Influence of air temperature on a landslide some hundred meters a.s.l.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Poisel
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Surface Freezing

<p>Displacement development of slopes is influenced by many internal (e.g. strength alteration due to deformation) and external (e.g. precipitation) factors. The combination of these factors is mostly unique, so derivation of universal performance rules is difficult, and landslides mostly are individua. The contribution describes a landslide in Flysch, most probably reactivated by exceptional rainfalls as well as by works for the renewal of a weir in the valley bottom in 2009. Monitoring showed that the landslide just some hundred meters a.s.l. moves more rapidly during wintertime caused by reduced evapotranspiration as well as by slope surface freezing both leading to groundwater impounding and, therefore, acceleration of displacements. Thus, it behaves completely different from landslides in higher altitudes, which are influenced predominantly by snowmelt causing larger displacements during late spring and summer.</p>

scholarly journals Reconstruction of late spring phenophases in Poland and their response to climate change, 1951–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Czernecki ◽  
Katarzyna Jabłońska
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Multiple Regression Modeling ◽  
Phenological Monitoring

Phenology is primarily seen as an indicator of the impacts of climate change. The strongest biological signal of climatic change is revealed by phenological data from the period after 1990. Unfortunately, the Polish nationwide network of phenological monitoring was terminated in 1992, and was only reactivated in 2005. Here, we attempt to reconstruct late spring phenophases of flowering of <em>Syringa vulgaris</em> L. and <em>Aesculus hippocastanum</em> L. across several sites in Poland from 1951 to 2014 using the GIS-based approach (if observations from neighboring stations were available) and multiple regression modeling with stepwise screening and bootstrap resampling. It was found that the air temperature and its indices explain over 60% of the variance, giving an accuracy of 3.0–3.4 days (mean absolute error) and correlation coefficients of 0.83 and 0.78 for lilac and horse chestnut, respectively. Altogether, both plant species showed a statistically significant advancement in the onset of flowering with an average rate of 1.7 days per decade. We also found that the final trend is the result of rapid acceleration of the increase in air temperature after the 1990s, while most of the trends for late spring were ambiguous before that period.

X.—The Cooling of the Soil at Night, with Special Reference to late Spring Frosts

1920 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 120-136
Author(s):  
T. Bedford Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Spring Frosts

In this paper I am mainly concerned with the surface soil temperature, but as we are accustomed by long usage to think of the grass minimum temperature as determining the occurrence or non-occurrence of frost, a few words of explanation on this point is perhaps necessary at the outset.The grass minimum on nights of rapid radiation certainly does fall considerably below the surface soil minimum, but this is due to the very fact that it is the grass minimum, i.e. the air temperature just on the grass.

Influence of Eurasian spring snowmelt on surface air temperature in late spring and early summer

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Juan Zhou ◽  
Zhiyan Zuo ◽  
Qiong He
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Spring Snowmelt

AbstractThe effect of Eurasian spring snowmelt on surface air temperature (SAT) in late spring (April–May) and early summer (June–July) and the relevant physical mechanisms during 1981–2016 are investigated. Results show that the first mode of the inter-annual Eurasian spring snowmelt represents an east–west dipole anomaly pattern, with an intense center over Siberia and another moderate center around eastern Europe. The European spring snowmelt shows an insignificant relation to the local SAT, whereas the Siberian spring snowmelt has a significant impact on the SAT in late spring and early summer. More Siberian spring snowmelt contributes to higher SAT in late spring and lower SAT in early summer via different mechanisms. In late spring, increased Siberian spring snowmelt corresponds to less local surface albedo and cloud cover, leading to the surface absorbing more shortwave radiation and thereby higher SAT. The sub-surface and deep soil moisture anomalies generated from Siberian spring snowmelt can persist into early summer. Excessive Siberian spring snowmelt corresponds to positive soil moisture anomalies, contributing to decreased sensible heat and increased cloud cover in early summer. Increased cloud cover leads to the surface receiving less shortwave radiation. Thus, lower SAT appears over Siberia in early summer due to reduced sensible heat and shortwave radiation. However, the simulation of Eurasian spring snowmelt variability and its influences on SAT via the snow hydrological effect is still a challenge for the climate models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6.

