Evaluating Soil functions based on modeling under the impact of land use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Weller ◽  
Birgit Lang ◽  
Stefanie Mayer ◽  
Bastian Stößel ◽  
Hans-Jörg Vogel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Development Tools ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Comprehensive Modeling ◽  
The Impact

<p>While the change of soil functions under different management is important in the evaluation of long term strategies in agriculture, they are often <span>difficult to be quantified. The obstacles are measurement problems on one hand, and on the other hand predictions for new management strategies and changing climate scenarios require estimates for yet unknown conditions. Comprehensive modeling of soil processes provides a road to both: S</span><span>oil properties and processes</span><span> that are per se difficult to measure </span><span>can be included</span><span> in a model </span><span>to derive suitable indicators for soil unions</span><span>. I</span><span>n this way</span><span>, </span><span>a</span><span>lso, predicitons in the future </span><span>for</span><span> different </span><span>climate </span><span>scenarios and </span><span>management</span><span> strategies are possible.<!-- Hier kann ich nur erahnen was gemeint ist - kannst du das noch verständlicher formulieren? --></span></p><p><span>In this presentation we </span><span>give definitions for </span><span>a limited set of indicators to quantify the most important </span><span>soil functions in terms of both the current soil state and the soils’ </span><span>potential to fulfill these functions. This includes the production of biomass, </span><span>storage of carbon, storage and filtering of ground water, nutrient cycling, and </span>habitat for biodiversity.</p><p><span>The quantitative evaluation of soil functions </span><span>byel </span><span>based indicators and their dynamics facilitates further socio-economic assessment and the development tools </span>for governance.</p>

Drought relief schemes for the 'Pastoral Zone'.

1982 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
IB Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Primary Industry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
Spatial Diversification ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

In this article I have attempted to firstly provide a consensus view of graziers to sound drought strategies; secondly, outline Government policies or action directed towards assisting graziers affected by drought; and finally, address the subject of drought policy as it relates to conservation of the rangeland resource. Drought strategies discussed include pre-drought (e.g. fodder reserves, conservative stocking), longer term (e.g. increasing property size, spatial diversification of grazing blocks) and in-drought (e.g. reduce stock numbers early in drought). Grounds for Government intervention and aid for drought affected producers are analysed with regard to both the individual farmer's needs and the impact nationally of low return from a drought-affected primary industry. Aspects discussed include provision of better infrastructure (e.g, new roads), taxation concessions, a National Drought Fodder Reserve, land tenure policy, the Rural Adjust- ment Scheme and credit and freight concessions. From the conservation viewpoint, it is pointed out that officially declared 'droughts' occur too frequently and there are no incentives for graziers to either act early before a drought becomes firmly established or to delay re-stocking after the drought has broken. It is concluded that a balance between in-drought assistance and long term assistance needs to be struck, and that drought policies should be directed towards 'good' management strategies. If this can be achieved then primary producers should be less dependent on relief schemes.

scholarly journals Nachhaltiges Holzproduktionspotenzial im Schweizer Wald

2011 ◽  
Vol 162 (9) ◽  
pp. 300-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harvesting Costs

Potential of sustainable wood production in Swiss forests In the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI), the data collected in the three inventories (NFI1 1983–1985, NFI2 1993–1995, NFI3 2004–2006) provide the basis not only for analysing the present state of the forest and how it has developed up to now, but also for assessing, with the help of models, how it might develop in future. The scenario model «Massimo 3», developed at the Swiss Federal Institut for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, is an empirical and stochastic simulation model. It relies on data from the NFI and forecasts the development of the forest according to how it is managed. Six scenarios with different management regimes were defined according to the economic, silvicultural and ecological aspects considered. In three scenarios the growing stock is kept constant at the level of NFI3, but different management strategies are used (Scenario A: basis [business as usual], Scenario E: even-aged forests are transformed into uneven-aged forests, and Scenario F: near-natural percentages of conifers are promoted). In two scenarios forest management is partially abandoned for either ecological reasons (Scenario B: reservations, 10% of the forest area is left unmanaged) or for economic reasons (Scenario C: harvesting costs, 40% of the forest area is left unmanaged). Scenario D (rotation periods are shortened) was used to study the effects of augmenting the annual harvesting amount. A forecasting time period of 100 years was selected to assess the long-term effects of the scenarios. Scenarios A, D, and E show that the sustainable harvesting potential of merchantable wood lies in a relatively narrow range of 7.1 to 7.3 million m3/year, even though in Scenario D the growing stock is reduced from 360 m3/ha to 305 m3/ha. In Scenario F regeneration is systematically established with near-natural percentages of conifers, the long-term harvesting potential is slightly less: about 6.5 million m3/year of merchantable wood. If forest management is abandoned for economic reasons on as much as 40% of the forest area (Scenario C, harvesting costs), the impact on the wood reserves is very negative.

