A study on the determination method of Global Warming Potential (GWP) by measuring the experiment-based infrared absorption spectra and the reactivity of the hydroxyl radical

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bong Jae Lee ◽  
Jung Il Lee
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Hydroxyl Radical ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Determination Method ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra

<div> <p>As the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) gas was completely banned in 2010, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and perfluorocarbon (PFC) gases are replacing its place. HFC and PFC demands are consistently increasing due to their use in extinguishing agent, refrigerant for cooling and also in semiconductor and display manufacturing process for etching, deposition, cleaning and more. However, most HFCs and PFCs currently in use have a very high GWP, which adversely affect the greenhouse gas reduction policies that each country is working on.</p> <p>To this aspect, countries and relating companies are conducting research to replace from high GWP rated HFCs and PFCs to low GWP rated HFCs and PFCs or to new gases. However, the proper study has not yet been made because of unknown information about GWP, in the case of using or developing a gas which has not been clarified its GWP in IPCC, WMO, and related papers.</p> <p>Therefore, here, we propose a determination method of global warming potential based on various literature studies as following.</p> <ol><li>Calculating absorbed cross-sectional area by measuring infrared adsorption spectra using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and applying to Lambert-Beers’ law using measured infrared absorption spectra.</li> <li>Applying original Pinnock curve (Pinnock et al., 1995) and final Pinnock curve using the Oslo LBL model (Myhre et al., 2006), to calculate the radiative forcing by integrating the calculated absorbed cross-sectional area from Step 1.</li> <li>Measuring the reactivity of the hydroxyl radical using PTR-Mass (V.Sinha et al., 2008) and based on measured OH radical, calculate the atmospheric life expectancy using the rate coefficient (Burkholder et al., 2014) and tropospheric lifetime (WMO, 2014) of CH<sub>3</sub>CCl<sub>3</sub> (MCF), reference material proposed by WMO, 2014 .</li> <li>Following the IPCC AR5(2013), calculate GWP from the radiative forcing and the atmospheric life expectancy, determined by Step 2 and 3.</li> </ol><p>This work was supported by Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planing (No. 20172010106080)</p> </div>

scholarly journals Atmospheric Lifetimes, Infrared Absorption Spectra, Radiative Forcings and Global Warming Potentials of NF<sub>3</sub> and CFC-115

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Totterdill ◽  
Tamás Kovács ◽  
Wuhu Feng ◽  
Sandip Dhomse ◽  
Christopher J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Atmospheric Window ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra ◽  
Global Warming Potentials ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Fluorinated compounds such as NF3 and C2F5Cl (CFC-115) are characterised by very large global warming potentials (GWPs) which result from extremely long atmospheric lifetimes and strong infrared absorptions in the atmospheric window. In this study we have experimentally determined the infrared absorption cross-sections of NF3 and CFC-115, calculated the radiative forcing and efficiency using two radiative transfer models and identified the effect of clouds and stratospheric adjustment. The infrared cross sections are in good agreement with previous measurements, whereas the resulting radiative forcings and efficiencies are, on average, around 10 % larger. A whole atmosphere chemistry-climate model was used to determine the atmospheric lifetimes of NF3 and CFC-115 to be (616 ± 34) years and (492 ± 22) years, respectively. The GWPs for NF3 are estimated to be 14 600, 19 400 and 21 400 over 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively. Similarly, the GWPs for CFC-115 are 6120, 8060 and 8630 over 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively.

scholarly journals Infrared Absorption Spectra, Radiative Efficiencies, and Global Warming Potentials of Newly-Detected Halogenated Compounds: CFC-113a, CFC-112 and HCFC-133a

Atmosphere ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Etminan ◽  
Eleanor Highwood ◽  
Johannes Laube ◽  
Robert McPheat ◽  
George Marston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Halogenated Compounds ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra ◽  
Global Warming Potentials

scholarly journals Technical note: On comparing greenhouse gas emission metrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4699-4708
Author(s):  
Ian Enting ◽  
Nathan Clisby
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rates Of Change

