Balancing permanent and forecast-based action to lessen wind-induced building damage in the Philippines.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demi Vonk ◽  
Marc van den Homberg ◽  
Nanette Kingma ◽  
Dinand Alkema ◽  
Aklilu Teklesadik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Anticipatory Action

<p>With a global paradigm shift from post-disaster response aid to anticipatory action, the question on how anticipatory action relates to long-term climate adaptation and often government-led actions towards permanent disaster prevention becomes more relevant. With rising disaster risk, a framework that decision-makers can use to select between preventive and preparedness risk reduction efforts would be most useful. A model originally developed to compare permanent interventions to forecast-based action for floods was applied to wind-induced building damage due to tropical cyclones, focusing on a case study from the Philippines. We made use of a typhoon forecasting model based on the ensemble forecast from EMCWF, and modeled the wind footprint to estimate the wind speed in the case study area. A threshold was defined, similar to how it is done in actual operations by the Philippine Red Cross. If the forecasted typhoon exceeds a pre-set threshold in terms of wind speed, action to strengthen light-weight wooden houses with a Shelter Strengthening Kit (SSK) is taken. SSKs temporarily make these houses more resistant to withstand extreme winds, thereby reducing the impacts. This short term action is compared to a scenario in which lightweight wooden houses are permanently upgraded. Results give actors in humanitarian response, anticipatory action as well as permanent disaster prevention insight into which variables affect this balance. and help policymakers to allocate their scarce budgets in a cost-effective way. The framework, although developed for the Philippines, can also be replicated in other cyclone-prone countries. </p>

scholarly journals The Role of Cash Transfers in Rebuilding Livelihoods in an Emergency Response: the Typhoon Haiyan Case Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nothando Gazi
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
The Impact

The number of climate-related disasters is increasing more than ever before and cash is becoming an increasingly important tool to deliver assistance during a disaster response due to its flexibility and ability to cut across sectors, amongst other benefits. This research seeks to explore the role of cash in linking the relief phase to the long-term recovery through the promotion of sustainable livelihoods, by focusing on Typhoon Haiyan (known locally as Yolanda) as a case study. The Philippines has high exposure and vulnerability to climate-related disasters, however, it boasts of one of the most advanced social protection systems in the East Asia Pacific region (Bowen, 2015). In order to reach the research objectives, the research methodology employed involves a review of related literature, a field-based evaluation involving interviewing humanitarian practitioners and the adoption of DFID’s Sustainable Livelihood Framework (1999) as a framework of analysis. The results show that cash-based livelihood programming plays a vital role in leading the transition from relief to recovery due to the Value for Money (VfM) it delivers, role in strengthening local market and supply chains and the positive economic multiplier effects that benefit the wider community. Most interventions focus on asset creation, however, investment should be made into disaster risk reduction to reduce vulnerabilities that worsen the impact of shocks on poor households. Also, to enhance the benefits resulting from cash programming, supporting activities should be used in parallel with cash provision. Cash-for-training and livelihood start-up grants can empower women by increasing their human capital and introducing them to the formal economy. More work is required to transform the structures and policies that disadvantage women through patriarchal power systems.

scholarly journals Case Study of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake: The Disaster Response Capability of Kumamoto Compact City, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Hang Liu ◽  
Riken Homma ◽  
Kazuhisa Iki
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Compact City ◽  
The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
The City ◽  
Post Disaster

Compact cities are widely used in urban planning in Japan due to the following benefits: efficient land use, reduction in the transport network and reliance on mass transport, low emissions, etc. However, Compactness often means high density. In disaster-resistant Japan, whether the compact city form can effectively respond to disasters is needed further discussion. In the Kumamoto City Master Plan, 15 local hubs have been planned to promote the development of the compact city. In this study, 15 local hubs are selected as the research objects. Moreover, the entropy method was chosen to evaluate the disaster prevention capability. The results show that disaster risk is high and the disaster prevention ability is weak in the central urban area, which is likely to cause greater losses when the disaster occurs. The local hubs that are far away from the city centre also have the weak disaster prevention due to the lack of disaster prevention facilities, while some hub areas are more capable of disaster prevention despite the high risk of disasters. Therefore, in the post-disaster reconstruction plan, it is recommended making a focus on the low-risk and disaster resistant areas. At the same time, the cancellation of hubs with high risk and weak disaster prevention needs to be further discussed.

scholarly journals CLIMADA v1.4.1: Towards a globally consistent adaptation options appraisal tool

