scholarly journals The Publishing Activities of Libraries in the Pre-revolutionary Russia in the late 19th - early 20th century (on the Materials of St. Petersburg Province)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the history of publishing activities of the libraries of St. Petersburg Province. There are analyzed the main product types of libraries, marked the libraries, performing publishing activities in the early twentieth century, and there is given characteristics of their publications.

scholarly journals Jadidist schools in Turkestan and Tatars (based on materials of the Tatar and Uzbek press of early 20th century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-480
Author(s):  
Lyalya R. Murtazina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of

The article highlights contribution of Tatar teachers in organizing Jadidist schools and educating children of the local peoples in Turkestan. Opinions of scientists of the early twentieth century, the Soviet period, and also modern researchers on this problem are presented. Based on the materials from newspapers and magazines of the early 20th century in the Tatar and Uzbek languages, the article highlights the history of the opening of certain schools and their activities. The issues of the the local population representatives’ attitide to the work of Tatar teachers are revealed. In addition, the role and influence of Tatar teachers and their textbooks on publishing educational literature written in the Turkestan peoples’ languages is also emphasized.

scholarly journals Lviv as the cradle of Polish independence organizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-545
Author(s):  
Janusz Zuziak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Social Activists ◽  
The Past ◽  
Independence Movement ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Lviv occupies a special place in the history of Poland. With its heroic history, it has earned the exceptionally honorable name of a city that has always been faithful to the homeland. SEMPER FIDELIS – always faithful. Marshal Józef Piłsudski sealed that title while decorating the city with the Order of Virtuti Militari in 1920. The past of Lviv, the always smoldering and uncompromising Polish revolutionist spirit, the climate, and the atmosphere that prevailed in it created the right conditions for making it the center of thought and independence movement in the early 20th century. In the early twentieth century, Polish independence organizations of various political orientations were established, from the ranks of which came legions of prominent Polish politicians and military and social activists.

Valuation of Land Assets of Ukraine by Banks of the Russian Empire in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Shvets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Fair Price ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Russian Empire

The start of the land market in Ukraine began on July 1, 2021, which opened new opportunities for the development of the national economy. At the same time, the issue of assessment of formation of land assets remained insufficiently provided with appropriate mechanisms for the transparency of this market and the establishment of fair land prices. An important component of the formation of a fair valuation of land assets are the previous databases on their sales prices for previous time periods. We do not have such data due to the lack of a land market in Ukraine during the administrative-command system of economic management, being part of the USSR. Therefore, the only systematized databases for the assessment of land assets are studies conducted by the Ministry of the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. This article aims to study the level and dynamics of land asset prices using the historical experience of valuation of Ukrainian land assets by banks of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. The article separates and groups data on the valuation of land assets in the Ukrainian provinces, which were part of the Russian Empire. A retrospective analysis of the valuation of land assets in terms of individual regions of Ukraine that were part of the Russian Empire was performed on the basis of selected data. The necessity and importance of today's use of historical experience of valuations of land asset in Ukraine are substantiated in connection with the introduction of the land market. Using the index of change in the value of gold, comparative prices transfer of land assets from the early twentieth century at today's comparable prices. The obtained level of prices for land assets has the prospect of being used as a base during the organization of land auctions to form a fair price for land in Ukraine.

Solar radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth Century Warming period (1921–50)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Pavel Sviashchennikov ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Solar Forcing ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

<p>The Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) period includes a time when a clear increase in actinometric observations was noted in the Arctic, which is defined for the purpose of the present paper after Atlas Arktiki (Treshnikov ed., 1985). Nevertheless, available information about energy balance, and its components, for the Arctic for the study period is still very limited, and therefore solar forcing cannot be reliably determined. As a result, the literature contains large discrepancies between estimates of solar forcing. For example, reconstructions of the increase of terrestrial solar irradiance (TSI) during the ETCW period range from 0.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (CMIP5, Wang et al., 2005), through 1.8 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Crowley et al., 2003), to 3.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Shapiro et al., 2011). Suo et al. (2013) concluded that the collection and processing of solar data is of paramount and central importance to the ability to take solar forcing into account, especially in modelling work.</p><p>            Having in mind the weaknesses of our knowledge described above, we decided to present in the paper a summary of our research concerning the availability of solar data in the Arctic (including measurements taken during land and marine expeditions). A detailed inventory of data series for the ETCW period (1921–50) also containing all available metadata will be an important part of this work. Based on the gathered data, a preliminary analysis will be presented of the general solar conditions in the Arctic in this time in terms of global, diffuse and direct solar radiation, and their changes from the ETCW period to present times (mainly 1981–2010).</p><p>            The research work in this paper was supported by a grant entitled “Causes of the Early 20th Century Arctic Warming”, funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/ST10/02933).</p><p>References:</p><p>Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Kim K., Hegerl G.C. and Hyde W.T., 2003. Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1932</p><p>Shapiro A.I., Schmutz W., Rozanov E., Schoell M., Haberreiter M. and co-authors, 2011. A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A67.</p><p>Suo L., Ottera O.H., Bentsen M., Gao Y. and Johannessen O.M., 2013. External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming, Tellus A 2013, 65, 20578, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20578</p><p>Treshnikov A.F. (ed.), 1985. Atlas Arktiki. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow.</p><p>Wang Y.M., Lean J.L. and Sheeley Jr. N.R., 2005. Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astroph. J. 625, 522.</p>

scholarly journals Europeanization process in Hanoi in the early 20th Century – Viewed from changing social position of women

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. First
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thúy Vy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Impact

