Measurement of floating oil layer thicknesses at the Santa Barbara seeps in California to support interpretation of satellite imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Garcia-Pineda ◽  
Frank Monaldo ◽  
George Graettinger ◽  
Ellen Ramirez ◽  
Lisa DiPinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Sampling Tube ◽  
Maximum Thickness ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Ir Light ◽  
Oil Thickness

<p>The offshore natural oil seeps along the California coast near Santa Barbara are a natural testing site for the calibration of remote sensing systems aimed at the detection of oil spills. The main difference between these seeps and other permanent sources of floating oil (natural and unnatural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico) is the petroleum composition. Moreover, while it has been documented that most natural seeps worldwide change their rate of oil discharge over time, the Santa Barbara seeps have maintained a high rate, frequently forming thick layers of floating oil in recent years. This allowed us to perform multiple experiments developing floating oil layer thickness measurement techniques from sea-level instruments. These measurements were then used in validation of airborne and satellite remote sensors.</p><p>At the Santa Barbara seeps, we have tested our previously developed method of measuring oil thickness with a crystal tube sampling mechanism that extracts an undisturbed floating oil profile at the sea surface. Samples are then post-processed to quantify the volume of oil captured. Our newer system consists of a submerged spectrophotometer that measures the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) light attenuation of the floating oil from a fixed UV-IR light source above the water. Both methods have been used for cross validation. The sampling tube is more accurate and precise for thicknesses below 50 um (from silver-rainbow sheens to metallic). Both systems work consistently on thicknesses ranging from >50 um to 350um (the latter was the thickest sample of oil measured at the seep sites). However, the advantage of the submerged spectrophotometer is the real time interpretation of the data. The maximum thickness measured in the laboratory for the submerged spectrophotometer was 2.5mm, while the maximum thickness measured from the sampling tube was 7cm of oil.</p><p>These thickness measuring instruments have been used to validate thermal and multispectral sensors mounted on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). By overlaying the thickness measurements collected in the field with synchronous data collected from the UAS sensors we can relate the thermal reflective radiation and multispectral signatures from different oil thicknesses. Maps with oil thickness classifications generated from the UAS data are then used to correlate with quasi-synchronous high resolution satellite images obtained by WorldView2-3, Planet, ALOS-2, and RADARSAT-2, all of which are hosted and viewable on the NOAA-Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA).  Further field expeditions scheduled for 2021 will include the UAVSAR sensor, an L-band airborne synthetic aperture radar operated by the NASA Airborne Science Program. This NASA microwave sensor operates at the same frequency as one of the sensors on the upcoming NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission scheduled to launch in 2022 and data acquired will be used to both improve thickness algorithm development and simulate the expected performance of the NISAR instrument for oil slick detection and characterization. We will prepare these methods to move to operational use as this new resource comes online adding a significant response asset to oil spill characterization and response.</p>

Report 20: Developments in the Measurement of Oil-Film Thickness in Dynamically Loaded Bearings

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (7) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Oil Film ◽  
Dynamically Loaded ◽  
Recording Analysis ◽  
Further Development

This report describes the development of a capacitive system for the measurement of oil-film thickness in big-end and centre main bearings of a 600 h.p., 600 rev/min, diesel engine. The object of this work was to compare the theoretical prediction of bearing behaviour with the practical case. Engineering aspects of these measurements are given in the 1967 Institution of Mechanical Engineers Review Paper on dynamically loaded bearings. Reasons for the development of this system are given, along with a description of measurement techniques, including transmission of signals from the moving big-end to the measuring instruments. Data recording, analysis, and presentation of results are also described. One of the most significant features of this work was the manner in which the bearing distorted during an engine cycle. This has shown the need for further experimental measurements, which in turn have made it necessary for further development or partial automation of the measuring system.