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Bresch ◽  
Gabriela Aznar-Siguan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Impact Modelling ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Impact Events ◽  
Adaptation Options

Abstract. Climate change is a fact and adaptation to a changing environment therefore a necessity. Adaptation is ultimately local, yet similar challenges pose themselves to decision-makers all across the globe and on all levels. The Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) methodology established an economic framework to fully integrate risk and reward perspectives of different 10 stakeholders, underpinned by the CLIMADA impact modelling platform. We present an extension of the latter to appraise adaption options in a consistent fashion in order to provide decision-makers from the local to the global level with the necessary facts to identify the most effective instruments to meet the adaptation challenge. We apply the open-source methodology and its Python implementation to a case study in the Caribbean, which allows to prioritize a small basked of adaptation options, namely green and grey infrastructure options as well as behavioural measures, and permits inter-island comparisons. In 15 Anguilla, for example, mangroves avert simulated damages more than 4 times the cost estimated for restoration, while enforcement of building codes shows to be effective in the Turks and Caicos islands. For all islands, cost-effective measures reduce the cost of risk transfer, which covers damage of high impact events that cannot be cost-effectively prevented by other measures. This extended version of the CLIMADA platform has been designed to enable risk assessment and options appraisal in a modular form and occasionally bespoke fashion yet with high reusability of common functionalities to foster usage of the 20 platform in interdisciplinary studies and international collaboration.

scholarly journals The Changing Face of Accountability in Humanitarianism: Using Artificial Intelligence for Anticipatory Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J. C. Van den Homberg ◽  
Caroline M. Gevaert ◽  
Yola Georgiadou
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Algorithmic Accountability ◽  
Anticipatory Action ◽  
Relationship Of

Over the past two decades, humanitarian conduct has been drifting away from the classical paradigm. This drift is caused by the blurring of boundaries between development aid and humanitarianism and the increasing reliance on digital technologies and data. New humanitarianism, especially in the form of disaster risk reduction, involved government authorities in plans to strengthen their capacity to deal with disasters. Digital humanitarianism now enrolls remote data analytics: GIS capacity, local data and information management experts, and digital volunteers. It harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to strengthen humanitarian agencies and governments’ capacity to anticipate and cope better with crises. In this article, we first trace how the meaning of accountability changed from classical to new and finally to digital humanitarianism. We then describe a recent empirical case of anticipatory humanitarian action in the Philippines. The Red Cross Red Crescent movement designed an artificial intelligence algorithm to trigger the release of funds typically used for humanitarian response in advance<em> </em>of an impending typhoon to start up early actions to mitigate its potential impact. We highlight emerging actors and fora in the accountability relationship of anticipatory humanitarian action as well as the consequences arising from actors’ (mis)conduct. Finally, we reflect on the implications of this new form of algorithmic accountability for classical humanitarianism.

scholarly journals Systems Development for Records Archiving and Digital Documents Repository: A Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Gamba ◽  
Magdalena M. Ocbian ◽  
Maryjean N. Gamba
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Virtual Private Network ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Web Based ◽  
State College ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Private Network

The presence of vast communication and information nowadays necessitates the need for a system to readily access and transfer data. The study aimed to develop records archiving and document repository to overcome the barrier of server client method of deploying the documents from one place to another and easier data access to its stakeholders. The Sorsogon State College in the Philippines has four campuses which are located strategically in four municipalities of Sorsogon province. Their distance from each other sometimes causes a problem particularly along communication and real time updates. General User Interface (GUI) of the application has been built on top of all web-enabled computers and even to the mobile devices, so it requires only installed web browsers to render the GUI onto their devices regardless of its platform and specifications. The installation of web-based archiving and repository on its main campus enables satellite campuses to connect to the college private server in a cost-effective manner through virtual private network that connects on top of the Internet service provider. This study overcomes the vulnerability of security by means of allowing user credentials to login at the private server using a 1024 bit Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) private/public key exchange and 256-bit Advance Encryption System (AES) encryption through its virtual private network. Contents of the uploaded files were being encrypted at 128-bit to prevent intranet users from sneaking the file contents. Keywords - ICT, document archive, web, GUI, developmental research, Sorsogon City, Philippines,

scholarly journals Applying the DRCA Risk Template on the Flood-Prone Disaster Prevention Community Due to Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Chin-Yu He ◽  
Ching-Pin Tung ◽  
Yong-Jun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Adaptation ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Adaptation Model