The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was a period that Western culture had a strong influence on East Asia countries. The need for finding new markets and expanding colonies of Western countries made most countries of East Asia were at risk of becoming Western colonies. This historical situation forced East Asia countries - whether they like it or not - to "Europeanize" and to absorb Western civilization achievements to survive. However, whether the impacts of Europeanization on values of culture were positive or negative, the Europeanization was strongly depended on the cultural characteristics and processes in each country. In the early twentieth century, under the impact of the process of Europeanization, large cities in Vietnam - especially Hanoi - greatly transformed the appearance and functions from medieval to early modern cities. Through research on the changing social position of Hanoi women in the process of Europeanization in the early 20th century on four dimensions: Time, space, human, and methods, the paper indicated the reasons, characteristics, rules, trends of the fluctuation of cultural values ​​in Hanoi in the early 20th century under the impact of the Europeanization process.

scholarly journals The Voice Is the Message: Emotional Practices and Court Rhetoric in Early Twentieth Century Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9(5)) ◽  
pp. 616-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Schnädelbach
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Voice

This paper illustrates that emotions were considered a central component of juristic work in German legal thought around 1900, showing how emotional practices of judges were reshaped when they were confronted with new socio-political demands in the early 20th century. It argues that judicial emotions were intensely reflected upon and used by German jurists, especially via court rhetoric and specific politics of voice. It puts forward an understanding of vocal performances as emotional practices that became particularly contested during the first decades of the 20th century. Whereas classical ideals of judicial conduct placed a premium on authority and distance in order to ensure objectivity, a psychologically informed and emotion-based interaction between judges and court attendees came to the fore: the use of rhetoric and the ability of showing, forming, and creating emotions gained relevance. The judge was not only to manage his own emotions, but was conceived of as an active engineer of emotions in court. El artículo ilustra cómo el pensamiento jurídico alemán de alrededor de 1900 consideraba las emociones un componente central del trabajo judicial, y muestra cómo las prácticas emocionales de los jueces cambiaron a tenor de las nuevas demandas sociopolíticas de principios del siglo XX. Se argumenta que los juristas alemanes usaban intensamente las emociones judiciales. Se definen las actuaciones orales como prácticas emocionales que fueron especialmente contestadas en el siglo XX. Mientras los ideales clásicos sobre la conducta de los jueces ponían el acento en la autoridad y la distancia para garantizar la objetividad, después avanzó un modelo de interacción psicológicamente informada y basada en la emoción: el uso de la retórica y la capacidad de mostrar, formar y crear emociones ganó protagonismo. El juez ya no sólo gestionaba sus propias emociones, sino que se convirtió en un ingeniero activo de emociones en el juzgado.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, „Alternative Scenarios” of Bessarabian Identity in the Early Twentieth Century: Ethnic Mobilization, Uncertain Romanian-ness and Nation-Building in a Borderland Province / „Scenariile alternative” ale identității basarabene la începutul secolului al XX-lea: mobilizare etnică, românitate incertă și construcție națională într-o provincie de frontieră

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Mobilization ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
National Space ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

This article discusses the various forms of resistance to and / or noninvolvement in strategies of national mobilization in early-20th century Bessarabia, as well as the alternative identity projects articulated by local elites. The region was the object of rival claims to inclusion in the Russian imperial and Romanian national space, with each of the two alternative centers competing for the loyalty of the local population. However, the extent to which the Bessarabian population responded to these signals and messages was rather limited. Early 20th-century Bessarabian society, and especially its nobility, clergy, and intellectual strata were slow in responding to nationalist signals coming both from the Russian center and from its Romanian rival.

scholarly journals Rediscovery of Early Twentieth-Century Ecotheology

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panu Pihkala
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Social Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Environmentalism

AbstractIn this article, I examine the early history of Christian environmentalism (“ecotheology”) in the twentieth century. I delineate four strands of early ecotheology: agrarian ecotheology; social Christianity; British contributions; and “post-liberal” foundations for later ecotheological movements. I show that ecotheology was a slowly-rising movement, which had notable proponents. I argue that these early ecotheologians are significant for several reasons. First, these writings support the view that there are momentous roots of environmentalism in the late 19th and early 20th Century. Second, these texts reveal important information about the relation of Christian and other environmentalism. Third, early ecotheologians contributed to discussion about themes which would later form distinctive environmental disciplines, such as environmental aesthetics, education, ethics, history and philosophy. Their thoughts offer interesting reflections pointing to these fields. Fourth, the contributions by the early ecotheologians are not only historically interesting, but they have relevance for the current discussion. These theologians were in a special position to notice the major changes brought by technological development in the twentieth century and they provided important critical reflections about these issues. Because they developed their thought independently, they display creative thinking, although often in an unfinished manner.

scholarly journals EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN WOMEN’S TATAR SCHOOLS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NATIONAL PERIODICAL OF THE PERIOD BEFORE THE REVOLUTION)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-748
Author(s):  
L. R. Murtazina ◽  
A. A. Zinnatullina
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
October Revolution ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Intellectual Level

The article is dedicated to extracurricular activities in Muslim women’s schools in Russia in the period before the October Revolution. These events were aimed at the comprehensive development, raising the cultural, intellectual level of students. They served the formation and preservation of religious-moral and national-cultural values among young Muslim women. The paper considers various types of activities that complement the curriculum of Muslim women’s schools in the early twentieth century. They contributed to the socialization of Muslim women in the new realities of the time. The article first introduced into scientific circulation new sources on the topic (materials of Tatar newspapers and magazines of the early twentieth century on the Arabic schedule).

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