Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations

Background Peatlands are expected to experience sustained yet fluctuating higher temperatures due to climate change, leading to increased microbial activity and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite mounting evidence for viral contributions to these processes in peatlands underlain with permafrost, little is known about viruses in other peatlands. More generally, soil viral biogeography and its potential drivers are poorly understood at both local and global scales. Here, 87 metagenomes and five viral size-fraction metagenomes (viromes) from a boreal peatland in northern Minnesota (the SPRUCE whole-ecosystem warming experiment and surrounding bog) were analyzed for dsDNA viral community ecological patterns, and the recovered viral populations (vOTUs) were compared with our curated PIGEON database of 266,125 vOTUs from diverse ecosystems. Results Within the SPRUCE experiment, viral community composition was significantly correlated with peat depth, water content, and carbon chemistry, including CH4 and CO2 concentrations, but not with temperature during the first 2 years of warming treatments. Peat vOTUs with aquatic-like signatures (shared predicted protein content with marine and/or freshwater vOTUs) were significantly enriched in more waterlogged surface peat depths. Predicted host ranges for SPRUCE vOTUs were relatively narrow, generally within a single bacterial genus. Of the 4326 SPRUCE vOTUs, 164 were previously detected in other soils, mostly peatlands. None of the previously identified 202,371 marine and freshwater vOTUs in our PIGEON database were detected in SPRUCE peat, but 0.4% of 80,714 viral clusters (VCs, grouped by predicted protein content) were shared between soil and aquatic environments. On a per-sample basis, vOTU recovery was 32 times higher from viromes compared with total metagenomes. Conclusions Results suggest strong viral “species” boundaries between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and to some extent between peat and other soils, with differences less pronounced at higher taxonomic levels. The significant enrichment of aquatic-like vOTUs in more waterlogged peat suggests that viruses may also exhibit niche partitioning on more local scales. These patterns are presumably driven in part by host ecology, consistent with the predicted narrow host ranges. Although more samples and increased sequencing depth improved vOTU recovery from total metagenomes, the substantially higher per-sample vOTU recovery after viral particle enrichment highlights the utility of soil viromics.

A Three-Dimensional Coupled Hydrodynamic-Ecological Modeling to Assess the Planktonic Biomass in a Subalpine Lake

In this study, a coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic-ecological model was developed to comprehensively understand the interaction between the hydrodynamics and ecological status of a lake. The coupled model was utilized to explore the hydrodynamics, water quality, and ecological status in an ecologically rich subalpine lake (i.e., Tsuei-Feng Lake (TFL), located in north-central Taiwan). The measured data of water depth, water temperature, water quality, and planktonic biomass were gathered to validate the coupled model. The simulated results with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality-ecological model reasonably reproduced the variations in observed water depth, water temperature, water quality, and phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. Sensitivity analysis was implemented to determine the most influential parameter affecting the planktonic biomass. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that the predation rate on phytoplankton (PRP) significantly affects the phytoplankton biomass, while the basal metabolism rate of zooplankton (BMZ) importantly affects the zooplankton biomass. Furthermore, inflow discharge was the most important environmental factor dominating the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass of TFL. This implies that the runoff in the catchment area caused by rainfall and the heavy rainfall induced by climate change may affect the planktonic biomass of the lake.

Influence of abiotic factors on incubation of Baikal omul eggs in the Selenga River (Lake Baikal Basin)

Abiotic factors affecting the choice of spawning sites for the Baikal omul (Coregonus migratorius) in the Selenga River over 27 years were studied. A total of 3,450 samples were collected using the Dulkeit scraper in Decembers of 1987-2014, at 24 trans-sections in the Selenga River channel over a total length of 410 km. At each sampling site we recorded omul egg density, substrate particle size, water depth, water flow velocity, and ice thickness. Omul eggs were found mainly on hard substrates (sand, gravel, pebbles, and pebble-cobbles combinations). Omul has been found to avoid spawning at depths less than 1.5 m and greater than 6.0 m. Water velocity and ice thickness did not strongly influence the choice of site. Omul eggs were found at flow rates of 0.05-0.7 m/s with a maximum at 0.1 m/s.

The effect of estuarine system on the meiofauna and nematodes in the East Siberian Sea

Arctic meiofauna and nematodes were examined at 12 stations in the East Siberian Sea, covering a depth range of 13–59 m and an estuarine-shelf system from the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers to the adjacent shelf. Our data reveal the low diversity of the meiofauna at the East Siberian Sea shelf. The meiobenthos abundance was influenced by river run-off and the sea bottom landscape. The samples comprised a total of 28 families and 72 genera, and the number of genera per station ranged from 15 to 32. The Comesomatidae was the dominant family with genus Sabatieria. Among all factors, depth, water temperature and the total organic carbon appeared to be important variables explaining spatial variations in meiofauna and nematodes abundance. Depth and river run-off were defining in controlling the density of nematodes in the study area.

