scholarly journals Climate-driven desertification and its implications for the ancient Silk Road trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1395-1407
Author(s):  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Leibin Wang ◽  
David Dian Zhang ◽  
Fengwen Liu ◽  
Yifu Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract. The ancient Silk Road played a crucial role in cultural exchange and commercial trade between western and eastern Eurasia during the historical period. However, the exchanges were interrupted in the early 16th century CE, during the Ming dynasty. Various causes for the decline of the ancient Silk Road have been suggested. Unlike social factors, natural factors have not been adequately addressed. In this study, we use evidence from a sedimentary site (Xishawo, XSW) in Dunhuang oasis, together with analysis of historical archives, to demonstrate the occurrence of extreme droughts and desertification events in the Dunhuang area post ∼ 1450 CE, which persisted at least for decades. The desertification may be closely associated with the accessibility of the ancient Silk Road in the area, which was responsible for a steep fall in the volume of trade, as well as political chaos and mass migrations. Therefore, besides socio-economic factors, climate change may have played an important role in trade exchange between the Ming government and the West and may have even influenced the rise and decline of the ancient Silk Road.

scholarly journals Climate-driven desertification triggered the end of the Ancient Silk Road

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Leibin Wang ◽  
David Dian Zhang ◽  
Fengwen Liu ◽  
Yifu Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Ming Dynasty

Abstract. The Ancient Silk Road played a crucial role in cultural exchange and commercial trade between western and eastern Eurasia during the historical period. However, the exchanges were interrupted in the early 16th century AD, in the Ming dynasty. Three causes of the demise of the ancient Silk Road have been suggested: (1) the thriving of the sea trade route after the great geographic discovery in the Ming dynasty; (2) frequent incursions by the Wala and Turpan kingdoms, or fighting in border areas; and (3) climate change. In this study, new evidence from a sedimentary site in Dunhuang oasis together with analysis of historical archives indicate that neither the sea trade route nor the frontier wars were the pivotal reason for the closure of the Jiayuguan Pass. Extreme droughts and desertification events, caused by climate change, occurred in the Dunhuang area, west of the Jiayuguan Pass, during ~ 1440–1460 AD. After ~ 1450 AD, desertification rendered the ancient Silk Road impassable in the area, which resulted in a steep fall in the volume of trade as well as political chaos and mass migrations. The final closure of the Jiayuguan Pass in 1539 AD and the abandonment of Dunhuang city further interrupted the operation of the ancient Silk Road.

Valley Settlement Characteristics Analysis in Northwest of China - Exampled by Qingcheng Town

2011 ◽  
Vol 261-263 ◽  
pp. 1172-1177
Author(s):  
Xiang Wu Meng ◽  
Ming Hui Ye ◽  
Han Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Tang Dynasty ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Spatial Layout ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Yellow River Valley ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Ecological Culture ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

Known as “the Millennium Town beside the Yellow River” Qingcheng Town in Yuzhong County has many rich cultural heritages and profound cultural foundation. Its terrain belongs to the typical Yellow River Valley. It was an important traffic wharf of the ancient Silk Road, and a terminal frontier military center from Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty. By researching and analyzing the Qingcheng town, the thesis summarizes its characteristics of the spatial layout and ecological culture.

An Application of VECM to Investigate the Role of Socio-Economic Factors in Poverty: New Evidence from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahwish Zafar ◽  
Saeed Ahmed Sabir ◽  
Shagufta Manzoor ◽  
Manzoor Ali Isran ◽  
Shazia Kousar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Poverty is a crucial and worldwide phenomenon. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship exists between socio-economic factors, social factors, and poverty, the relative influence of economic and social factors on poverty and to describe causality between time series in the VAR system. This study utilized the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) by using quarterly time-series data, 1994Q1 to 2018Q4, that have been collected from the world development indicators (WDI) and Economic Survey of Pakistan. The study identified education, unemployment, inflation as economic factors while zakat and rainfall as social factors that can reduce poverty. The findings of this study indicate that inflation and unemployment have a positive and significant relationship with poverty in the long run in Pakistan while education, rainfall, social welfare programs, and zakat has a negative relationship in the long run with poverty. Besides, the study also found that in the short run, there is no relationship between economic and social factors with poverty. Moreover, the study found that in the long run that the relative contribution of education and rain increases, 28% and 20%, is greater than the contribution of inflation, social welfare programs, unemployment and zakat, 3.8%, 0.5%, 2.5%, and 0.08%. Similarly, its contribution to poverty reduces up to 44% in the long run. This study helps policymakers to take important decisions about economic and social factors while designing policies to reduce poverty. The results suggest that the state bank of Pakistan should adopt a contractionary monetary policy to control inflation and policymakers can develop policies like education for all. The government should develop a business environment to create more employment opportunities.