Investigation and Resolution of the Fluid Structure Interaction of High Rate HVGO Pumps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwyn Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Vacuum Gas Oil ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil

Abstract A suite of High Rate Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO) pumps in an operating Upgrader Plant experienced repeated failures; typically, less than 7 weeks. The need for online measuring tools arose that could measure pump and piping system strain changes with dynamic thermal gradients. The challenge was to record the effect on the entirety of pump component alignment and vibration. In current industrial practices no such tools and techniques are directly and comprehensively available for rotary equipment. Strain gauges are not accurate, and cannot provide broader real time strain mapping. Optical metrology can analyze the mechanical properties and behavior of all kinds of materials in various test scenarios. To date such methods are experimental and principally found in advanced application environments. At the time the method was unknown and especially in such a difficult industrial plant. In such a complex and extreme hot and cold operating service warm-up, cooling, with variations in flow and temperature, can directly and dynamically affect strain measurements. It was not certain whether optical meorology measurement techniques would be able to identify and correlate dynamic operating scenarios with the source of the pump and pipe hardware issues experienced in these Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil (HVGO) pump systems. The influence of the casing thickness and stiffness on the resulting vibration characteristics was investigated by using FEA and operational testing and dynamic analysis. Increasing the interface web thickness results in notable reduction in deformation. Comparison of the results of the live testing against the initial design was performed and studied for remedial action. Materials and heat treatment options were also evaluated and reported. The three-dimensional turbulent flow was modelled and analyzed. The application of those tools for this type of problem are described along with the other rigorous techniques employed. The range of tools included modal and vibration analysis, thermography, rotor and shaft dynamics, baseplate, frame, metallurgical analysis and ultimately compared with FEA, pipe stress modelling and strain analysis. This paper should be read in conjunction with PVP 2020-21204; Piping & Equipment Dynamics of High Rate HVGO Pumps.

scholarly journals The Impact of Modern Topo-Geodetic Technologies on Positioning Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mircea Emil NAP ◽  
Petre Iuliu DRAGOMIR ◽  
Silvia CHIOREAN ◽  
Jutka DEAK ◽  
Ioan LUPUȚ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Geodetic Measurement ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Permissible Deviation

The field of constructions has evolved extraordinarily in terms of measurement techniques, requiring increasing accuracy. This has led to the creation of new specific technologies, and implicitly measuring instruments. The range of classical geodetic measuring instruments has been completed with new high precision instruments, even in the field of physics or machine building. The use of geodetic measurement methods in the field of Engineering Topographic Measurement Techniques involves, in addition to ensuring precision requirements, the choice of appropriate devices and technologies. This choice is imposed both by the previous precision calculations, starting from a maximum permissible deviation given, and by the knowledge of the execution and assembly technologies. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect and also the impact that new technologies had on the main measurement activities, and of course on measurement techniques. This review article summarizes, analyzes and discusses the current state of primary research in terms of the impact of current or developing technologies on geodetic techniques. The global corpus of primary research is growing at an unprecedented rate. It is difficult for most researchers to grasp the state of the art of a topic. A vast number of bibliographic references were taken into account, on which analyzes were performed.

Development of certified reference materials set for opened porosity of solid substances and materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Egor P. Sobina ◽  
Ilya P. Aronov
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Open Porosity ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
And Control ◽  
Porosity Measurements ◽  
Calibration Laboratories ◽  
Certified Values

The article deals with data of research for development of certified reference materials set for opened porosity of solid substances and materials (imitators) (OPGP SO UNIIM set) GSO 11116-2018/GSO 11119-2018. The certified values of open porosity are determined using a gas pycnometer. Certified reference materials are intended for certification of measurement techniques and control of the accuracy of open porosity measurement results for petrophysical studies of core. Certified reference materials can be used for calibration, verification of open porosity measurements of rock and for testing of measuring instruments. A complete budget of the CRM uncertainty is presented, taking into account changes in ambient temperature when it used in testing and calibration laboratories.

scholarly journals The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI): design, execution, and early results

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 5935-6005 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Piters ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
M. Kroon ◽  
J. C. Hains ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Data Validation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The World

Abstract. From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the Cabauw site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO2, O4 and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO2 derived from several independent instruments agree within 25%, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20–30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO2 instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.

Instrumentation in anaerobic treatment – research and practice

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Spanjers ◽  
J.B. van Lier
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Actual Application ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Liquid Retention ◽  
Instrumental Measurement ◽  
On Line ◽  
Treatment Research

High rate anaerobic treatment reactors are able to uncouple solids and liquid retention time, resulting in high biomass concentrations. Principal advantages of anaerobic treatment include: energy efficiency, low biomass yield, low nutrient requirement and high volumetric organic loadings. In order to facilitate small reactors operation with stable and good performance automatic process control systems in combination with on-line instrumentation are proposed. The paper reviews the development and availability of the principal instrumentation for anaerobic treatment processes. First, the most important measuring principles are discussed, followed by a review of the most important process variables with emphasis on the development of their instrumental measurement techniques and application in research. Finally, a summary of actual application of instrumentation in full-scale anaerobic treatment plants is presented.

