in hourly raindrop spectra for drop diameters between 0.5 and 4 mm. The P2 drop concentrations mostly increased toward small sizes, and the peak concentrations were mostly observed in the first three measurable size bins. The P1, on the other hand, underestimated small drops and overestimated the large drops, particularly in heavy rain rates. From the analysis performed, it appears that the P2 is an improvement over the P1 model for both drop size and rainfall measurements. P2 mean fall velocities follow accepted terminal fall speed relationships at drop sizes less than 1 mm. As a caveat, the P2 had approximately 1 m s−1 slower mean fall speed with respect to the terminal fall speed near 1 mm, and the difference between the mean measured and terminal fall speeds reduced with increasing drop size. This caveat was recognized as a software bug by the manufacturer and is currently being investigated.

scholarly journals Comparison of Raindrop Size Distribution Measurements by Collocated Disdrometers

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1672-1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Tokay ◽  
Walter A. Petersen ◽  
Patrick Gatlin ◽  
Matthew Wingo
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Fall Speed ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Rain Rates

Abstract An impact-type Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD), a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD), and a laser optical OTT Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer (PD) were used to measure the raindrop size distribution (DSD) over a 6-month period in Huntsville, Alabama. Comparisons indicate event rain totals for all three disdrometers that were in reasonable agreement with a reference rain gauge. In a relative sense, hourly composite DSDs revealed that the JWD was more sensitive to small drops (<1 mm), while the PD appeared to severely underestimate small drops less than 0.76 mm in diameter. The JWD and 2DVD measured comparable number concentrations of midsize drops (1–3 mm) and large drops (3–5 mm), while the PD tended to measure relatively higher drop concentrations at sizes larger than 2.44 mm in diameter. This concentration disparity tended to occur when hourly rain rates and drop counts exceeded 2.5 mm h−1 and 400 min−1, respectively. Based on interactions with the PD manufacturer, the partially inhomogeneous laser beam is considered the cause of the PD drop count overestimation. PD drop fall speeds followed the expected terminal fall speed relationship quite well, while the 2DVD occasionally measured slower drops for diameters larger than 2.4 mm, coinciding with events where wind speeds were greater than 4 m s−1. The underestimation of small drops by the PD had a pronounced effect on the intercept and shape of parameters of gamma-fitted DSDs, while the overestimation of midsize and larger drops resulted in higher mean values for PD integral rain parameters.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Gamma Raindrop Size Distribution Assumption through Comparison of Rain Rates of Measured and Radar-Equivalent Gamma DSD

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1618-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Adirosi ◽  
Eugenio Gorgucci ◽  
Luca Baldini ◽  
Ali Tokay
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Drop Size Distribution ◽  
Dual Polarization ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Radar Measurements ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Rain Rates

AbstractTo date, one of the most widely used parametric forms for modeling raindrop size distribution (DSD) is the three-parameter gamma. The aim of this paper is to analyze the error of assuming such parametric form to model the natural DSDs. To achieve this goal, a methodology is set up to compare the rain rate obtained from a disdrometer-measured drop size distribution with the rain rate of a gamma drop size distribution that produces the same triplets of dual-polarization radar measurements, namely reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential phase shift. In such a way, any differences between the values of the two rain rates will provide information about how well the gamma distribution fits the measured precipitation. The difference between rain rates is analyzed in terms of normalized standard error and normalized bias using different radar frequencies, drop shape–size relations, and disdrometer integration time. The study is performed using four datasets of DSDs collected by two-dimensional video disdrometers deployed in Huntsville (Alabama) and in three different prelaunch campaigns of the NASA–Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) ground validation program including the Hydrological Cycle in Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) special observation period (SOP) 1 field campaign in Rome. The results show that differences in rain rates of the disdrometer DSD and the gamma DSD determining the same dual-polarization radar measurements exist and exceed those related to the methodology itself and to the disdrometer sampling error, supporting the finding that there is an error associated with the gamma DSD assumption.