Systemic modelling of soil functions under the impact of agricultural management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara König ◽  
Ulrich Weller ◽  
Birgit Lang ◽  
Mareike Ließ ◽  
Stefanie Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Turnover ◽  
The Impact

<p>The increasing demand for food and bio-energy gives need to optimize soil productivity, while securing other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffer capacity, carbon storage, biological activity, and water filter and storage. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soil with those functions, as well as the feedbacks between these functions.</p><p>We developed a systemic soil model to simulate the impact of different management options and changing climate on the named soil functions by integrating them within a simplified system. The model operates on a 1d soil profile consisting of dynamic nodes, which may represent the different soil horizons, and integrates different processes including dynamic water distribution, soil organic matter turnover, crop growth, nitrogen cycling, and root growth.</p><p>We present the main features of our model by simulating crop growth under various climatic scenarios on different soil types including management strategies affecting the soil structure. We show the relevance of soil structure for the main soil functions and discuss different model outcome variables as possible measures for these functions.</p><p>Further, we discuss ongoing model extensions, especially regarding the integration of biological processes, and possible applications.</p>

The impact of surviving bowel cancer on occupation: A scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Martin ◽  
Clare Hocking ◽  
Margaret Sandham
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Bowel Cancer ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Impact

Introduction The number of people surviving bowel cancer is increasing globally, with many of those affected living with long-term psychological and physical sequelae that potentially disrupt occupations. Method A scoping review – guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework – was conducted to provide an overview of what is known about the impact of having had bowel cancer on occupations, and to reveal the potential role of occupational therapy. A systematic search of four databases and a grey literature repository generated 244 results. Applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 items addressing bowel cancer and occupations were selected and thematically analysed. Results Researchers have identified six domains of occupation that are impacted by bowel cancer (social activity, physical activity, sexual activity, employment and role functioning, physical functioning, and self-care) but survivors report a distinct lack of health professional support after completion of medical treatment and being left to devise self-management strategies to accommodate the long-term effects of their cancer. Conclusion The sequelae of bowel cancer can have a significant impact on occupational participation. There is scope for increasing and improving occupational therapy input to assist people with cancer-related loss of function to re-engage in valued occupations and improve wellbeing.

scholarly journals The MSBase pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, and women’s health registry

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628642110091
Author(s):  
Vilija G. Jokubaitis ◽  
Olga Skibina ◽  
Raed Alroughani ◽  
Ayse Altintas ◽  
Helmut Butzkueven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Health Registry ◽  
The Impact

Background: Family planning and pregnancy decisions are key considerations in the management of women with multiple sclerosis (MS), who are typically diagnosed between the ages of 20–40 years. Despite a strong evidence base that pregnancy is not harmful for women with MS, many knowledge gaps remain. These include: best management strategies through pregnancy in the era of highly effective disease-modifying therapies (DMT); foetal risks associated with DMT exposure in utero or in relation to breastfeeding; knowledge base around the use of assisted reproductive technologies; the long-term impact of pregnancy on disease outcomes, as well as the impact of long-term DMT use on women’s health and cancer risk. Methods: Here, we describe the new MSBase pregnancy, neonatal outcomes and women’s health registry. We provide the rationale for, and detailed description of, the variables collected within the registry, together with data acquisition details. Conclusion: The present paper will act as a reference document for future studies.

scholarly journals Common irrigation drivers of freshwater salinisation in river basins worldwide

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefin Thorslund ◽  
Marc F. P. Bierkens ◽  
Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink ◽  
Edwin H. Sutanudjaja ◽  
Michelle T. H. van Vliet
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Component

AbstractFreshwater salinisation is a growing problem, yet cross-regional assessments of freshwater salinity status and the impact of agricultural and other sectoral uses are lacking. Here, we assess inland freshwater salinity patterns and evaluate its interactions with irrigation water use, across seven regional river basins (401 river sub-basins) around the world, using long-term (1980–2010) salinity observations. While a limited number of sub-basins show persistent salinity problems, many sub-basins temporarily exceeded safe irrigation water-use thresholds and 57% experience increasing salinisation trends. We further investigate the role of agricultural activities as drivers of salinisation and find common contributions of irrigation-specific activities (irrigation water withdrawals, return flows and irrigated area) in sub-basins of high salinity levels and increasing salinisation trends, compared to regions without salinity issues. Our results stress the need for considering these irrigation-specific drivers when developing management strategies and as a key human component in water quality modelling and assessment.

scholarly journals Monitoring Breeding Bird Populations in Grand Teton National Park: 1995-1997

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Martin Cody ◽  
Stephen Cain
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
National Park ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Grand Teton National Park ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
The Impact

