Assessing nitrous oxide emissions from European peatlands at variable degradation status and land use to improve national GHG inventories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Lennartz ◽  
Haojie Liu ◽  
Nicole Wrage Mönnig
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Ipcc Default

<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide in atmospheric warming and it is the main driver of stratospheric ozone depletion. The N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from peatlands are often estimated by applying published IPCC default emission factors, neglecting the stages of peat degradation. Here, we introduce soil bulk density (BD) as a proxy for peat degradation to estimate N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. A synthesis of soil physical and geochemical data from global boreal and temperate peatlands revealed a strong relationship between BD and annual N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (R2=0.56, p<0.001), and the BD was superior to other parameters (C/N, pH) in estimating annual N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. The results indicate that the more a peat soil is degraded, and the larger the values for BD are the larger the risk of N<sub>2</sub>O emission in peaty landscapes. Even after rewetting, highly degraded soils may exhibit large N<sub>2</sub>O release rates. A BD distribution map of European peatlands was generated and the estimated annual N<sub>2</sub>O-N emissions from European peatlands sum up to approximately 46.9 Gg. In conclusion, this research shows that explicitly accounting for the stage of peat degradation as expressed in measured BD values gives reliable N<sub>2</sub>O emission estimates from peatlands on a national scale.</p>

scholarly journals Rewetting strategies to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from European peatlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haojie Liu ◽  
Nicole Wrage-Mönnig ◽  
Bernd Lennartz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Suggested Strategy ◽  
Peatland Rewetting ◽  
Business As Usual

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is approximately 265 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmospheric warming. Degraded peatlands are important sources of N2O. The more a peat soil is degraded, the higher the N2O-N emissions from peat. In this study, soil bulk density was used as a proxy for peat degradation to predict N2O-N emissions. Here we report that the annual N2O-N emissions from European managed peatlands (EU-28) sum up to approximately 145 Gg N year−1. From the viewpoint of greenhouse gas emissions, highly degraded agriculturally used peatlands should be rewetted first to optimally reduce cumulative N2O-N emissions. Compared to a business-as-usual scenario (no peatland rewetting), rewetting of all drained European peatlands until 2050 using the suggested strategy reduces the cumulative N2O-N emissions by 70%. In conclusion, the status of peat degradation should be made a pivotal criterion in prioritising peatlands for restoration.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on a Tropical Peat Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4928
Author(s):  
Alicia Vanessa Jeffary ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Roland Kueh Jui Heng ◽  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Latifah Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Natural State ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peat Soils

Farming systems on peat soils are novel, considering the complexities of these organic soil. Since peat soils effectively capture greenhouse gases in their natural state, cultivating peat soils with annual or perennial crops such as pineapples necessitates the monitoring of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, especially from cultivated peat lands, due to a lack of data on N2O emissions. An on-farm experiment was carried out to determine the movement of N2O in pineapple production on peat soil. Additionally, the experiment was carried out to determine if the peat soil temperature and the N2O emissions were related. The chamber method was used to capture the N2O fluxes daily (for dry and wet seasons) after which gas chromatography was used to determine N2O followed by expressing the emission of this gas in t ha−1 yr−1. The movement of N2O horizontally (832 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the dry period was higher than in the wet period (599 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) because of C and N substrate in the peat soil, in addition to the fertilizer used in fertilizing the pineapple plants. The vertical movement of N2O (44 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) was higher in the dry season relative to N2O emission (38 t N2O ha−1 yr−1) during the wet season because of nitrification and denitrification of N fertilizer. The peat soil temperature did not affect the direction (horizontal and vertical) of the N2O emission, suggesting that these factors are not related. Therefore, it can be concluded that N2O movement in peat soils under pineapple cultivation on peat lands occurs horizontally and vertically, regardless of season, and there is a need to ensure minimum tilling of the cultivated peat soils to prevent them from being an N2O source instead of an N2O sink.

scholarly journals Pineapple Residue Ash Reduces Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pineapple Cultivation on Tropical Peat Soils at Saratok, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Liza Nuriati Lim Kim Choo ◽  
Osumanu Haruna Ahmed ◽  
Nik Muhamad Nik Majid ◽  
Zakry Fitri Abd Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Burning pineapple residues on peat soils before pineapple replanting raises concerns on hazards of peat fires. A study was conducted to determine whether ash produced from pineapple residues could be used to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in cultivated tropical peatlands. The effects of pineapple residue ash fertilization on CO2 and N2O emissions from a peat soil grown with pineapple were determined using closed chamber method with the following treatments: (i) 25, 50, 70, and 100% of the suggested rate of pineapple residue ash + NPK fertilizer, (ii) NPK fertilizer, and (iii) peat soil only. Soils treated with pineapple residue ash (25%) decreased CO2 and N2O emissions relative to soils without ash due to adsorption of organic compounds, ammonium, and nitrate ions onto the charged surface of ash through hydrogen bonding. The ability of the ash to maintain higher soil pH during pineapple growth primarily contributed to low CO2 and N2O emissions. Co-application of pineapple residue ash and compound NPK fertilizer also improves soil ammonium and nitrate availability, and fruit quality of pineapples. Compound NPK fertilizers can be amended with pineapple residue ash to minimize CO2 and N2O emissions without reducing peat soil and pineapple productivity.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (45) ◽  
pp. 12081-12085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Griffis ◽  
Zichong Chen ◽  
John M. Baker ◽  
Jeffrey D. Wood ◽  
Dylan B. Millet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt—one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world—combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2O emissions (316 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1to 585 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1, on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.

