Modelling the impact of a GLOF scenario at Parón lake, Cordillera Blanca, Perú, using a novel multi-phase topographical and geological procedure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilbert Villafane Gomez ◽  
Juan C. Torres Lázaro ◽  
Adriana Caballero Bedriñana ◽  
Harrinson W. Jara Infantes ◽  
Enver L. Melgarejo Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Cordillera Blanca ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Natural Dam ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ice Avalanche

<p>The Cordillera Blanca is undergoing rapid deglaciation due to climatic warming, especially since the late 20th century. This process has resulted in the formation of new glacial lakes and an increase in the volume of existing lakes, some of which pose a risk in the form of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF); such as Parón lake in the Cordillera Blanca, which represents a significant hazard to the Caraz city and smaller populations located in the Llullán-Parón sub-basin. Here, we model a potential dam breach and GLOF generation scenario at Parón lake using a novel numerical modelling procedure that, amongst other factors, considers the geological structure of the natural dam. Overall, this procedure includes four distinct phases: (1) estimation of the potential for ice avalanche impact on Parón lake sourced from surrounding glacial cirques; (2) modelling of subsequent impulsive wave generation and propagation; (3) analysis of the hydraulic parameters of a possible breach of the natural dam, considering the non-erodible material within empirical estimations of the hydrograph where the composition of the dam is interpreted based on surface geological mapping and drill sampling carried out in the area; and (4) simulation of a potential GLOF using the FLO-2D model with input data from the previous phases. Modelling results indicate that Parón lake is most at risk from ice avalanches that originate from the adjacent Hatunraju glacier and that such events have the potential to generate impulse waves that could initiate erosion and a subsequent breach of the natural dam. Considering a worst-case ice avalanche scenario, our results indicate the potential generation of a GLOF with average peaks flow of 25,264.22 m<sup>3</sup>/s. This GLOF event would reach the urban area of the  Caraz city in around 36 - 42 minutes with now rates and flood heights fluctuating between 11.2 m/s to 22.4 m/s and 9.9 m to 19.7 m, respectively.</p>

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA, PERU

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Longo ◽  
◽  
Elizabeth Balgord ◽  
Timothy F. Diedesch ◽  
John All
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Cordillera Blanca ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Reducing environmental impacts from garments through best practice garment use and care, using the example of a Merino wool sweater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Wiedemann ◽  
Leo Biggs ◽  
Quan V. Nguyen ◽  
Simon J. Clarke ◽  
Kirsi Laitala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Impact Category ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Multiple Users ◽  
Washing Machines ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Garment production and use generate substantial environmental impacts, and the care and use are key determinants of cradle-to-grave impacts. The present study investigated the potential to reduce environmental impacts by applying best practices for garment care combined with increased garment use. A wool sweater is used as an example because wool garments have particular attributes that favour reduced environmental impacts in the use phase. Methods A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare six plausible best and worst-case practice scenarios for use and care of a wool sweater, relative to current practices. These focussed on options available to consumers to reduce impacts, including reduced washing frequency, use of more efficient washing machines, reduced use of machine clothing dryers, garment reuse by multiple users, and increasing number of garment wears before disposal. A sixth scenario combined all options. Worst practices took the worst plausible alternative for each option investigated. Impacts were reported per wear in Western Europe for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption. Results and discussion Washing less frequently reduced impacts by between 4 and 20%, while using more efficient washing machines at capacity reduced impacts by 1 to 6%, depending on the impact category. Reduced use of machine dryer reduced impacts by < 5% across all indicators. Reusing garments by multiple users increased life span and reduced impacts by 25–28% across all indicators. Increasing wears from 109 to 400 per garment lifespan had the largest effect, decreasing impacts by 60% to 68% depending on the impact category. Best practice care, where garment use was maximised and care practices focussed on the minimum practical requirements, resulted in a ~ 75% reduction in impacts across all indicators. Unsurprisingly, worst-case scenarios increased impacts dramatically: using the garment once before disposal increased GHG impacts over 100 times. Conclusions Wool sweaters have potential for long life and low environmental impact in use, but there are substantial differences between the best, current and worst-case scenarios. Detailed information about garment care and lifespans is needed to understand and reduce environmental impacts. Opportunities exist for consumers to rapidly and dramatically reduce these impacts. The fashion industry can facilitate this through garment design and marketing that promotes and enables long wear life and minimal care.

scholarly journals Excitation mechanism in the intracluster filaments surrounding the Brightest Cluster Galaxies

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (S359) ◽  
pp. 185-187
Author(s):  
Fiorella L. Polles
Keyword(s):  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Elliptical Galaxies ◽  
Cluster Galaxies ◽  
Cooling Flow ◽  
Submillimeter Wavelengths ◽  
Hot Plasma ◽  
Brightest Cluster Galaxies ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMulti-phase filamentary structures surrounding giant elliptical galaxies at the center of cool-core clusters, the Brightest Cluster Galaxies (BCGs), have been detected from optical to submillimeter wavelengths. The source of the ionisation in the filaments is still debated. Studying the excitation of these structures is key to our understanding of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback in general, and more precisely of the impact of environmental and local effects on star formation. One possible contributor to the excitation of the filaments is the thermal radiation from the cooling of the hot plasma surrounding the BCGs, the so-called cooling flow.