scholarly journals Attenuation correction for a high-resolution polarimetric X-band weather radar

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
T. Otto ◽  
H. W. J. Russchenberg
Keyword(s):  
Attenuation Correction ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Phase Constraint ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Range Resolution ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
X Band ◽  
Raindrop Size

Abstract. In 2007, IRCTR (Delft University of Technology) installed a new polarimetric X-band LFMCW radar (IDRA) at the meteorological observation site of Cabauw, The Netherlands. It provides plan position indicators (PPI) at a fixed elevation with a high range resolution of either 3 m or 30 m at a maximum observation range of 1.5 km and 15 km, respectively. IDRA aims to monitor precipitation events for the long-term analysis of the hydrological cycle. Due to the specifications of IDRA, the spatial and temporal variability of a large range of rainfall intensities (from drizzle to heavy convective rain) can be studied. Even though the usual observation range of IDRA is limited to 15 km, attenuation due to precipitation can be large enough to seriously affect the measurements. In this contribution we evaluate the application of a combined method to correct for the specific and the differential attenuation, and in the same vein estimate the parameters of the raindrop-size distribution. The estimated attenuations are compared to a phase constraint attenuation correction method.

scholarly journals Exploring the use of a column model for the characterization of microphysical processes in warm rain: results from a homogeneous rainshaft model

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Prat ◽  
A. P. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Column Model ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
State Boundary ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Microphysical Processes ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Rain Rates

Abstract. A study of the evolution of raindrop spectra (raindrop size distribution, DSD) between cloud base and the ground surface was conducted using a column model of stochastic coalescense-breakup dynamics. Numerical results show that, under steady-state boundary conditions (i.e. constant rainfall rate and DSD at the top of the rainshaft), the equilibrium DSD is achieved only for high rain rates produced by midlevel or higher clouds and after long simulation times (~30 min or greater). Because these conditions are not typical of most rainfall, the results suggest that the theoretical equilibrium DSD might not be attainable for the duration of individual rain events, and thus DSD observations from field experiments should be analyzed conditional on the specific storm environment under which they were obtained.

scholarly journals Dataset on raindrop size distribution, raindrop fall velocity and precipitation data measured by disdrometers and rain gauges over Peruvian central Andes (12.0°S)

Data in Brief ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 105215
Author(s):  
Jairo M. Valdivia ◽  
Kevin Contreras ◽  
Daniel Martinez-Castro ◽  
Elver Villalobos-Puma ◽  
Luis F. Suarez-Salas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Central Andes ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Fall Velocity ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Raindrop Size

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of Collisional Breakup in Natural Rain

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 3404-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Pio D’Adderio ◽  
Federico Porcù ◽  
Ali Tokay
Keyword(s):  
Rain Rate ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Integral Parameter ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Remote Sensor ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Fitting In

Abstract Numerous laboratory and numerical studies have been dedicated to understanding collisional breakup as one of the most important processes in rain formation. The present study aims to identify when, in natural rain, collisional breakup is dominant and thus able to modify the shape of the raindrop size distribution (DSD), up to the equilibrium DSD. To this end, an automated objective algorithm has been developed and applied to a total of more than 6000 two-minute-averaged DSDs. Since breakup is mostly observed in heavy precipitation, the method was applied to the DSDs where rain rate was above 5 mm h−1. The selected breakup DSDs had good agreement with those predicted to be the equilibrium DSD by different theoretical models. The equilibrium DSD was found in a variable fraction of the total samples (0%–7%), confirming that the onset of equilibrium is a rare event in natural rain. The occurrence of a DSD in which breakup is dominant and modifies the DSD but the equilibrium DSD is not reached is higher (15%–47%). The gamma distribution, which has been widely used in the parameterization of observed size spectra, had a poor fitting in breakup-induced DSD, especially in the 1.0–2.6-mm-diameter interval. This can impact applications for which the parameterization of DSD is needed, such as in the retrieval of a DSD integral parameter (such as rain rate) from active remote sensor data.