scholarly journals Quantifying N2O emissions from intensive grassland production: the role of synthetic fertilizer type, application rate, timing and nitrification inhibitors

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. BELL ◽  
J. M. CLOY ◽  
C. F. E. TOPP ◽  
B. C. BALL ◽  
A. BAGNALL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ipcc Default

SUMMARYIncreasing recognition of the extent to which nitrous oxide (N2O) contributes to climate change has resulted in greater demand to improve quantification of N2O emissions, identify emission sources and suggest mitigation options. Agriculture is by far the largest source and grasslands, occupying c. 0·22 of European agricultural land, are a major land-use within this sector. The application of mineral fertilizers to optimize pasture yields is a major source of N2O and with increasing pressure to increase agricultural productivity, options to quantify and reduce emissions whilst maintaining sufficient grassland for a given intensity of production are required. Identification of the source and extent of emissions will help to improve reporting in national inventories, with the most common approach using the IPCC emission factor (EF) default, where 0·01 of added nitrogen fertilizer is assumed to be emitted directly as N2O. The current experiment aimed to establish the suitability of applying this EF to fertilized Scottish grasslands and to identify variation in the EF depending on the application rate of ammonium nitrate (AN). Mitigation options to reduce N2O emissions were also investigated, including the use of urea fertilizer in place of AN, addition of a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and application of AN in smaller, more frequent doses. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured from a cut grassland in south-west Scotland from March 2011 to March 2012. Grass yield was also measured to establish the impact of mitigation options on grass production, along with soil and environmental variables to improve understanding of the controls on N2O emissions. A monotonic increase in annual cumulative N2O emissions was observed with increasing AN application rate. Emission factors ranging from 1·06–1·34% were measured for AN application rates between 80 and 320 kg N/ha, with a mean of 1·19%. A lack of any significant difference between these EFs indicates that use of a uniform EF is suitable over these application rates. The mean EF of 1·19% exceeds the IPCC default 1%, suggesting that use of the default value may underestimate emissions of AN-fertilizer-induced N2O loss from Scottish grasslands. The increase in emissions beyond an application rate of 320 kg N/ha produced an EF of 1·74%, significantly different to that from lower application rates and much greater than the 1% default. An EF of 0·89% for urea fertilizer and 0·59% for urea with DCD suggests that N2O quantification using the IPCC default EF will overestimate emissions for grasslands where these fertilizers are applied. Large rainfall shortly after fertilizer application appears to be the main trigger for N2O emissions, thus applicability of the 1% EF could vary and depend on the weather conditions at the time of fertilizer application.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone depletion due to nitrous oxide: influences of other gases

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1593) ◽  
pp. 1256-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Portmann ◽  
J. S. Daniel ◽  
A. R. Ravishankara
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Chemical Destruction ◽  
Middle Stratosphere

The effects of anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and the halocarbons on stratospheric ozone (O 3 ) over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries are isolated using a chemical model of the stratosphere. The future evolution of ozone will depend on each of these gases, with N 2 O and CO 2 probably playing the dominant roles as halocarbons return towards pre-industrial levels. There are nonlinear interactions between these gases that preclude unambiguously separating their effect on ozone. For example, the CH 4 increase during the twentieth century reduced the ozone losses owing to halocarbon increases, and the N 2 O chemical destruction of O 3 is buffered by CO 2 thermal effects in the middle stratosphere (by approx. 20% for the IPCC A1B/WMO A1 scenario over the time period 1900–2100). Nonetheless, N 2 O is expected to continue to be the largest anthropogenic emission of an O 3 -destroying compound in the foreseeable future. Reductions in anthropogenic N 2 O emissions provide a larger opportunity for reduction in future O 3 depletion than any of the remaining uncontrolled halocarbon emissions. It is also shown that 1980 levels of O 3 were affected by halocarbons, N 2 O, CO 2 and CH 4 , and thus may not be a good choice of a benchmark of O 3 recovery.

scholarly journals Implicit, Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Host Factors Attributing the Covid-19 Pandemic. Part 1- Intrinsic Factor Nitrous Oxide Emissions: A Systematic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Thapliyal ◽  
Gaurav Joshi ◽  
Prashant Gahtori
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Systematic Analysis