Evaluating Primary Productivity Based on Chlorophyll-a in Ciburuy Lake, West Java Indonesia

Ciburuy Lake is the one of many natural lakes in Padalarang, West Java. Padalarang is industries area and pruduce huge waste water to contamination Ciburuy Lake. Ciburuy Lake area has many functions such as tourism, settlement, agriculture and industry. This study aim to evaluate velue of primary productivity based on chlrophyill-a. Chlorophyll-a is one of the indicator to creat management plan of water resources in Ciburuy Lake. This research was conducted from January to March 2021. Sampling carried out in 4 station with deferent water situation. This research used chlorophyll-a concentration measurment method to determine primary productivity. Result obtained in terms of water quality are: temperature range of 24 - 28 oC; depth water range of 151,83 – 190,83 cm; Transparation range of 22,83 – 27,67 cm; pH range of 5,94 – 8,00; CO2 range of 6,98 – 33,52 mg/L; BOD range of 7,84 – 12,14 mg/L; nitrate range of 0,235 – 0,312 mg/L; fosfate range of 0,142 --0,156 mg/L, and chlorophyll-a concentration range of 0.024 - 0.065 mg/L . This research showed that Ciburuy Lake has water condition eutrophic to hypertrophic because primary productivity in Ciburuy Lake has middle to high condition based on chlorophyll-a concentration.

Influence of fully submerged permanent magnets in the evaluation of heat transfer and performance analysis of single slope glass solar still

In this experimental study, permanent magnets with three different sizes (M-1: 32 mm inner diameter, 70 mm outer diameter and 15 mm thick, M-2: 25 mm inner diameter, 60 mm outer diameter and 10 mm thick, M-3: 22 mm inner diameter, 45 mm outer diameter and 9 mm thick) are fully submerged in the single-slope glass solar still. The performance of magnetic solar stills (MSS) with three different sizes at 2 cm depth water to ensure that magnets are fully submerged is compared with conventional solar still (CSS) at the location 17.3850°N, 78.4867°E. Tiwari model is adapted to calculate the heat transfer coefficients (HTC), internal and exergy efficiencies. MSS with M-1, M-2 and M-3 significantly enhanced the convective, radiative, and evaporative heat transfer rate for the 2 cm depth of water. This is due to the desired magnetic treatment of water, which reduces the surface tension and increases the hydrogen bonds. The MSS's total internal HTC, instantaneous efficiencies led CSS by 25.52%, 28.8%, respectively, with M-1. Having various magnetic fields due to different magnets sizes increases MSS's exergetic efficiency by 33.61% with M-1, 33.76% with M-2, and 42.25% with M-3. Cumulative yield output for MSS with M-1, M-2, and M-3 is 21.66%, 17.64%, 15.78% higher than CSS. The use of permanent magnets of different sizes in the MSS is a viable, economical and straight forward technique to enhance productivity.

Submeso-scale Mixing Features in the Gerlache Strait Bays (Antarctica)

Measurements of turbulence in the ocean are sparse, especially in environments such as Antarctica. Here we map the spatial distribution of diapycnal diffusivities and the water column characteristics across the three main bays in the Gerlache Strait on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. The measurements were recorded during the Fifth Colombian Antarctic Expedition, 2018-2019, using a Vertical Microstructure Profiler in free fall for the first 400 m depth, to record fluctuations of vertical shear at dissipation scales (10-3 – 103m). Diapycnal diffusivities are higher by 1-2 orders of magnitude in the Gerlache mainstream compared with the interior bays, with values from O (log10kρ = -3 m2 s -1) to O (log10kρ = -5 m2s -1) respectively over the upper 400 m. The highest mixing values were recorded in the southern section of Gerlache Strait (Flandes Bay) compared to the northern one (Charlotte Bay), indicating better wellmixed water in the south. Observed Hot Spots of higher turbulence levels may be associated with the interaction of the entrance of the Upper Circumpolar Depth Water, the Antarctic Surface Water, and the Weddell Sea Deep Waters with resident waters and topography.

Development of the Algae Flora of the Middle Sangzor River under the Influence of Environmental Factors

This article discusses the study of algae flora of the Sangzor River during 2009-2017 and the algal observations made during the four seasons of the year from the observation points identified, as well as algal samples and other data. During the collection of algal samples, water and air temperature, river width and depth, water clarity and color, flow rate, as well as sources of pollution, the amount of oxygen in the water and the pH of the water were taken into account.

Utilizing blast furnace ferronickel slag as paste replacement to reduce white Portland cement content and improve performance of mortar

As a special type of cement that can provide construction with aesthetics, white Portland cement (WPC) is restricted by the high cost of its production. To reduce the consumption of WPC and carbon dioxide emissions without degrading the properties of mortar, this work produced various mortar mixes by replacing an equal volume of the paste (the total volume of WPC and water) with blast furnace ferronickel slag (FNS), the by-product of ferronickel smelting. The workability, 28-day compressive strength, carbonation depth, water permeability, and drying shrinkage test were conducted, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test was used to characterize the pore structure. The results show that the paste replacement method is eco-friendlier and more effective than the traditional cement replacement technology in utilizing FNS to reduce WPC consumption, which may promote the development of white concrete construction.

Analyzing of UVLC system considering the effect of water depth

This paper presents a new approach to discover the effect of depth water for underwater visible light communications (UVLC). The quality of the optical link was investigated with varying water depth under coastal water types. The performance of the UVLC with multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) techniques was examined in terms of bit error rate (BER) and data rate. The theoretical result explains that there is a good performance for UVLC system under coastal water.