Contrasting  effect of coniferous and broadleaf trees on soil carbon storage during reforestation of mature soils and afforestation of immature soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Hublova ◽  
Jan Frouz
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Coniferous Trees ◽  
C Storage

<p>Soils and forest soil in particular represent important pools of carbon (C). Here, we present a quantitative review of common garden experiments in which various tree species were planted alongside each other in European countries to answer following questions: Does soil sequester more C under broadleaf than under conifer trees? and How do the effects of tree species and litter quality on soil C sequestration change with soil development (i.e., maturity) and other soil properties?<strong> </strong>We found that the effects of broadleaf and coniferous trees on C sequestration differed with the stage of soil development. In mature soils, more C was stored under coniferous trees than under broadleaf trees. In soils in early stages of soil development, on post-mining spoil heaps, the opposite trend was found, i.e., more C was stored under broadleaf. C sequestration under broadleaf trees was highest in immature soils and in soils with high pH. C sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N ratio in post-mining soils but not in other more mature soils. Similarly C sequestration was negatively correlated with the litter C:N  in alkaline soils and in soil with high clay content. These results suggest that C sequestration mechanisms differ in immature vs. mature soils such that C storage is greater under broadleaf trees in immature soils but is greater under coniferous trees in mature soils. The study was supported by LIFE17/IPE/CZ/000005 project</p>

scholarly journals Higher stand densities can promote soil carbon storage after conversion of temperate mixed natural forests to larch plantations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Na ◽  
Xiaoyang Sun ◽  
Yandong Zhang ◽  
Zhihu Sun ◽  
Johannes Rousk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Soil C Storage ◽  
Soil C Sequestration

AbstractSoil carbon (C) reservoirs held in forests play a significant role in the global C cycle. However, harvesting natural forests tend to lead to soil C loss, which can be countered by the establishment of plantations after clear cutting. Therefore, there is a need to determine how forest management can affect soil C sequestration. The management of stand density could provide an effective tool to control soil C sequestration, yet how stand density influences soil C remains an open question. To address this question, we investigated soil C storage in 8-year pure hybrid larch (Larix spp.) plantations with three densities (2000 trees ha−1, 3300 trees ha−1 and 4400 trees ha−1), established following the harvesting of secondary mixed natural forest. We found that soil C storage increased with higher tree density, which mainly correlated with increases of dissolved organic C as well as litter and root C input. In addition, soil respiration decreased with higher tree density during the most productive periods of warm and moist conditions. The reduced SOM decomposition suggested by lowered respiration was also corroborated with reduced levels of plant litter decomposition. The stimulated inputs and reduced exports of C from the forest floor resulted in a 40% higher soil C stock in high- compared to low-density forests within 8 years after plantation, providing effective advice for forest management to promote soil C sequestration in ecosystems.

scholarly journals Reforestation can sequester two petagrams of carbon in US topsoils in a century

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 2776-2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas E. Nave ◽  
Grant M. Domke ◽  
Kathryn L. Hofmeister ◽  
Umakant Mishra ◽  
Charles H. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
The Us ◽  
Land Use And Management

Soils are Earth’s largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool, and their responsiveness to land use and management make them appealing targets for strategies to enhance C sequestration. Numerous studies have identified practices that increase soil C, but their inferences are often based on limited data extrapolated over large areas. Here, we combine 15,000 observations from two national-level databases with remote sensing information to address the impacts of reforestation on the sequestration of C in topsoils (uppermost mineral soil horizons). We quantify C stocks in cultivated, reforesting, and natural forest topsoils; rates of C accumulation in reforesting topsoils; and their contribution to the US forest C sink. Our results indicate that reforestation increases topsoil C storage, and that reforesting lands, currently occupying >500,000 km2 in the United States, will sequester a cumulative 1.3–2.1 Pg C within a century (13–21 Tg C·y−1). Annually, these C gains constitute 10% of the US forest sector C sink and offset 1% of all US greenhouse gas emissions.