Uncertainties of GPM DPR Rain Estimates Caused by DSD Parameterizations

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 2524-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Liao ◽  
Robert Meneghini ◽  
Ali Tokay
Keyword(s):  
Dual Wavelength ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Precipitation Measurement ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Rain Rates ◽  
Global Precipitation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA framework based on measured raindrop size distribution (DSD) data has been developed to assess uncertainties in DSD models employed in Ku- and Ka-band dual-wavelength radar retrievals. In this study, the rain rates and attenuation coefficients from DSD parameters derived by dual-wavelength algorithms are compared with those directly obtained from measured DSD spectra. The impact of the DSD gamma parameterizations on rain estimation from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) is examined for the cases of a fixed shape factor μ as well as for a constrained μ—that is, a μ–Λ relation (a relationship between the shape parameter and slope parameter Λ of the gamma DSD)—by using 11 Particle Size and Velocity (Parsivel) disdrometer measurements with a total number of about 50 000 one-minute spectra that were collected during the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) experiment. It is found that the DPR-like dual-wavelength techniques provide fairly accurate estimates of rain rate and attenuation if a fixed-μ gamma DSD model is used, with the value of μ ranging from 3 to 6. Comparison of the results reveals that the retrieval errors from the μ–Λ relations are generally small, with biases of less than ±10%, and are comparable to the results from a fixed-μ gamma model with μ equal to 3 and 6. The DSD evaluation procedure is also applied to retrievals in which a lognormal DSD model is used.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Warm Clouds and Precipitation in South China during the Pre-Flood Season Using Datasets from a Cloud Radar, a Ceilometer, and a Disdrometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 3045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiafeng Zheng ◽  
Liping Liu ◽  
Haonan Chen ◽  
Yabin Gou ◽  
Yuzhang Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Integrated Technology ◽  
Flood Season ◽  
Cloud Radar ◽  
Raindrop Size Distribution ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Raindrop Size ◽  
Rain Rates

The millimeter-wave cloud radar, ceilometer, and disdrometer have been widely used to observe clouds and precipitation. However, there are some drawbacks when those three instruments are solely employed due to their own limitations, such as the fact that radars usually suffer from signal attenuation and ceilometers/disdrometers cannot provide measurements of the hydrometeors of aloft clouds and precipitation. Thus, in this paper, we developed an integrated technology by combining and utilizing the advantages of three instruments together to investigate the vertical structure and diurnal variation of warm clouds and precipitation, and the raindrop size distribution. Specifically, the technology consists of appropriate data processing, quality control, and retrieval methods. It was implemented to study the warm clouds and precipitation in South China during the pre-flood season of 2016. The results showed that the hydrometeors of warm clouds and precipitation were mainly distributed below 2.5 km and most of the rainfall events were very light with a rain rate less than 1 mm h−1, however, the stronger precipitation primarily contributed the accumulated rain amount. Furthermore, a rising trend of cloud base height from 1000 to 1900 BJT was found. The cloud top height and cloud thickness gradually increased from 1200 BJT to reach a maximum at 1600 BJT (Beijing Standard Time, UTC+8), and then decreased until 2000 BJT. Also, three periods of the apparent rainfall on the ground of the day, namely, 0400–0700 BJT, 1400–1800 BJT, and 2300–2400 BJT were observed. During three periods, the raindrops had wider size spectra, higher number concentrations, larger rain rates, and higher water contents than at other times. The hydrometeor type, size, and concentration were gradually changed in the vertical orientation. The raindrop size distributions of warm precipitation in the air and on the ground were different, which can be expressed by γ distributions N(D) = 1.49 × 104D−0.9484exp(−6.79D) in the air and N(D) = 1.875 × 103D0.862exp(−2.444D) on the ground, where D and N(D) denote the diameter and number concentration of the raindrops, respectively.

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