ANALISIS TARIF ANGKUTAN UMUM BERDASARKAN BIAYA OPERASIONAL KENDARAAN DI KOTA AMBON (STUDI KASUS KONDISI PSBB)

Public transportation between the island seas is one of the economic backbones where Maluku Province is an archipelagic area. Ambon City as the capital of Maluku Province is a city with activities and interactions between communities using public transportation to support daily activities. However, due to the enactment of PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) from June 23 to November 22, 2020, the number of public transportations (Perwali No. 18) is limited, with odd-even implementations up to passenger restrictions (6 people per trip), resulting in operational costs. Vehicles will increase. This study aims to find out how much the upper and lower limit tariffs are used for the community and students. In this study, the calculation method was used according to the Standards of the Directorate General of Land Transportation (2002) SK 687/AJ.206/DRDJ/2002. The results of the study show that the upper and lower tariff rates for the community in Nusaniwe District are Rp. 16,592 – Rp. 11,061,-; Sirimau District IDR 5,138 – IDR 3,425,-; and Baguala and Teluk Ambon Districts Rp. 25,000 – Rp. 16,666,-. The upper and lower limit rates for students in Nusaniwe District are Rp. 8,296 – Rp. 5,531,-; Sirimau District IDR 2,569 – IDR 1,712,-; and Baguala and Teluk Ambon Districts Rp 12,500 – Rp 8,333,-. Tariffs based on the BOK during the PSBB period ranged from Rp. 25,000 – Rp. 5,138,-, while the real tariff was Rp. 3,000 – Rp. 5,000.

THE RESISTANCE ASPECT OF FISHING BOAT SKIPJACK POLE AND LINE

The operation of fishing vessels skipjack pole and line contributes in catching tuna and skipjack fishes particularly in Indonesian waters. A previous study conducted by the authors found that there was no suitable method provided for the resistance computation atearly ship design phase. Besides, there was aninitial trim existed on the vessel during the operation which contributes for the resistance. The purpose of the study is to find the difference of resistance between the model test and the existing methods. The study was executed also to find the effect of initial trim of the vessel. The study began with collecting the database of a parent ship then to develop and transform into a model-scale for testing purpose in the towing tank. The results of model test were converted to the full-scale vessel. The resistance of full-scale vessel was computed based on the Holtrop and Guldhammer methods. The result of full-of resistance obtained from the model test and the methods were collected, evaluated and compared. The results showed the difference of the resistance for all methods. The result of model test is greater 21 % than that of Holtrop method at the service speed of 10 knots. Meanwhile, the result of model test is lower 14 % than that of Gulhammer method at the same speed. In addition, at the speed of 10 knots the initial trim of 0.5O increase 5 % ofthe resistance, the initial trim of 1O increase 10 % of resistance and the initial trim of 2O increase 16 % of resistance compared to the vesselwithout initial trim. In conclusion, the existing resistance methods are not suitable to be applied for skipjack pole and line fishing vessels. In addition, the initial trim contributes to increase the resistance and should be avoided during the vessel operation.

PERBANDINGAN KAPAL MONOHULL, CATAMARAN, TRIMARAN BERDASARKAN TINJAUAN OPERASIONAL PENGGUNAAN BAHAN BAKAR

In general, fishing fleets operating in Maluku waters and managed by local entrepreneurs consist of monohull and trimaran fishing vessels with outriggers. Monohull fishing vessels have limited deck space and poor transverse stability, while trimaran-type vessels have better deck space and transverse stability than monohull vessels, but because they are still in the form of outriggers, the space is limited. This study aims to examine the development of the trimaran fishing vessel in terms of energy requirements, safety, and comfort of the crew during fishing operations. The initial stage of this research begins with data analysis and the basic size of monohull fishing vessels operating in Maluku waters, from this data the shape of the trimaran hull is designed. Calculation of resistance using CFD, then analyzed the calculation of resistance and stability, safety, and comfort of the ship using Maxsurf. The drag Trimaran is 8.86% smaller than a monohull and 3.25% smaller than a catamaran. Energy Usage (EHP) is proven by trimaran ships more than other ship modes. The average trimaran period is 10.5 seconds which meets IMO standards and is declared operationally good.

