Groundwater and soil CO2 efflux weekly monitoring network for the surveillance of Cumbre Vieja volcano, Canary Islands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Amonte ◽  
Alana Mulliss ◽  
Elizabeth Sampson ◽  
Alba Martín-Lorenzo ◽  
Claudia Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Cumbre Vieja

<p>La Palma Island (708.32 km<sup>2</sup>) is located at the north-western end of the Canary Archipelago and is one of the youngest of the archipelago. In the last 123 ka, volcanic activity has taken place exclusively at Cumbre Vieja, the most active basaltic volcano in the Canaries, which is located at the southern part of the island. Since no visible geothermal manifestations occur at the surface environment of this volcano, during the last 20 years there has been considerable interest in the study of diffuse degassing as a powerful tool in the volcano monitoring program. In this study we have used two different geochemical approaches for volcano monitoring from October 2017 to November 2019. First, we have developed a network of 21 closed static chambers to determine soil CO<sub>2</sub> effluxes. Additionally, we have monitored physical-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity -EC-) and chemical/isotopic composition and dissolved gases in the water of two galleries (Peña Horeb and Trasvase Oeste) and one water well (Las Salinas). Soil CO<sub>2</sub> effluxes for the alkaline traps showed an average value of 7.4 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> for the entire Cumbre Vieja volcano. The gas sampled on the head space of the traps can be considered as CO<sub>2</sub>-enriched air, showing an average value of 1,942 ppmV of CO<sub>2</sub>. Regarding the CO<sub>2</sub> isotopic composition (δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub>), most of the stations exhibited CO<sub>2</sub> composed by different mixing degrees between atmospheric and biogenic CO<sub>2</sub> with slight contributions of deep-seated CO<sub>2</sub>, with an average value of -19.3‰. The results of the physical-chemical parameters measured in waters showed mean temperature values of 23.7ºC, 19.6ºC and 22.1ºC, 7.40, 6.27 and 6.60 for the pH and 1,710 µS·cm<sup>-1</sup>, 411 µS·cm<sup>-1</sup> and 41,100 µS·cm<sup>-1</sup> for the EC, for Peña Horeb, Trasvase Oeste and Las Salinas, respectively. The δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> composition of the dissolved gas has a mean value of -7.8‰, -10.2‰ and -3.8‰ vs. VPDB for Peña Horeb, Trasvase Oeste and Salinas, respectively. The highest values of CO<sub>2</sub> efflux coincided with the stations showing highest CO<sub>2</sub> concentration values located at the southern end of Cumbre Vieja, where the most recent volcanic eruption took place, and also on the northwest flank. This is in accordance with the results obtained for Las Salinas well, located in the south of the island, which show a high concentration of dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> and δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> values with a strong deep-seated CO<sub>2</sub> contribution. This study represents an interesting contribution to detect early warning signals of future unrest episodes at Cumbre Vieja.</p>

scholarly journals Nicaraguan volcanic monitoring program of the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales

Volcanica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 161-181
Author(s):  
Eveling Espinoza ◽  
José Armando Saballos Peréz ◽  
Martha Navarro Collado ◽  
Virginia Tenorio Bellanger ◽  
Teresita Olivares Loaisiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Lake ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Volcanic Monitoring ◽  
Scientific Personnel ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
La Red ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time

The Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) is the institution responsible for volcano monitoring in Nicaragua. The Volcanology Division of the General Directorate of Geology and Geophysics currently monitors six active volcanoes by means of seismology, gas measurements, optical webcams, and visual and satellite observations. The volcano monitoring network that INETER maintains is in continuous expansion and modernization. Similarly, the number of technical and scientific personnel has been growing in the last few years. 2015 was the busiest year of the last two decades: Momotombo volcano erupted for the first time in 110 years, a lava lake was emplaced at the bottom of Masaya volcano’s Santiago crater, and Telica volcano experienced a phreatic phase from May to November. Although we have increased our monitoring capabilities, we still have many challenges for the near future that we expect to resolve with support from the national and international geoscientific community. El Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) es la institución responsable de la vigilancia volcánica en Nicaragua. Su División de Vulcanología actualmente vigila seis volcanes activos por medio de sismicidad, emisiones de gases, cámaras ópticas, observaciones visuales y teledetección satelital. La red de monitoreo de volcanes que mantiene INETER está en continua expansión y modernización. Del mismo modo, el número de personal técnico y científico ha estado creciendo en los últimos años. El año 2015 fue el año más ocupado que tuvimos en las últimas dos décadas, debido a que el volcán Momotombo entró en erupción por primera vez en los últimos 110 años, se emplazó un lago de lava en el fondo del cráter Santiago (volcán Masaya), y el volcán Telica experimentó una fase freática de mayo a noviembre. A pesar del progreso realizado, todavía tenemos muchos desafíos para el futuro cercano que esperamos lograr con los recursos nacionales y de la comunidad geocientífica internacional.