Texture effects on carbon stabilisation and storage in New Zealand soils containing predominantly 2 : 1 clays

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Curtin ◽  
Michael H. Beare ◽  
Weiwen Qiu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Proportion ◽  
C And N

Developing strategies to sequester carbon (C) in soils requires an understanding of the key factors that influence C stabilisation. Although fine mineral particles, especially clay, play a key role in stabilising soil organic matter (SOM), the relationship between SOM and texture is often not strong. We examined the role of the fine mineral fraction in C storage in sedimentary soils in New Zealand. Soils, representing two soil Orders (Brown and Recent) and different land use histories (total of 58 soils; 0–15 cm depth) were sampled. The concentration of C (and N) in four particle size fractions (<5, 5–20, 20–50, >50 µm) was determined (soils fractionated after dispersion by sonication). The soils had a wide range of textures and SOM; the mass proportion of clay (<5 µm) ranged from 10 to 60 g 100 g–1 and soil C from 16 to 45 g kg–1. Across both soil Orders and all land uses (dairy, sheep or beef, arable and vegetable cropping), the majority of soil C (57 to 66%) was stored in the clay fraction. However, there was no correlation (R2 = 0.02; P > 0.05) between the C concentration in whole soil and clay content. The concentration of C in the clay fraction, which varied over a wide range (35 to 135 g kg–1 clay), decreased as the mass proportion of clay increased. A similar trend in C concentration was observed for the fine (5–20 µm) silt fraction. Because of this inverse relationship between the mass of the fine fractions and their C concentration, there was little change in amount of stable C (defined as C in the <20 µm fraction) as the mass proportion of fine (<20 µm) particles increased. Differences in pyrophosphate extractable aluminium explained part of the variability in C concentration in the fine fractions; however, we were unable to identify any specific physico-chemical factor that would account for the relatively low C concentrations observed in the <5 and 5–20 µm fractions of fine-textured soils. We concluded that such soils may be under-saturated and potential may exist to store additional stable C.

Soil development rates from an optically stimulated luminescence-dated beach ridge sequence in Northern Jutland, Denmark

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Nielsen ◽  
B. Elberling ◽  
M. Pejrup
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Soil Development ◽  
Optically Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Osl Dating ◽  
Beach Ridge ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Development Rates ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Osl Age

Rates of podzolic soil development in sandy, temperate soils were quantified based on 14 soil pedons with five substrata from a beach ridge chronosequence near Jerup, Northern Denmark (57°N). Soil pH, organic carbon (C) as well as extractable iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) were measured. The age of each pedon and soil stratum was measured by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and used to estimate soil development rates. Soils were divided into five groups from Typic Haplorthods and Entic Alorthods with a mean OSL age of 2965 ± 294 yr to Typic Quartzipsamments with a mean OSL age of 22 ± 11 yr. Acidification rates during the first 200 yr were ~1.9 pH units per 100 yr in the A horizons and C-sequestration rates were ~25 g C m-2 yr-1 (excluding litter accumulation). After ~1500 yr, the mineral soil C stocks stabilised around 13.0 ± 2.0 kg C m-2. Translocation rates of Al into B horizons were ~0.3 kg Al m-2 per 1000 yr, while translocation rates for Fe were scattered. Our study illustrates the potential of OSL dating in chronosequence studies to quantify soil development rates.Key words: Soil development rates, chronosequence, OSL-dating, C-sequestration rates and translocation rates

scholarly journals Effects of Steel Slag and Biochar Incorporation on Active Soil Organic Carbon Pools in a Subtropical Paddy Field

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Wang ◽  
Derrick Lai ◽  
Abbas Abid ◽  
Suvadip Neogi ◽  
Xuping Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Early Crop

Industrial wastes and agricultural byproducts are increasingly used in crop production as fertilizers, but their impacts on soil carbon (C) sequestration remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of applying steel slag (SS), biochar (B), and a combination of these two materials (SS + B) on total soil organic C (SOC), active SOC fractions, and C pool management index (CPMI) in a subtropical paddy field in China. The treatments were applied at a rate of 8 t ha−1 to rice at the two (early and late) crop seasons in 2015. The SOC concentrations in the top 30 cm soils in the SS + B treatments were 28.7% and 42.2% higher in the early and late crops, respectively, as compared to the controls (p < 0.05). SOC was positively correlated with soil C:N ratio across the two crop seasons (r = 0.92–0.97, p < 0.01). As compared to the control, SS + B treatment had significantly higher carbon pool index (CPI) in both early (22.4%) and late (40.1%) crops. In the early crop, the C pool activity index (CPAI) was significantly lower in B and SS + B treatments by over 50% than in the control, while the soil C pool management index (CPMI) in the SS, B, and SS + B treatments was lower than that in the control by 36.7%, 41.6%, and 45.4%, respectively. In contrast, in the late crop, no significant differences in CPAI and CPMI were observed among the treatments. Our findings suggest that the addition of steel slag and biochar in subtropical paddy fields could decrease active SOC pools and enhance soil C sequestration only in the early crop, but not the late crop.