ANALISIS KEKUATAN TARIK DAN IMPAK MATERIAL KOMPOSIT POLIMER DALAM APLIKASI FIBERBOAT

Composite material is a material that has a multi-phase system composed of reinforcing materials and matrix materials. Causes the composite materials to have advantages in various ways such as low density, high mechanical properties, performance comparable to metal, corrosion resistance, and easy to fabricate. In the marine and fisheries industry, composite materials made from fiber reinforcement, especially fiberglass, have proven to be very special and popular in boat construction because they have the advantage of being chemically inert (both applied in general and marine environments), light, strong, easy to print, and price competitiveness. Thus in this study, tensile and impact methods were used to determine the mechanical properties of fiberglass polymer composite materials. Each test is carried out on variations in the amount of fiberglass laminate CSM 300, CSM 450 and WR 600 and variations in weight percentage 99.5% -0.5%, 99% -1%, 98.5% -1, 5%, 98% -2% and 97.5%-2.5% have been used. The results showed that the greater the number of laminates, the greater the impact strength, which was 413,712 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the greater the impact strength, which was 416,487 MPa. The results showed that the more laminate the tensile strength increased, which was 87.054 MPa, and the more the percentage of hardener, the lower the tensile strength, which was 73.921 MPa.

ANALISA TITIK KRITIS GERAKAN ROLL KAPAL TRIMARAN UNTUK DIAPLIKASI PADA KAPAL IKAN PURSE SEINE

The marine fisheries catching and processing industry are considered vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather at sea. Global warming effects and El Nino and La Nina have a significant impact on the upwelling process, which impacts the lifestyle and environment of marine biota, including pelagic fish, which is one of the most important contributors to the shipping industry. Extreme weather conditions, with wave heights ranging from 1 to 5 meters, dominate the waters of Maluku. In extreme sea conditions, most fishers choose not to go fishing, not because there are no fish at the fishing grounds, but to avoid mishaps at sea. This research aimed to analyze the critical point of ship roll motion and ship stability. The hull shape employed in this study was a monohull fishing vessel and a trimaran fishing vessel with the same displacement of 21,1 tons. In extreme weather conditions, the Maxsurf software was used to analyze the ship's response, especially the critical point of the ship's roll motion. The I.M.O. Standard was utilized to calculate the ship's stability. The operational speed of the ship was v = 3 knots, with fluctuations in wave angle of incidence between 00 - 1800. Wave heights of 1,0; 2,0; 3,0, and 0,4 meters represent extreme weather conditions in Maluku waters' fishing grounds. The findings revealed that the trimaran hull type had better stability where the inclination angle of trimaran vessel stability was 480 while the monohull was 410. The trimaran fishing vessel was able to withstand a wave height of 3 meters with an inclination angle of 32,560. In comparison, the monohull fishing vessel was able to survive at a wave height of 2 meters with an inclination angle of 24,690. Monohull fishing vessel had a maximum limit of roll motion at wave directions 82 and 99 with a wave height of 3 m, and it reached at the critical point at angles of 43 and 138, at the height of 4 m. Meanwhile, the trimaran fishing vessel had a critical point at a wave angle of 760 and 1000 with a wave height of 4 meters. In the area between those two angles, monohull and trimaran fishing vessels will lose the balance (stability) of the roll motion, resulting in capsize.

KAJI PERFORMANSI REFRIGERAN R-290, R-32, DAN R-410A SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENGGANTI R-22

Refrigerant R-22 is a substance that destroys the ozone layer, so that in the field of air conditioning it has begun to be replaced, among others with refrigerants R-32 and R-410a, and also R-290. Through this research, we want to know how much Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Refrigeration Capacity (Qe) can be produced for the four types of refrigerants. The study was carried out theoretically for the working conditions of the vapor compression cycle with an evaporation temperature (Tevap) of 0, -5, and -10oC, a further heated refrigerant temperature (ΔTSH) of 5 oC, a condensation temperature (Tkond) of 45 oC and a low-cold refrigerant temperature. (ΔTSC) 10 oC and compression power of 1 PK . The results of the study show that the Coefficient of Performance (COP) in the use of R-22 and R-290 is higher than the use of R-32 and R-410a, which are 4,920 respectively; 4,891; 4.690 and 4.409 when working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 4.260; 4,234; 4.060 and 3.812 when working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and amounted to 3,730; 3,685; 3,550 and 3,324 if working at an evaporation temperature of -10 oC. Based on the size of the COP, if this installation works with a compression power of 1 PK, then the cooling capacity of the R-22 and R-290 is higher than the R-32 and R-410a, which are 3,617 respectively. kW; 3,597 kW; 3,449 kW and 3,243 kW. If working at an evaporation temperature of 0 oC; 3.133 kW; 3.114 kW; 2,986 kW and 2,804 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -5 oC; and 2,741 kW; 2,710 kW; 2,611 kW and 2,445 kW if working at an evaporation temperature of -10oC.