Soil carbon dioxide efflux weekly monitoring network for the volcanic surveillance of Tenerife, Canary Islands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta T. Albertos ◽  
Conor M. Graham ◽  
Leopoldo Cabassa ◽  
Teresa Borges da Cruz ◽  
Gladys V. Melián ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Rift Zone ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Volcanic Gases ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Volcanic Surveillance ◽  
Head Space ◽  
Closed Chambers ◽  
Ne Rift

<p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is one of the first gases to escape from the magmatic environment due to its low solubility in basaltic magmas at low pressures. Monitoring of volcanic gases in Tenerife Island (2,304 km<sup>2</sup>) has been focused mainly on diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> degassing and other volatiles due to the absence of visible gas manifestations except fumaroles at the summit of Teide volcano. An inexpensive method to determine CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes based in the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> through an alkaline medium followed by titration analysis has been used with the aim of contributing to the volcanic surveillance of Tenerife. During summer 2016, a network of 31 closed alkaline traps was deployed along the three volcanic rifts of Tenerife (NE, NW and NS) and at Cañadas Caldera. To do so, an aliquot of 50 mL of 0.1N KOH solution is placed inside the chamber at each station to absorb the CO<sub>2</sub> released from the soil. The solution is replaced in a weekly basis and the trapped CO<sub>2</sub> is later analyzed at the laboratory by titration. Values are expressed as weekly integrated CO<sub>2 </sub>efflux. We present herein the results of one year CO<sub>2 </sub>efflux estimated by closed alkaline traps. The CO<sub>2</sub> efflux values ranged from 1.0 to 14.5 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>, with average values of 8.5 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> for the NE rift-zone, 5.2 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1 </sup>for Cañadas Caldera, 6.4 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> for NW rift-zone and 6.1 g·m<sup>-2</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup> for NS rift-zone. The estimated CO<sub>2 </sub>efflux values were of the same order than the observed ones in 2016. Relatively high CO<sub>2</sub> efflux values were observed at the NE rift-zone, where maximum values were measured. The temporal evolution of CO<sub>2 </sub>efflux estimated by closed alkaline traps did not show significant variations during 2019. However, small seasonal variations are observed during the period 2016 – 2019. To investigate the origin of the soil CO<sub>2</sub>, soil gas samples were weekly sampled on the head space of the closed chambers. Chemical and isotopic composition of C in the CO<sub>2</sub> were analysed in the gas samples. The concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> on the head space of the closed chambers showed a range of 355-50,464 ppm, with an average value of 1,850 ppmV, while the isotopic composition expressed as d<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> showed a range from -5.03 to -30.44 ‰, with an average value of -15.9 ‰. The heaviest values of d<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> are in the NW rift-zone. The systematics of closed static chambers alkaline traps can be a simple and economical tool with volcanic surveillance purposes in system where visible volcanic gases manifestations are absence.</p>

scholarly journals Kondisi Fisika-Kimia Perairan Pulau Kabaena Kabupaten Bombana Sulawesi Tenggara

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Roni Wardi ◽  
Musrifin Ghalib ◽  
Mubarak Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Depth Water

This research was conducted in December 2016 at Kabaena Island, Bombana Southeast Sulawesi which refers to data taken in August 2016. The aim the research is to provide an overview and information on the physical-chemical conditions of Kabaena waters. The method used in this study is a survey and determining the point of sampling by purposive sampling. Sampling physical-chemical parameters of waters us done at a distance of 500 meters from the beach towards the sea and the sample was measured in situ. Physical-chemical parameters were observed i.e. depth, brightness, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, salinity, acidity (pH), temperature, and flow. The results of show that physical-chemical parameters measured were 3-41 meters depth, water temperature ranged from 27oC – 32oC, salinity obtained in waters between 31‰ - 34‰, brightness values waters between 3 meters to 13 meters, the value of the degree of acidity 8, 24, dissolved oxygen concentration from 3.81 to 4.43 mg/l or 5.44 to 6.33 mg/l, turbidity levels are high at 0.97 NTU, and the velocity of 0.04 m/sec to 0, 62 m/sec with an average value of 0.19 m/sec. 3.2. Based on the research results physical-chemical parameters of the waters of Kabaena by comparison with Kepmen LH 2004, the condition of physical-chemical parameters of waters Kabaena still quite good to support the continuity of the life of the organism.