Abstract. Many metrics for comparing greenhouse gas emissions can be expressed as an instantaneous global warming potential multiplied by the ratio of airborne fractions calculated in various ways. The forcing equivalent index (FEI) provides a specification for equal radiative forcing at all times at the expense of generally precluding point-by-point equivalence over time. The FEI can be expressed in terms of asymptotic airborne fractions for exponentially growing emissions. This provides a reference against which other metrics can be compared. Four other equivalence metrics are evaluated in terms of how closely they match the timescale dependence of FEI, with methane referenced to carbon dioxide used as an example. The 100-year global warming potential overestimates the long-term role of methane, while metrics based on rates of change overestimate the short-term contribution. A recently proposed metric based on differences between methane emissions 20 years apart provides a good compromise. Analysis of the timescale dependence of metrics expressed as Laplace transforms leads to an alternative metric that gives closer agreement with FEI at the expense of considering methane over longer time periods. The short-term behaviour, which is important when metrics are used for emissions trading, is illustrated with simple examples for the four metrics.

scholarly journals Atmospheric lifetimes, infrared absorption spectra, radiative forcings and global warming potentials of NF<sub>3</sub> and CF<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>2</sub>Cl (CFC-115)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 11451-11463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Totterdill ◽  
Tamás Kovács ◽  
Wuhu Feng ◽  
Sandip Dhomse ◽  
Christopher J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
Radiative Efficiency ◽  
Atmospheric Window ◽  
Global Warming Potentials

Abstract. Fluorinated compounds such as NF3 and C2F5Cl (CFC-115) are characterised by very large global warming potentials (GWPs), which result from extremely long atmospheric lifetimes and strong infrared absorptions in the atmospheric window. In this study we have experimentally determined the infrared absorption cross sections of NF3 and CFC-115, calculated the radiative forcing and efficiency using two radiative transfer models and identified the effect of clouds and stratospheric adjustment. The infrared cross sections are within 10 % of previous measurements for CFC-115 but are found to be somewhat larger than previous estimates for NF3, leading to a radiative efficiency for NF3 that is 25 % larger than that quoted in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. A whole atmosphere chemistry–climate model was used to determine the atmospheric lifetimes of NF3 and CFC-115 to be (509 ± 21) years and (492 ± 22) years, respectively. The GWPs for NF3 are estimated to be 15 600, 19 700 and 19 700 over 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively. Similarly, the GWPs for CFC-115 are 6030, 7570 and 7480 over 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively.

scholarly journals Systematic review of the impact of emissions from aviation on current and future climate

2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (1135) ◽  
pp. 493-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Takeda ◽  
A. L. Takeda ◽  
J. Bryant ◽  
A. J. Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Aviation Emissions

AbstractAviation emissions have an impact on the global climate, and this is consequently an active area of research worldwide. By adapting replicable and transparent systematic review methods from the field of evidence-based medicine, we aim to synthesise available data on the effects of aviation emissions on climate. From these data, we aim to calculate lower and upper bounds for estimates of the effect of aviation on climate in an objective manner.For the systematic review an appropriate protocol was developed and applied by two independent reviewers, to identify research that met the inclusion criteria. These included all aviation types, original research studies, climate models with aviation as a specific component, with outcomes for emissions, radiative forcing, global warming potential and/or surface temperature changes. These studies were prioritised and data extracted using a standard process. The 35 studies reviewed here reported radiative forcing, global warming potential and/or temperature changes as outcomes, allowing direct comparisons to be made.Tabulated results and a narrative commentary were provided for overall effects on climate, and the individual effects of carbon dioxide, water, contrails, cirrus clouds, ozone, nitrogen oxides, methane, soot and sulphur oxides. Lower and upper bounds for these effects, and their relative contributions compared to overall radiative forcing and surface temperature changes, have been described.This review shows that the most recent estimates for the contribution of aviation to global climate are highly dependent on the level of scientific understanding and modelling, and predicted scenarios for social and economic growth. Estimates for the future contribution of aviation to global radiative forcing in 2015 range from 5·31% to 8·04%. For 2050 the estimates have a wider spread, from 2·12% to 17·33%, the latter being for the most extreme technology and growth scenario. These global estimates should be considered within the context of uncertainties in accounting for the direct and indirect effects of different contributions. Variations between lower and upper bounds for estimates of radiative forcing are relatively low for carbon dioxide, around 131% to 800% for cirrus clouds effects, and 1,044% for soot. Advances in climate research, particularly in the area of contrail and cloud effects, has led to some revision of the 1999 IPCC estimates(1), and demonstrates that the research community is actively working to further understand the underlying science.The approaches assumptions, limitations and future work were discussed in detail. We have demonstrated how the systematic review methodology can be applied to climate science, in a replicable and transparent manner.