Climate change is apparent, and the impacts are becoming increasingly fierce. The community’s adaptation is more important than before. Community-based adaptation (CBA) is now gaining worldwide attention. Taiwan has promoted disaster prevention communities (DPC) for many years. Although the communities’ promotion can increase their capacity to promote efficiency, the top-down job designation may not adequately meet the community’s needs. This research aims to establish a community adaptation model and focus on building community adaptation capabilities from the bottom-up due to climate change. We design a community adaptation model that integrated climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR). A disaster reduction and climate adaptation (DRCA) risk template was illustrated and adopted in the study. The 2D flooding model using future rainfall simulates the flooding depth for the hazard for it. This information is offered for discussing possible countermeasures with residents during the participatory risk analysis process. An urban laboratory concept is also adopted in this study. The Zutian community, Tucheng District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, a flood-prone community, served as a case study area to illustrate those concepts and tools. The proposed adaptation model could then strengthen the community’s resilience to cope with future impacts due to climate change.

scholarly journals The Legitimacy, Accountability, and Ownership of an Impact-Based Forecasting Model in Disaster Governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterre Bierens ◽  
Kees Boersma ◽  
Marc J. C. Van den Homberg
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Implementation Challenges

The global shift within disaster governance from disaster response to preparedness and risk reduction includes the emergency of novel Early Warning Systems such as impact based forecasting and forecast-based financing. In this new paradigm, funds usually reserved for response can be released before a disaster happens when an impact-based forecast—i.e., the expected humanitarian impact as a result of the forecasted weather—reaches a predefined danger level. The development of these impact-based forecasting models are promising, but they also come with significant implementation challenges. This article presents the data-driven impact-based forecasting model as developed by 510, an initiative of the Netherlands Red Cross. It elaborates on how questions on legitimacy, accountability and ownership influenced the implementation of the model within the Philippines with the Philippine Red Cross and the local government as the main stakeholders. The findings imply that the exchange of knowledge between the designer and manufacturer of impact-based models and the end users of those models fall short if novel Early Warnign Systems are seen as just a matter of technology transfer. Instead the development and implementation of impact based models should be based on mutual understanding of the users’ needs and the developers of such models.

Evacuation of vulnerable people during a Natech: a case study of a flood and factory explosion in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhito Ohtsu ◽  
Akihiko Hokugo ◽  
Ana Maria Cruz ◽  
Yukari Sato ◽  
Yuko Araki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Evacuation Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose This study investigated pre-evacuation times and evacuation behaviors of vulnerable people during the 2018 flooding in Shimobara, Okayama, Japan, and the flood-triggered factory explosion, a natural hazard-triggered technological accident known as a natural-hazard-triggered technological accidents (Natech). This study examined factors that affected evacuation decisions and pre-evacuation time, estimated the evacuation time in case of no explosion and identified community disaster prevention organization response efforts for vulnerable people. Design/methodology/approach Interviews with all 18 vulnerable people who experienced the event were conducted. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of six factors on evacuation time and reasons for delayed evacuation. Findings Factors affecting evacuation decisions included the sound of the explosion, followed by recommendations from relatives and the community disaster prevention organization. Explosion-related injuries delayed early evacuation, but experience of previous disasters and damage had a positive effect on early evacuation. The explosion sound accelerated evacuation of non-injured people; however, explosion-related injuries significantly delayed evacuation of injured individuals. The Shimobara community disaster prevention organization’s disaster response included a vulnerable people registry, visits to all local households and a multilayered approach that enabled monitoring of all households. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the evacuation behavior of vulnerable people and community responses during a Natech event.

Interview with Mr Ma Qiang

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (897-898) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Vice President ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Executive Vice President ◽  
Operational Guidance

In this issue, the Review wanted to give a voice to different perspectives on the principles guiding humanitarian action. The Chinese Red Cross is an interesting example of a member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement operating according not only to the seven Fundamental Principles of the Movement, but also to three additional values (or “spirits”), namely humanity, fraternity and dedication. Whereas the Fundamental Principles serve as institutional rules and provide operational guidance, the three spirits serve as an ideology for members of the Chinese Red Cross. In addition, over the last few years, the Chinese Red Cross has become more and more involved in disaster response operations abroad (for instance, in the response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 and the earthquake in Nepal in 2015), as well as in China. It is expected that Chinese disaster response organizations will be increasingly involved in future international crises. The Review spoke to Mr Ma Qiang, former Executive Vice-President of the Shanghai branch of the Chinese Red Cross, the oldest Red Cross branch in China, to find out more about how he sees the evolution of the humanitarian sector and the challenges to principled humanitarian action in today's world.

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