Epidemiology of Substance use in Pregnancy

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M.T. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
The Impact

An understanding of the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use in young women is important to appreciate the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with it and to understand the impact of such use on offspring. Although abstention rates are consistently higher among women than men in general substance misuse is increasing in young women. Differences in definitions, measurement techniques, availability, social acceptability and affordability partly explain the great variability in reported prevalence rates. Alcohol exposure among pregnant women varies from 0.2% to 14.8%. An Australian national survey revealed that nearly half of pregnant and or breast-feeding women up to 6 months postpartum were using alcohol. A Swedish study reported risky use of alcohol during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy, at 15%. Cannabis use among pregnant women varies from 1.8% to 15%. The reported prevalence of opiate use during pregnancy ranges from 1.65 to 8.5%. Cocaine use among pregnant women is reported to be between 0.3% and 9.5. Most pregnant women stop or reduce their substance use during pregnancy and this might be an opportune moment for detection and treatment. Substance use tends to increase sharply in the postpartum period with adverse consequences on mother and baby. Perinatal substance misuse interventions can reduce adverse neonatal outcomes. On the basis of relatively high rate of substance use disorders during pregnancy and postpartum period, effective screening and intervention strategies should be implemented.

Determination of Low-Pass Filter Cutoff Frequencies for High-Rate Biomechanical Signals Obtained Using Videographic Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Fijalkowski ◽  
Kristina M. Ropella ◽  
Brian D. Stemper
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Diffuse Brain Injury ◽  
Rotational Kinematics ◽  
Low Pass

Diffuse brain injury (DBI) commonly results from blunt impact followed by sudden head rotation, wherein severity is a function of rotational kinematics. A noninvasive in vivo rat model was designed to further investigate this relationship. Due to brain mass differences between rats and humans, rotational acceleration magnitude indicative of rat DBI (≈350 krad/s2) has been estimated as approximately 60 times greater than that of human DBI (≈6 krad/s2). Prior experimental testing attempted to use standard transducers such as linear accelerometers to measure loading kinematics. However, such measurement techniques were intrusive to experimental model operation. Therefore, initial studies using this experimental model obtained rotational displacement data from videographic images and implemented a finite difference differentiation (FDD) method to obtain rotational velocity and acceleration. Unfortunately, this method amplified high-frequency, low-amplitude noise, which interfered with signal magnitude representation. Therefore, a coherent average technique was implemented to improve the measurement of rotational kinematics from videographic images, and its results were compared with those of the previous FDD method. Results demonstrated that the coherent method accurately determined a low-pass filter cutoff frequency specific to pulse characteristics. Furthermore, noise interference and signal attenuation were minimized compared with the FDD technique.

scholarly journals The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI): design, execution, and early results

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Piters ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
M. Kroon ◽  
J. C. Hains ◽  
M. Van Roozendael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Data Validation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The World

Abstract. From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers and lidar instruments simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the CESAR site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO2, O4 and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO2 derived from several independent instruments agree within 25% of one another, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20–30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO2 instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.

The adjustment suggestions for the GOST R 8.596-20xx “State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Metrological assurance for measuring systems. Main principles”

Metrologiya ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
A. Iu. Kozhenikov ◽  
O. A. Korovina
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
State System ◽  
Metrological Assurance ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Uniformity Of Measurements ◽  
Complex Measuring

It’s suggested to adjust the existing normative documents, in particular the first version of GOST R 8.596-20xx “State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Metrological assurance for measuring systems. Main principles”. The aim of the proposed adjustment is to legitimate the nuclear power plants complex measuring systems application, taking into account their peculiarities in the sphere of state regulation of ensuring the unity of measurements. Generally complex measuring systems possess all features of the adaptive and intelligent measuring systems, which parameters and algorithms can vary during operation. Therefore, it is proposed for adaptive and intelligent measuring systems and for branched measuring channels, to provide the possibility of dividing into separate measuring components without the whole system or channel approving. The systems and channels measuring components are proposed to be considered as approval measuring instruments, which interaction is regulated by certified measurement techniques. When selecting the boundaries of the measuring system or channel, it is proposed to provide the possibility to be guided by the reasonability of the sorting the technical means or operations involved in parameter control as metrologically significant. In addition, it is proposed to introduce a statute that allows to avoid the type approving of the “degenerate” systems consisting of one or more simple channels formed only by the measuring means.

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