scholarly journals Climate of the reserve «Malaya Sosva»: long-term material

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina I. Talanova
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Frost Free Period

The article presents an analysis of meteorological long-term material on the territory of the reserve “Malaya Sosva” (Sosvinsky Priobie). The climate of the reserve is typically continental. Long winter, short summer, late spring and early autumn frosts are characteristic of reserve. There are also sharp fluctuations in temperature throughout the year. The frost-free period in the air lasts 78 days. Annual precipitation is 544 mm. The snow cover is an average of 194 days (more than 6 months). Since 1981, there has been an increase in the average annual air temperature from decade to decade by approximately 0.5 ° C.

scholarly journals Rebound in Atmospheric Predictability and the Role of the Land Surface

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 4744-4749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhichang Guo ◽  
Paul A. Dirmeyer ◽  
Timothy DelSole ◽  
Randal D. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
North America ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Atmospheric Predictability ◽  
Earth’S Climate

Abstract Total predictability within a chaotic system like the earth’s climate cannot increase over time. However, it can be transferred between subsystems. Predictability of air temperature and precipitation in numerical model forecasts over North America rebounds during late spring to summer because of information stored in the land surface. Specifically, soil moisture anomalies can persist over several months, but this memory cannot affect the atmosphere during early spring because of a lack of coupling between land and atmosphere. Coupling becomes established in late spring, enabling the effects of soil moisture anomalies to increase atmospheric predictability in 2-month forecasts begun as early as 1 May. This predictability is maintained through summer and then drops as coupling fades again in fall. This finding suggests summer forecasts of rainfall and air temperature over parts of North America could be significantly improved with soil moisture observations during spring.

scholarly journals Observation of the rock slope thermal regime, coupled with crackmeter stability monitoring: initial results from three different sites in Czechia (central Europe)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
Ondřej Racek ◽  
Jan Blahůt ◽  
Filip Hartvich
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regime ◽  
Rock Slope ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Rock Slopes ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Rock Face ◽  
Diurnal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Cycles

Abstract. This paper describes a newly designed, experimental, and affordable rock slope monitoring system. This system is being used to monitor three rock slopes in Czechia for a period of up to 2 years. The instrumented rock slopes have different lithology (sandstone, limestone, and granite), aspect, and structural and mechanical properties. Induction crackmeters monitor the dynamic of joints, which separate unstable rock blocks from the rock face. This setup works with a repeatability of measurements of 0.05 mm. External destabilising factors (air temperature, precipitation, incoming and outgoing radiation, etc.) are measured by a weather station placed directly within the rock slope. Thermal behaviour in the rock slope surface zone is monitored using a compound temperature probe, placed inside a 3 m deep subhorizontal borehole, which is insulated from external air temperature. Additionally, one thermocouple is placed directly on the rock slope surface. From the time series measured to date (the longest since autumn 2018), we are able to distinguish differences between the annual and diurnal temperature cycles of the monitored sites. From the first data, a greater annual joint dynamic is measured in the case of larger blocks; however, smaller blocks are more responsive to short-term diurnal temperature cycles. Differences in the thermal regime between the sites are also recognisable and are caused mainly by different slope aspect, rock mass thermal conductivity, and colour. These differences will be explained by the statistical analysis of longer time series in the future.

THE USE OF PASTURE HEIGHT AS A PREDICTOR OF FEED LEVEL IN NORTH ISLAND HILL COUNTRY

1986 ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Webby ◽  
W.J. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Late Spring ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Visual Impact

Considerable effort is expended measuring pasture parameters that relate to animal perform mance. Traditionally farmers have used visual impact and experience as their method of pasture assessment to make management decisions. The simplest measurement collected by researchers, pasture height, is developed to the point where it can be used as a guide to predict pasture mass and animal performance. This paper presents relationships between height and mass for improved pastures in summer dry North Island hill country. A pasture 5cm tall will give hogget growth of 60 gjday in summer, 90 in autumn, 100 in winter and 200 in spring. Similarly 5cm will be 2250 kg DM/ha in summer, 1900 in autumn, 1520 in winter, 1640 in spring and 2200 in late spring. Keywords: Height, mass, predictor, grazing, quality, animal performance, feed levels, parameters, pasture.

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