An Application of VECM to Investigate the Role of Socio-Economic Factors in Poverty: New Evidence from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahwish Zafar ◽  
Saeed Ahmed Sabir ◽  
Shagufta Manzoor ◽  
Manzoor Ali Isran ◽  
Shazia Kousar
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Poverty is a crucial and worldwide phenomenon. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship exists between socio-economic factors, social factors, and poverty, the relative influence of economic and social factors on poverty and to describe causality between time series in the VAR system. This study utilized the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) by using quarterly time-series data, 1994Q1 to 2018Q4, that have been collected from the world development indicators (WDI) and Economic Survey of Pakistan. The study identified education, unemployment, inflation as economic factors while zakat and rainfall as social factors that can reduce poverty. The findings of this study indicate that inflation and unemployment have a positive and significant relationship with poverty in the long run in Pakistan while education, rainfall, social welfare programs, and zakat has a negative relationship in the long run with poverty. Besides, the study also found that in the short run, there is no relationship between economic and social factors with poverty. Moreover, the study found that in the long run that the relative contribution of education and rain increases, 28% and 20%, is greater than the contribution of inflation, social welfare programs, unemployment and zakat, 3.8%, 0.5%, 2.5%, and 0.08%. Similarly, its contribution to poverty reduces up to 44% in the long run. This study helps policymakers to take important decisions about economic and social factors while designing policies to reduce poverty. The results suggest that the state bank of Pakistan should adopt a contractionary monetary policy to control inflation and policymakers can develop policies like education for all. The government should develop a business environment to create more employment opportunities.

scholarly journals CRITERIA FOR SELECTING CRYPTOCURRENCY FOR EFFECTIVE OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Stanislavskyi
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Ideal Solution ◽  
Operational Management ◽  
Technical Properties ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Investing in cryptoassets can be tricky. At the moment, there are many different cryptocurrencies operating on different blockchains with different ecosystems. The use of cryptoassets requires defining a goal in relation to the type of cryptoassets and the degree to which their properties affect their functioning and development. In this article, the author analyzes two of the most popular and significant cryptocurrencies for the cryptoindustry Bitcoin and Ethereum on two different blockchains. The author specifically took two cryptocurrencies that are completely different in their meaning and purpose. In view of the fact that the author does not see an ideal solution to several problems, he described the need for diversification of assets by purpose of use. The author describes each cryptocurrency as a separate ecosystem with its own properties, which requires playing by the rules. The author cites socio-economic factors due to which he chose these two blockchains for analysis, tries to analyze the dependence of the properties of each cryptocurrency on the level of popularization, and gives empirical data stating the consequences in a historical context.The author also considers technical properties as a factor of scalability and attractiveness of each of the blockchains, how cryptocurrencies interact with each other, influencing the financial mood of users. The author of the article also tries to determine the technical and social factors that led to the adaptation of these cryptocurrencies to the traditional financial sector and how they depend on each other. The author describes Bitcoin as a system for saving and multiplying funds, while Ethereum sees it as an ecosystem, an intermediary protocol between already formed market sectors and decentralized applications within the network. After analyzing the results of the study, the author provides general criteria for the formation of a methodology for choosing a cryptocurrency and blockchain for conducting effective operational activities, as well as the formation of its own mechanism for managing the efficiency of cryptocurrency operations.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI YANG MEMOTIVASI PETANI DALAM USAHATANI LADA (Piper nigrum L.) (Studi Kasus di Kawasan Perbatasan Desa Bambangan Kecamatan Sebatik Barat Kabupaten Nunukan) (Socio-economic Factors Motivating Farmers in Pepper Farming (Piper nigrum L.) (Case Study in Border Area of Bambangan Village West Sebatik Subdistrict Nunukan District)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
ERIMUS DAMASUS ◽  
MIDIANSYAH EFFENDI
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Education Profession ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Work Opportunity

Pepper is one of the leading commodity in Indonesia especially in North Kalimantan Province. Pepper becomes world trade commodity so that motivates farmers to do pepper farming. Motivation is influenced by several social and economic factors namely education, profession, work opportunity,  market, selling price, and income. This study aimed to determine the socio-economic factors motivating farmers to do pepper farming in Bambangan Village, West Sebatik Subdistrict, Nunukan District. The study was conducted from June until August 2018 in Bambangan Village, West Sebatik Subdistrict, Nunukan District. The research method was done by simple random sampling with 33 respondents. Data analysis used Likert scale with three indicators of socio-economic that motivate farmers in the application of pepper farming. The result showed that social factors determine with a score of 1,022 or equal to 30.96 motivate farmers in the application of pepper farming and economic factors determine with a score 717 or equal to 21.72. Socio factors is dominant of work opportunity with a score of 96.96%. Socio-economic factors determine the motivation of farmers in the application of pepper farming in Bambangan Village. 