In summer 1997 our NPS-funded project # CA-1460-5-0010, covering a 3-y period from summer 1995 through summer 1997, was completed. The immediate goals of the project were to instigate a system for monitoring the densities of breeding bird species, by establishment of flxed sites as a basis for a long term monitoring plan and of census protocols that can detect changes of breeding species and their densities over successive years. The monitoring scheme is conducted largely within Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), but covers habitats and an avifauna representative of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) and the central-northern Rocky Mountains in general. The project emphasizes the need for long­term and on-going studies on breeding bird species and densities and their importance as a tool for evaluating the impact of both local and distant influences on breeding bird populations. For residents, species that remain all year in or near the breeding habitat, local effects include those operating on-site during the non-breeding season as well as during the breeding season. For migrant species, those that breed on-site but leave to spend the non-breeding season in other locations, often distant and usually of quite different habitat composition, there are both on-site influences on breeding population densities, such as inter-year changes in vegetation structure and productivity, and off-site or distant influences, including factors that affect over-wintering success in the non­breeding habitat and others that influence a successful transit between wintering and breeding grounds. The assessment of long-term trends in bird densities may be used as a form of bioassay of the state of the local environments. Information from such studies can provide region-wide indicators that, given a sufficiently comprehensive data base, can segregate local from distant influences on populations. Such indicators can be incorporated into management strategies to aid in determining which local strategies may be necessary (and feasible) to help maintain the biota.

Obsolescence Management & the Impact on Reliability

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (1) ◽  
pp. 000591-000597
Author(s):  
Cheryl Tulkoff ◽  
Greg Caswell
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Storage

Component obsolescence management is a strategic practice that also mitigates the risk of counterfeit parts. Left unchecked, obsolescence issues increase support, development and production costs. So, planning ahead is critical. For companies that do proactively manage component availability and obsolescence, the effect of long-term storage on manufacturability and reliability is the area of major concern. Many issues can arise depending on the component technology and storage environment. Reliability concerns to consider include solderability, stress driven diffusive voiding, moisture, Kirkendall voiding, intermetallics/oxidation and tin whiskering. When component obsolescence isn't planned for, the secondary market is often the supply chain of last recourse. While it is possible to get high quality, genuine parts, it is also possible to get nonconforming, reworked, or counterfeit components. And, it is increasingly difficult to differentiate genuine parts from their counterfeit equivalents. Historically, the secondary market provided a mechanism for finding parts in short supply or at reduced cost. Today, high-reliability system manufacturers are less willing to risk contamination of their supply chain with potentially substandard parts in order to save a few dollars on the cost of a part. This paper will cover obsolescence management strategies, relevant industry standards, use of managed supply programs (MSP) and contract pooled options, plus long term storage recommendations and practices.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Climate Warming on Phenology of Aphid Pests in China Using Long-Term Historical Data

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangxue Wu ◽  
Junjie Li ◽  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Gexia Qiao ◽  
Xiaolei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
The Impact

Global climate warming has significant influence on individual development, population dynamics, and geographical distribution of many organisms, which has drawn much attention in recent years. As a large group of poikilotherms, insects whose life activities are closely linked with ambient temperature are supposed to be influenced by global warming. In order to test the consistency or difference of the effects of long-term climate warming on phytophagous insect pests in different geographical environments, this study collected historical data on the occurrence and population dynamics of three aphid pests (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, and Sitobion avenae) in China, and systematically explored their phenological responses. We found that, during a period of about 60 years, in general, the first occurrence dates and the first migration dates of the three aphids almost moved earlier, while the end of the occurrence and the last migration dates were slightly delayed. However, these responses also represented geographical variation at a local scale. Basically, our results showed that the occurrence and migration seasons of these three aphid pests have been prolonged along with climate warming. This study based on historical literature data provides empirical evidence and valuable implications for understanding the impact of climate warming on insect pests and future management strategies.

scholarly journals Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8653
Author(s):  
Martin Maier ◽  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Alexander Schengel ◽  
Verena Lang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Gas ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Gas Monitoring ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Monitoring

Soils provide many functions as they represent a habitat for flora and fauna, supply water, nutrient, and anchorage for plant growth and more. They can also be considered as large bioreactors in which many processes occur that involve the consumption and production of different gas species. Soils can be a source and sink for greenhouse gases. During the last decades this topic attracted special attention. Most studies on soil-atmosphere gas fluxes used chamber methods or micro-meteorological methods. Soil gas fluxes can also be calculated from vertical soil gas profiles which can provide additional insights into the underlying processes. We present a design for sampling and measuring soil gas concentration profiles that was developed to facilitate long term monitoring. Long term monitoring requires minimization of the impact of repeated measurements on the plot and also minimization of the routine workload while the quality of the measurement needs to be maintained continuously high. We used permanently installed gas wells that allowed passive gas sampling at different depths. Soil gas monitoring set ups were installed on 13 plots at 6 forest sites in South West Germany between 1998 and 2010. Until now, soil gas was sampled monthly and analysed for CO2, N2O, CH4, O2, N2, Ar, and C2H4 using gas chromatography. We present typical time series and profiles of soil gas concentrations and fluxes of a selected site as an example. We discuss the effect of different calculation approaches and conclude that flux estimates of O2, CO2 and CH4 can be considered as highly reliable, whereas N2O flux estimates include a higher uncertainty. We point out the potential of the data and suggest ideas for future research questions for which soil gas monitoring would provide the ideal data basis. Combining and linking the soil gas data with additional environmental data promises new insights and understanding of soil processes.

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