scholarly journals The role of temperate treed swamps as a carbon sink in southwestern Nova Scotia

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Kendall ◽  
Karen A. Harper ◽  
David Burton ◽  
Kevin Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Forested Wetlands ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Cycle

Forested wetlands may represent important ecosystems for mitigating climate change effects through carbon (C) sequestration because of their slow decomposition and C storage by trees. Despite this potential importance, few studies have acknowledged the role of temperate treed swamps in the C cycle. In southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada, we examined the role of treed swamps in the soil C cycle by determining C inputs through litterfall, assessing decomposition rates and soil C pools, and quantifying C outputs through soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The treed swamps were found to represent large supplies of C inputs through litterfall to the forest floor. The swamp soils had substantially greater C stores than the swamp–upland edge or upland soils. We found growing season C inputs via litterfall to exceed C outputs via GHG emissions in the swamps by a factor of about 2.5. Our findings indicate that temperate treed swamps can remain a C sink even if soil GHG emissions were to double, supporting conservation efforts to preserve temperate treed swamps as a measure to mitigate climate change.

scholarly journals Simulation of soil carbon dynamics in Australia under a framework that better connects spatially explicit data with Rᴏᴛʜ C

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhwan Lee ◽  
Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel ◽  
Zhongkui Luo ◽  
Ying Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
C Stocks

Abstract. We simulated soil organic carbon (C) dynamics across Australia with the Rothamsted carbon model (Rᴏᴛʜ C) under a framework that connects new spatially-explicit soil measurements and data with the model. Doing so helped to bridge the disconnection that exists between datasets used to inform the model and the processes that it depicts. Under this framework, we compiled continental-scale datasets and pre-processed, standardised and configured them to the required spatial and temporal resolutions. We then calibrated Rᴏᴛʜ C and run simulations to predict the baseline soil organic C stocks and composition in the 0–0.3 m layer at 4,043 sites in cropping, modified grazing, native grazing, and natural environments across Australia. The Rᴏᴛʜ C model uses measured C fractions, the particulate, humus, and resistant organic C (POC, HOC and ROC, respectively) to represent the three main C pools in its structure. The model explained 97–98 % of the variation in measured total organic C in soils under cropping and grazing, and 65 % in soils under natural environments. We optimised the model at each site and experimented with different amounts of C inputs to predict the potential for C accumulation in a 100-year simulation. With an annual increase of 1 Mg C ha−1 in C inputs, the model predicted a potential soil C increase of 13.58 (interquartile range 12.19–15.80), 14.21 (12.38–16.03), and 15.57 (12.07–17.82) Mg C ha−1 under cropping, modified grazing and native grazing, and 3.52 (3.15–4.09) Mg C ha−1 under natural environments. Soils under native grazing were the most potentially vulnerable to C decomposition and loss, while soils under natural environments were the least vulnerable. An empirical assessment of the controls on the C change showed that climate, pH, total N, the C:N ratio, and cropping were the most important controls on POC change. Clay content and climate were dominant controls on HOC change. Consistent and explicit soil organic C simulations improve confidence in the model's predictions, contributing to the development of sustainable soil management under global change.

Soil fertility effects on carbon fluxes under two spring wheat rotations in a semiarid agroecosystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. P. Zentner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Fertility Treatments