The Significance of Selected Socio-economic Factors for the Achieving of Fiscal Sustainability of Local Government Units (LGUs) in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-642
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Aleksandra Wojtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Unfunded Mandates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Share ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The article attempts to assess the impact of selected economic and social factors on the fiscal sustainability of 241 urban municipalities in Poland in 2004-2016. The article uses the econometric modelling of panel data. The analysis revealed that most of the variables had a negative impact on local fiscal performance. The main reason for this is the low fiscal autonomy of Polish cities and the strong dependency on grants from the central budget, as well as the high share of unfunded mandates. This situation means that cities are particularly sensitive to the external environment, while at the same time are deprived of fiscal stabilisation instruments allowing them to counteract this problem. It can be an important obstacle to achieving sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI YANG MEMOTIVASI PETANI DALAM USAHATANI LADA (Piper nigrum L.) (Studi Kasus di Kawasan Perbatasan Desa Bambangan Kecamatan Sebatik Barat Kabupaten Nunukan) (Socio-economic Factors Motivating Farmers in Pepper Farming (Piper nigrum L.) (Case Study in Border Area of Bambangan Village West Sebatik Subdistrict Nunukan District)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
ERIMUS DAMASUS ◽  
MIDIANSYAH EFFENDI
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Education Profession ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Work Opportunity

Pepper is one of the leading commodity in Indonesia especially in North Kalimantan Province. Pepper becomes world trade commodity so that motivates farmers to do pepper farming. Motivation is influenced by several social and economic factors namely education, profession, work opportunity,  market, selling price, and income. This study aimed to determine the socio-economic factors motivating farmers to do pepper farming in Bambangan Village, West Sebatik Subdistrict, Nunukan District. The study was conducted from June until August 2018 in Bambangan Village, West Sebatik Subdistrict, Nunukan District. The research method was done by simple random sampling with 33 respondents. Data analysis used Likert scale with three indicators of socio-economic that motivate farmers in the application of pepper farming. The result showed that social factors determine with a score of 1,022 or equal to 30.96 motivate farmers in the application of pepper farming and economic factors determine with a score 717 or equal to 21.72. Socio factors is dominant of work opportunity with a score of 96.96%. Socio-economic factors determine the motivation of farmers in the application of pepper farming in Bambangan Village. 

Transmission pathways of China’s historical climate change impacts based on a food security framework

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1564-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su ◽  
Jia He ◽  
Xiuqi Fang ◽  
Jingchao Teng
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Economic Influence ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

There are still many uncertainties about how climate change affects the development of human society. The impact of climate change is likely to be weakened or amplified by the response and adaptation of the reciprocal feedback process after entering the socio-economical subsystem. The study of the climate change impact processes is the basis for understanding the mechanisms of climate change impacts. Furthermore, long-term research of climate change impacts can provide historical similarity and experience for current or future adaptation of climate change. Ancient China was traditionally an agricultural country. Its food production safety, food supply safety, and food consumption safety reflect the impacts of climate change being transferred from a production subsystem to a population subsystem to an economic subsystem. Based on a conceptual framework of food security, we selected 10-year resolution sequences of grain harvest grades, famine indices, and economic levels in China over the past 2000 years (206 BC–AD 1911) to quantify and recognize the main transmission pathways of climate change impacts during cold and warm units of climate change. Our results were as follows: (1) according to the transmission relationship climate change → grain harvests → famines → economic levels, there are 16 main transmission pathways, including 10 pathways starting from cold units and 6 pathways starting from warm units. (2) The main pathway is dominated by natural factors and socio-economic factors, with each factor set accounting for approximately 50%. However, the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward negative developments was 60% for cold units, and the probability of the main pathways with socio-economic influence leading toward positive developments was 66.7% for warm units. According to the main pathway led by natural factors, of all transmission pathways in cold units (100%), 14.7% of the depressed economy may be more directly related to climate change. However, 32.3% of the prosperous economy may have a more direct relationship with climate change in warm units (100%). (3) Famine is the most important link in the climate change influence on transmission chains regulated by socio-economic factors. Famine reflects both poor harvests due to the natural production subsystem and a lack of grain allocation by the socio-economic subsystem or the government’s ability to eliminate famine. Thus, there may be another pathway of transmission, such as climate change → agricultural yield/grain production → economic prosperity → famine relief (social vulnerability).

scholarly journals IMPACT OF SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCE ONLINE SHOPPING

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-333
Author(s):  
D. Melbha
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Since the internet has become a part and parcel of our existence, online shopping sites are burgeoning and getting popular with every passing day. Shopping, the definition and the concept, both have been revolutionized in the recent years. This is an inevitable part of progress, technically and socially. Presently social factors influence the online shopping. So I select this study, Impact of Socio Economic factors Influence online shopping.  In this study I use 50 Private, public employees for data collection then this data collection purpose select Thiruvananthapuram city.

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