scholarly journals Investigação de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos de qualidade da água de poços no município de Sousa-PB para fins de potabilidade

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (43) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Mirelly Alexandre Gomes ◽  
Emanuel Victor Da Silva Ramos ◽  
Luís Carlos Dos Santos ◽  
Damião Júnior Gomes ◽  
Antonio José Ferreira Gadelha
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Septic Tanks ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Artesian Wells

Physicochemical and microbiological analyzes of waters from artesian wells offered to the population of the urban area of Sousa-PB. They were carried out in order to verify the potability and suitability for human consumption, according to parameters established by Ordinance nº 2.914 / 2011 of the Ministry of Health. Due to physical-chemical parameters caused mainly, by the high concentration of total dissolved solids, such as: sodium, bicarbonates and chlorides some samples were considered inadequate. It was observed that these parameters did not change much during the months in which they were monitored, indicating that the alternation between rainy and dry periods does not influence the concentration of these chemical species. In addition, contamination by the presence of total coliforms, thermotolerant and E. coli was also observed in all the wells evaluated, which may be associated with clandestine sewage connections or infiltrations caused by septic tanks. Finally, there is an urgent need for a quality control of the water offered to the population of SousaPB, considering that, the alteration of some parameters can cause damages to human health.

Submikroninių aerozolio dalelių kilmės ir fizikinių-cheminių parametrų įtaka atmosferos šiluminei pusiausvyrai

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Julija Pauraitė-Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Submicron Aerosol ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aerosol Source

The impact of submicron aerosol source and physical-chemical parameters on atmospheric radiative balance

Dry and storm weather transport of coliforms and faecal streptococci in combined sewage

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Ashley ◽  
W. Dabrowski
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Sediment Bacteria ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

Combined sewage coliform bacteria are important as indicators of pathogenic microorganisms and of their possible discharge into the environment. Whilst specifying limits for viruses, most legislation recognises the difficulty of enumerating such organisms and also prescribes limits for coliforms. Despite the importance of these organisms, little is known about their numbers and behaviour in sewerage systems. A data collection programme is described which has monitored dry and wet weather sewage coliform bacteria and also sediment bacteria. These data are used to review recent UK recommendations for assessing bacteria numbers in storm discharges. It is concluded that relationships between bacteria numbers and other physical/chemical parameters may be developed during DWF, but are seasonally and catchment dependent. Extension of DWF measurements to predict storm bacteria may be possible with more data.

Management of Dairy Waste in the Sonoran Desert Using Constructed Wetland Technology

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Karpiscak ◽  
Robert J. Freitas ◽  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Luis R. Sanchez ◽  
Eylon Shamir
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Scirpus Validus ◽  
Surface Wetland

An integrated wastewater treatment facility, consisting of upper (solids separators, anaerobic lagoons, and aerobic ponds) and lower (wetland cells) subsystems, has been built to replace the lagoon at a dairy in Arizona, USA. The collection sump of the new waste treatment facility collects all dairy wastewater outflow. Wastewater is then pumped to solids separators, and flows by gravity to anaerobic ponds and aerobic ponds. The upper subsystem is expected to treat the water sufficiently so that the wetland cells may achieve further pollutant reductions. The lower subsystem, comprised of 8 surface wetland cells with an approximate surface area of 5,000 m2, receives outflow from the ponds. The cells are planted with cattail (Typha domingensis), soft-stem bulrush (Scirpus validus), and reed (Phragmites australis). After treatment is completed via the lagoons and ponds followed by the wetland cells, the wastewater can be reused to flush barns or to irrigate crops. Performance of the overall system is evaluated by measuring physical, chemical and biological parameters in water samples taken from selected locations along the treatment system. Chemical parameters studied include biochemical oxygen demand, pH, total suspended solids, nitrogen species. Biological monitoring included coliforms (total and fecal) and Listeria monocytogenes.

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