AbstractDespite Nitrous oxide (N2O) being the most widely used anesthetics in dental and other medical applications, it is associated with global warming and stratospheric ozone destruction. With globalization, a larger amount of N2O emissions arearticulated especially from human activities (30%, 6.7 Tg N per year), which are primarily dominated by agriculture that is even above the emissions of all oceans (26%). The synthesis of N2O reflects the general chemistry and readily from a substrate Nitric oxide (NO) in the environment. The modeling of infectious disease dynamics covering common pathogen-transmission factors, for example intrinsic (or microbes nutrient supply) at a population level, is indeed imperative to curb the menace of any disease. Nonetheless, in areas where novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was at its worst, for example, Wuhan China, Mumbai India, Milan Italy, Washington USA etc., the reduction in N2O emissions was well noticed. Nonetheless, viruses exhibit greater mobility than humans and hijack nutrients including nitrogen to complete their epidemiological cycle all due to limited sequence space of viral genomes, the high probability of genetic drift, extremely large population sizes, the high mutation and recombination rates. In consequence of drastic fall in N2O emissions, lower human transport can not be an all alone contributor, but contrarily it may also be associated with coronavirus intrinsic factors. This prompted us to analyze freely accessible and large global data from two authenticated sources, the World Health Organization and World Bank. We hereby argue that intrinsic factor N2O emissions fueling the COVID-19 progression significantly. Entire predictions were found consistent with the recently observed shreds of evidence. These insights enhanced scientific ability to interrogate viral epidemiology and recommended a 7-points framework covering all-natural lifestyle and dietary supplements for COVID-19 prevention before the arrival of a front-line therapeutic(s) or preventable vaccine.

scholarly journals Global soil nitrous oxide emissions in a dynamic carbon–nitrogen model

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3101-3143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Huang ◽  
S. Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Moisture Regime

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also contributes to the depletion of stratospheric ozone. With high temporal and spatial heterogeneity, a quantitative understanding of terrestrial N2O emission, its variabilities and reponses to climate change is challenging. We added a soil N2O emission module to the dynamic global land model LM3V-N, and tested its sensitivity to soil moisture regime and responses to elevated CO2 and temperature. The model was capable of reproducing the average of cross-site observed annual mean emissions, although differences remained across individual sites if stand-level measurements were representative of gridcell emissions. Modelled N2O fluxes were highly sensitive to water filled pore space (WFPS), with a global sensitivity of approximately 0.25 Tg N year−1 per 0.01 change in WFPS. We found that the global response of N2O emission to CO2 fertilization was largely determined by the response of tropical emissions, whereas the extratropical response was weaker and different, highlighting the need to expand field studies in tropical ecosystems. Warming generally enhanced N2O efflux, and the enhancement was greatly dampened when combined with elevated CO2, although CO2 alone had a small effect. Our analysis suggests caution when extrapolation from current field CO2 enrichment and warming studies to the global scale.

scholarly journals Stratospheric ozone depletion from future nitrous oxide increases

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 29447-29481
Author(s):  
W. Wang ◽  
W. Tian ◽  
S. Dhomse ◽  
F. Xie ◽  
J. Shu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Ozone Trends ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Middle Stratosphere

Abstract. We have investigated the impact of assumed nitrous oxide (N2O) increases on stratospheric chemistry and dynamics by a series of idealized simulations. In a future cooler stratosphere the net yield of NOy from a changed N2O is known to decrease, but NOy can still be significantly increased by the increase of N2O. Results with a coupled chemistry-climate model (CCM) show that increases in N2O of 50%/100% between 2001 and 2050 result in more ozone destruction, causing a reduction in ozone mixing ratios of maximally 6%/10% in the middle stratosphere at around 10 hPa. This enhanced destruction could cause an ozone decline in the second half of this century in the middle stratosphere. However, the total ozone column still shows an increase in future decades, though the increase of 50%/100% in N2O caused a 2%/6% decrease in TCO compared with the reference simulation. N2O increases have significant effects on ozone trends at 20–10 hPa in the tropics and at northern high latitude, but have no significant effect on ozone trends in the Antarctic stratosphere. The ozone depletion potential for N2O in a future climate depends both on stratospheric temperature changes and tropospheric N2O changes, which have reversed effects on ozone in the middle and upper stratosphere. A 50% CO2 increase in conjunction with a 50% N2O increase cause significant ozone depletion in the middle stratosphere and lead to an increase of ozone in the upper stratosphere. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis and a series of sensitivity simulations, we find that the chemical effect of N2O increases dominates the ozone changes in the stratosphere while the dynamical and radiative effects of N2O increases are insignificant on average. However, the dynamical effect of N2O increases may cause large local changes in ozone mixing ratios, particularly, in the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere.

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