Evaluation of the impact of multi-phase flow on reservoir signatures in the Wolfcamp shale

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 103187
Author(s):  
C.R. Clarkson ◽  
B. Yuan ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
F. Tabasinejad ◽  
H. Behmanesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Flow ◽  
Multi Phase Flow ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Impact

Landslides in moraines as triggers of glacial lake outburst floods: example from Palcacocha Lake (Cordillera Blanca, Peru)

Landslides ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1461-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Klimeš ◽  
J. Novotný ◽  
I. Novotná ◽  
B. Jordán de Urries ◽  
V. Vilímek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Cordillera Blanca ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

scholarly journals Adaptive Robust Optimization-Based Optimal Operation of Microgrids Considering Uncertainties in Arrival and Departure Times of Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se-Hyeok Choi ◽  
Akhtar Hussain ◽  
Hak-Man Kim
Keyword(s):  
Robust Optimization ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Unit Commitment ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Price Signals ◽  
Power Trading ◽  
The Impact

The optimal operation of microgrids is challenging due to the presence of various uncertain factors, i.e., renewable energy sources, loads, market price signals, and arrival and departure times of electric vehicles (EVs). In order to incorporate these uncertainties into the operation model of microgrids, an adaptive robust optimization-based operation method is proposed in this paper. In particular, the focus is on the uncertainties in arrival and departure times of EVs. The optimization problem is divided into inner and outer problems and is solved iteratively by introducing column and constraint cuts. The unit commitment status of dispatchable generators is determined in the outer problem. Then, the worst-case realizations of all the uncertain factors are determined in the inner problem. Based on the values of uncertain factors, the generation amount of dispatchable generators, the amount of power trading with the utility grid, and the charging/discharging amount of storage elements are determined. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using three different cases, and sensitivity analysis is carried out by varying the number of EVs and the budget of uncertainty. The impact of the budget of uncertainty and number of EVs on the operation cost of the microgrid is also evaluated considering uncertainties in arrival and departure times of EVs.

scholarly journals Assessing downstream flood impacts due to a potential GLOF from Imja Tsho in Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1401-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Somos-Valenzuela ◽  
D. C. McKinney ◽  
A. C. Byers ◽  
D. R. Rounce ◽  
C. Portocarrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Flood Impacts ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Flood Impact ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Downstream Communities ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Glacial-dominated areas pose unique challenges to downstream communities in adapting to recent and continuing global climate change, including increased threats of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that can increase risk due to flooding of downstream communities and cause substantial impacts on regional social, environmental and economic systems. The Imja glacial lake (or Imja Tsho) in Nepal, which has the potential to generate a GLOF, was studied using a two-dimensional debris-flow inundation model in order to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed measures to reduce possible flooding impacts to downstream communities by lowering the lake level. The results indicate that only minor flood impact reduction is achieved in the downstream community of Dingboche with modest (~3 m) lake lowering. Lowering the lake by 10 m shows a significant reduction in inundated area. However, lowering the lake by 20 m almost eliminates all flood impact at Dingboche. Further downstream at Phakding, the impact of the GLOF is significant and similar reductions in inundation are likely as a result of lake lowering.

scholarly journals Assessing storm surge hazard and impact of sea level rise in the Lesser Antilles case study of Martinique

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1559-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Krien ◽  
Bernard Dudon ◽  
Jean Roger ◽  
Gael Arnaud ◽  
Narcisse Zahibo
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the Lesser Antilles, coastal inundations from hurricane-induced storm surges pose a great threat to lives, properties and ecosystems. Assessing current and future storm surge hazards with sufficient spatial resolution is of primary interest to help coastal planners and decision makers develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we use wave–current numerical models and statistical methods to investigate worst case scenarios and 100-year surge levels for the case study of Martinique under present climate or considering a potential sea level rise. Results confirm that the wave setup plays a major role in the Lesser Antilles, where the narrow island shelf impedes the piling-up of large amounts of wind-driven water on the shoreline during extreme events. The radiation stress gradients thus contribute significantly to the total surge – up to 100 % in some cases. The nonlinear interactions of sea level rise (SLR) with bathymetry and topography are generally found to be relatively small in Martinique but can reach several tens of centimeters in low-lying areas where the inundation extent is strongly enhanced compared to present conditions. These findings further emphasize the importance of waves for developing operational storm surge warning systems in the Lesser Antilles and encourage caution when using static methods to assess the impact of sea level rise on storm surge hazard.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEKUATAN TARIK DAN IMPAK MATERIAL KOMPOSIT POLIMER DALAM APLIKASI FIBERBOAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Rezza Ruzuqi ◽  
Victor Danny Waas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Impact

Composite material is a material that has a multi-phase system composed of reinforcing materials and matrix materials. Causes the composite materials to have advantages in various ways such as low density, high mechanical properties, performance comparable to metal, corrosion resistance, and easy to fabricate. In the marine and fisheries industry, composite materials made from fiber reinforcement, especially fiberglass, have proven to be very special and popular in boat construction because they have the advantage of being chemically inert (both applied in general and marine environments), light, strong, easy to print, and price competitiveness. Thus in this study, tensile and impact methods were used to determine the mechanical properties of fiberglass polymer composite materials. Each test is carried out on variations in the amount of fiberglass laminate CSM 300, CSM 450 and WR 600 and variations in weight percentage 99.5% -0.5%, 99% -1%, 98.5% -1, 5%, 98% -2% and 97.5%-2.5% have been used. The results showed that the greater the number of laminates, the greater the impact strength, which was 413,712 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the greater the impact strength, which was 416,487 MPa. The results showed that the more laminate the tensile strength increased, which was 87.054 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the lower the tensile strength, which was 73.921 MPa.

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