scholarly journals Technical note: On comparing greenhouse gas emission metrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Enting ◽  
Nathan Clisby
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Many metrics for comparing greenhouse gas emissions can be expressed as an instantaneous Global Warming Potential multiplied by the ratio of airborne fractions calculated in various ways. The Forcing Equivalent Index (FEI) provides a specification for equal radiative forcing at all times at the expense of generally precluding point by point equivalence over time. The FEI can be expressed in terms of asymptotic airborne fractions for exponentially growing emissions. This provides a reference against which other metrics can be compared.

scholarly journals UV and Infrared Absorption Spectra, Atmospheric Lifetimes, and Ozone Depletion and Global Warming Potentials for CCl2FCCl2F (CFC-112), CCl3CClF2 (CFC-112a), CCl3CF3 (CFC-113a), and CCl2FCF3 (CFC-114a)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine E. Davis ◽  
François Bernard ◽  
Max R. McGillen ◽  
Eric L. Fleming ◽  
James B. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Uv Absorption ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Uv Absorption Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra ◽  
Global Warming Potentials

Abstract. The potential impact of the recently observed CCl2FCCl2F (CFC-112), CCl3CClF2 (CFC-112a), CCl3CF3 (CFC-113a), and CCl2FCF3 (CFC-114a) (chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs), on stratospheric ozone and climate are presently not well characterized. In this study, the UV absorption spectra of these CFCs were measured between 192.5–235 nm over the temperature range 207–323 K. Precise parameterizations of the UV absorption spectra are presented. A 2-D atmospheric model was used to evaluate the CFC atmospheric loss processes, lifetimes, ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), and the associated uncertainty ranges in these metrics. The CFCs are primarily removed in the stratosphere by short wavelength UV photolysis with calculated global annually averaged steady-state lifetimes (years) of 63.6 (61.9–64.7), 51.5 (50.0–52.6), 55.4 (54.3–56.3), and 105.3 (102.9–107.4) for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. The range of lifetimes given in parentheses where obtained by including the 2σ uncertainty in the UV absorption spectra and O(1D) rate coefficients in the model calculations. The 2-D model was also used to calculate the CFC ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) with values of 0.98, 0.86, 0.73, and 0.72 obtained for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. Using the infrared absorption spectra and lifetimes determined in this work, the CFCs global warming potentials (GWPs) were estimated to be 4260 (CFC-112), 3330 (CFC-112a), 3650 (CFC-113a), and 6510 (CFC-114a) for the 100-year time-horizon.

scholarly journals UV and infrared absorption spectra, atmospheric lifetimes, and ozone depletion and global warming potentials for CCl<sub>2</sub>FCCl<sub>2</sub>F (CFC-112), CCl<sub>3</sub>CClF<sub>2</sub> (CFC-112a), CCl<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>3</sub> (CFC-113a), and CCl<sub>2</sub>FCF<sub>3</sub> (CFC-114a)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 8043-8052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine E. Davis ◽  
François Bernard ◽  
Max R. McGillen ◽  
Eric L. Fleming ◽  
James B. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Uv Absorption ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Uv Absorption Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption Spectra ◽  
Global Warming Potentials

Abstract. The potential impact of CCl2FCF3 (CFC-114a) and the recently observed CCl2FCCl2F (CFC-112), CCl3CClF2 (CFC-112a), and CCl3CF3 (CFC-113a) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric ozone and climate is presently not well characterized. In this study, the UV absorption spectra of these CFCs were measured between 192.5 and 235 nm over the temperature range 207–323 K. Precise parameterizations of the UV absorption spectra are presented. A 2-D atmospheric model was used to evaluate the CFC atmospheric loss processes, lifetimes, ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), and the associated uncertainty ranges in these metrics due to the kinetic and photochemical uncertainty. The CFCs are primarily removed in the stratosphere by short-wavelength UV photolysis with calculated global annually averaged steady-state lifetimes (years) of 63.6 (61.9–64.7), 51.5 (50.0–52.6), 55.4 (54.3–56.3), and 105.3 (102.9–107.4) for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. The range of lifetimes given in parentheses is due to the 2σ uncertainty in the UV absorption spectra and O(1D) rate coefficients included in the model calculations. The 2-D model was also used to calculate the CFC ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) with values of 0.98, 0.86, 0.73, and 0.72 obtained for CFC-112, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, and CFC-114a, respectively. Using the infrared absorption spectra and lifetimes determined in this work, the CFC global warming potentials (GWPs) were estimated to be 4260 (CFC-112), 3330 (CFC-112a), 3650 (CFC-113a), and 6510 (CFC-114a) for the 100-year time horizon.

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