ANALISIS SIFAT MEKANIS KOMPOSIT POLYESTER YANG DIPERKUAT SERAT KULIT DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) AKIBAT VARIASI FRAKSI VOLUME

Durian rind fiber composite as a reinforcement is one of the interesting research areas. Some of the advantages associated with using natural fibers due to reinforcement in polymers are their non-abrasive properties and low-cost consumption. Durian rind when processed further can be made into cellulose fiber which can be used as a natural filler in unsaturated polyester composites. Among various types of natural fibers, durian skin fiber is an alternative polymer composite filler. Durian skin can be obtained easily because it is a family waste that has not been used. To get a new composite material made from durian skin waste, and to help the community and government in handling durian skin waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum value of the variation of the volume fraction of durian skin fiber on the impact strength and hardness strength according to the desired application. This study uses the Hand Lay Up method, in the manufacture of single fiber composites with variations in volume fraction of durian skin fiber: polyester matrix, namely, 10%: 90%, 20%: 80%, 30%: 70%, 40%: 60% and 50 %:50%. The results showed that there was an increase in the impact strength and hardness strength with the addition of the volume fraction, where the highest impact energy for the volume fraction of durian skin fiber was 50%: 50%, 0.7738 J, and the highest impact value was 0.0096725 J/mm² and energy the lowest impact is 10%: 90%, 0.461 J. and the lowest impact price is 0.0057685 J/mm². So it can be concluded that the impact strength and hardness of the durian skin fiber composite increased with the increase in the volume fraction of the fiber.

AKSES TRANSPORTASI DALAM PENURUNAN BIAYA LOGISTIK KEPULAUAN BERBASIS KOMODITI UNGGULAN LOKAL

Smooth access to ships and ports can reduce logistics costs, therefore transportation is seen as the lifeblood of the regional economy. The decrease in logistics costs (B_L) is a function of ship visits (Call) with available loading and unloading capacity (Q_bongkar), unloading performance (K_B/M) is the ability and efficiency of the use of loading and unloading labor (TKBM) at the port including loading and unloading equipment. loading at a port in an area, the efficiency of logisticBL logistics transport costs can improve the transportation performance of the archipelago and this condition will have a derivative impact on the purchasing power of the people in the islands. The results of the study obtained parameters 0 = -1.102, 1 = 0.001046, 2 = 0.00005, 4 = + 08970, 4 = 0.000000 where the increase in logistics costs can affect Call, Q_bongkar, Performance_B/M, GRDP_unggulan, if B_L increases by 1% will have an impact also for all existing parameters. if performance_B/M = + 08970. then B_L has a fairly good correlation with improved loading and unloading performance at the port and has a significant effect on cargo which has a strong impact on price declines in encouraging purchasing power and economic growth

PERILAKU CHAOS ALIRAN FLUIDA BERDENYUT DALAM SALURAN BERPENAMPANG SEGIEMPAT

The pulsatile fluid flow in a transverse grooved channel would become chaotic flows in low Reynold numbers. The Reynold number where flows become chaos depends on grooves distances. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of grooves distances on the behavior of chaos. This research was done by implementing a closed square cross-section channel, where the bottom surface of the channel was semicircle grooved. The frequency of flow oscillation measurement was done by setting up a resistance sensor that is Wheatstone bridge where the resistance sensor was located in a U manometer. Measurement was done at several Reynold number. From the research result, it is seen that the periodic fluid flows in the transverse grooved channel had become chaos at Reynold number Re 950 in the channel without grooved and at Reynold number Re 700 in the grooved channel. Chaos took placed since a vortex appeared at every treatment.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN KOROSI PADA PERMUKAAN BASAH KAPAL-KAPAL BAJA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ZINK ANODA

Zink anodes are very importantfor reducing the corrosion rate on underwater surface area of hull plates. Zink anodes are affixed to parts of the vessel that are prone to seawater corrosion. This study aims to find out how much influence the installed current has on the corrosion rate by analyzing the data on the use of zink anodes in the field and the data on the use of zink anodes as a result of calculations so that the use of strong currents installed according to the need will reduce the rate of corrosion. To see the strong influence of current on the rate of corrosion, it takes data on the corrosion rate of the last 5 years from 9 vessels and also the number of zink anodes used each year. From the graph of the results of the calculation of strong current according to the theory and the results of the use of zinc anodes on nine vessels, the results obtained it is clear that the installed current strength must meet the needs of each vessel because it will affect the decrease in corrosion rate. On vessel No.3, an excess current strength of 0.539Amp to 1,386 Amp, a decrease in corrosion rate reaching 0.0317 mm/year in the 5th year. On vessel No. 4, an excess current strength of 0.444 Amp to 1.822 Amp there is a decrease in corrosion rate reaching 0.0138 mm/year in the 5th year. On vessel No. 9, an excess strong current of 4,894 Amp to 5,793 Amp there is a decrease in corrosion rate reaching 0.0371 mm/year in the 5th year.