Changes in soil C storage due to management practices are important in relation to soil quality and to the broader issue of atmospheric C sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of soil fertility management on C fluxes under two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan, i.e., continuous wheat (Cont W) and a rotation that included summerfallow every third year (F-W-W). Continuous wheat was grown under two fertility regimes since initiation of the experiment in 1967, i.e., fertilization with N+P (no nutrient limitation) or with P only. In F-W-W there were three fertility treatments: N+ P, N only, and P only. We measured soil CO2 emissions under all fertility treatments and rotation phases during the 1995 and 1996 cropping seasons (emissions were measured at about weekly intervals between spring and freeze-up in autumn). Inputs of C in straw were measured and a root:straw ratio of 0.59 was used to estimate root C inputs. Alleviation of nutrient limitations generally had a positive effect on wheat growth (and thus on C inputs), particularly in 1995, the wetter of the 2 yr (precipitation 14% greater than average). For example, C inputs in 1995 under Cont W were estimated at 2700 kg ha-1 in the N+P treatment compared with 1500 kg ha-1 in the P only treatment. Fertility treatments had little effect on CO2 emissions; e.g., for Cont W the mean flux for the 1995 monitoring period was 2.7 mmol CO2 m-2s-1 where N + P was applied and 2.6 mmol CO2 m-2s-1 where P only was applied. Greater C inputs, but similar outputs of CO2-C for the N + P treatment vs. the systems receiving N or P only, suggest that proper fertilization resulted in a gain in soil C. However, quantifying the fertility-induced C gain is problematic because of uncertainty regarding effects of fertility on several components of the C budget, particularly root-C inputs and the contribution of rhizosphere respiration to the measured CO2 flux. Key words: Carbon sequestration, N and P fertilization, CO2 emissions, C inputs in crop residues, spring wheat, summerfallow

Variations of the biodiversity and carbon functions of karst forests in two morphologically different sites in southwestern China

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Libin Liu ◽  
Jian Ni
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Karst Forest ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Floristic Characteristics ◽  
Change Mitigation

Knowledge of the biodiversity and carbon (C) functions of karst forests is scarce. This study comprehensively compared the species diversity and floristic characteristics, biomass and its allocation, leaf and soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations, and photosynthetic capacity of dominant tree species between peak clump depression (PCD)-type and plateau surface (PS)-type karst forests on the basis of two large plots (i.e., 1 and 2 ha, respectively) in southwestern China. Results showed that PCD-type karst forest exhibits higher biodiversity and more tropical family and genus types than PS-type karst forest. These two types of karst forest presented similar total biomass, but PCD-type karst forest allocated more biomass to supporting roots and less biomass to absorbing roots. PS-type karst forest had higher C/N ratios in leaves and soils than PCD-type karst forest. Deciduous tree species in PS-type karst forest had low net photosynthetic rates, resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate in PS-type karst forest than in PCD-type karst forest. Species richness and C storage in the karst morphologies would be considerably enhanced if degraded vegetation in different types of karst area could be successfully restored to forests according to respective morphological and vegetation features. A comprehensive understanding of the biodiversity and C functions of karst vegetation is essential to biodiversity conservation, regional C storage estimation, vegetation management and restoration, and potential global change mitigation.

Legume green manure as partial fallow replacement in semiarid Saskatchewan: Effect on carbon fluxes

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Curtin ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
F. Selles ◽  
R. P. Zentner ◽  
V. O. Biederbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Crop Residue Decomposition ◽  
Legume Green Manure

Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, largely due to burning of fossil fuels, may accentuate the risk of global warming. Scientists are optimistic that with appropriate management soils can function as sinks for C and contribute to CO2 abatement strategies. The objective of this study was to determine if soil C can be increased using an annual legume green manure (GM) as partial fallow replacement in a fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-wheat (F-W-W) rotation in the Brown soil zone of Saskatchewan. In 1995 and 1996 we measured soil C fluxes in all phases of F-W-W and GM-W-W rotations, which were two of the treatments in an experiment initiated in 1987 on a medium-textured Orthic Brown Chernozem. The GM, Indianhead black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) was estimated to add 1800 and 1400 kg C ha−1 in 1995 and 1996, respectively. Annual inputs of C in residues of the wheat crops were two to three times those of GM. Comparison of CO2 emissions from GM with those from the fallow phase of the F-W-W system suggested that GM largely decomposed in the interval between incorporation (mid-July) and freeze-up in fall. Fluxes of CO2 from the wheat phases of GM-W-W closely matched those from the corresponding phases of F-W-W, confirming that there was little carryover of undecomposed GM to the following growing season. Our results suggest that, in a 3-yr rotation, partial fallow replacement with legume GM may have only a minor impact on C sequestration because the increase in C inputs is relatively small (~ 25% in this study) and GM decomposes rapidly in the soil due to its narrow C:N ratio (12–13). Green manuring may, however, play a more significant role in enhancing soil C levels in a F-W system, where relatively large increases in C inputs could be achieved using currently-available legume species. Key words: Carbon sequestration, carbon dioxide emissions, crop residue decomposition, wheat, summerfallow, lentil

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