Spatial distribution of soil enrichment in As in the vicinities of historical mines – a case study of mining sites in the Sudetes, SW Poland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Katarzyna Szopka ◽  
Agnieszka Dradrach ◽  
Bernard Gałka
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Soil Enrichment ◽  
Arsenic Distribution ◽  
Secondary Enrichment ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Local Enrichment

<p>Spatial distribution of As in a surface soil layer was determined in three historical mining sites in the Sudetes where As ores were exploited and processed over the centuries: in Złoty Stok (formerly: Reichenstein), Radzimowice (Altes Berg) and Czarnów (Evelinensgluck). Of those sites, Złoty Stok that operated until 1962, is the largest one. Thirteen patches of land situated in all those sites (6, 4, and 3, respectively) were chosen for analysis, each with an area of 2-5 hectares. They differed in terms of sources of soil enrichment in As, land topography and various types of land use or habitats. Both soils that developed on waste rock dumps and tailings, as well as those in their surroundings were examined. Simplified maps of As concentrations in soils were drawn based on 15-20 screening points located in each area. Arsenic distribution in soils in a mini-scale was examined by collecting multiple samples from several spots (each with an area of 1-10 m<sup>2</sup>). Gangue rock material disposed on the dumps was highly heterogeneous and locally contained over 1% of As. Total As concentrations in soil samples varied in a broad range: 72–193000 mg/kg, and the highest local enrichment in As was identified in alluvial soils along a stream affected by acid mine drainage. Various factors responsible for As concentrations in soils, including the amounts inherited from the parent rocks as well as various processes of redistribution, transport and secondary enrichment were discusses. Related environmental risk associated with a likely processes of further As mobilization and transport has been assessed with considering various scenarios. Additionally, soil enrichment and contamination indices, commonly used in the literature, such as geoaccumulation index Igeo, enrichment factor EF according to Sutherland and Nemerow pollution index PI, were calculated for each of the areas under study. Their ambiguity and limited suitability for the assessment of soil contamination with As were critically discussed.   </p><p>This research was funded by the National Science Centre of Poland; Project No. 2016/21/B/ST10/02221</p>

Aboveground Biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Shrub Effect on Soil Moisture and Nutrient Spatial Distribution in Arid and Semi-Arid Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3803-3806
Author(s):  
Bing Ru Liu ◽  
Jun Long Yang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Desert Plant ◽  
Important Species

In order to revel aboveground biomass of R. soongorica shrub effect on soil moisture and nutrients spatial distribution, and explore mechanism of the changes of soil moisture and nutrients, soil moisture content, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) at three soil layers (0-10cm,10-20cm, and 20-40cm) along five plant biomass gradients of R. soongorica were investigated. The results showed that soil moisture content increased with depth under the same plant biomass, and increased with plant biomass. Soil nutrient properties were evidently influenced with plant biomass, while decreased with depth. SOC and TN were highest in the top soil layer (0-10 cm), but TN of 10-20cm layer has no significant differences (P < 0.05). Moreover, soil nutrient contents were accumulated very slowly. These suggests that the requirement to soil organic matter is not so high and could be adapted well to the desert and barren soil, and the desert plant R. soongorica could be acted as an important species to restore vegetation and ameliorate the eco-environment.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Geochemical Trends in the Residual Soils above Basement Rocks in Ore Area, Southwestern Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Adewole John Adeola ◽  
Emmanuel Tamunobelema Tubonemi
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Residual Soils ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Parent Rocks

Residual clays and laterite of economic values often occur within weathering profiles above basement rocks in tropical regions due to supergene enrichment and leaching of liable components. Previous studies in Ore area mainly on geochemistry of the basement rocks with scanty information on the weathered profiles. This study was carried out to determine the compositional characteristics of the basement rocks, the geochemical trends within the profiles above the parent rocks and the evaluation of their economic potentials.Petrographic study was carried out on thin sections of the rock samples. Elemental compositions of the rocks, clay, laterite, and top-soil were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Chemical index of Alterations (CIA) was calculated from geochemical data.Weathering of granite and banded gneiss in Ore resulted in the formation of soil layer, which ranged 0-0.5m, laterite 1.2-3m and clayey zone 2.9-3.0m. Quartz, plagioclase feldspars, microcline, biotite and hornblende were the essential minerals in the parent rocks. Granite and banded gneiss is high SiO2 (>65%) but low in MgO (<2.0%) and CaO (<4.0%). Kaolinite (60-80%), goethite (3-12%) and microcline (4-10%) were the dominant minerals in the XRD of the weathering profiles. Traces of illite were present only in granite. The CIA was generally > 85 indicating advanced state of weathering producing lateritic soil. The lateritic profiles over granite and banded gneiss of Ore area varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The clay layer has economic potential for ceramics, fertilizer and structural wares.

scholarly journals Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Weathering Profiles above the Basement Rocks in Idi- Ayunre and Akure Districts, Southwestern Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adewole John Adeola ◽  
Abisola M. Oyebola
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Porphyritic Granite ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Gneiss Granite ◽  
Chemical Index Of Alteration

Idi-ayunre and Akure areas are part of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria and are predominantly consisted of gneisses, granite and migmatite with some minor quartz veins and pegmatite. These rocks have been greatly weathered to form clay, laterite and soils.Chemical analysis were carried out on basement rocks and exposed profiles. The weathering profile was subjected to X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to determine mineralogical compositions whereas Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated from the elemental concentrated data.Weathering of basement rocks in Idi-Ayunre and Akure districts resulted in the formation of soil layer which ranged 0-0.4m, laterite layer 1.2-2.2m, and clayey zone 3.8-6.6m. Quartz, plagioclase, microcline, and biotite were the main minerals in parent rocks. Some of the primary minerals such as biotite and K-feldspar have been weathered to form kaolinite. Quartz, kaolinite and goethite formed the dominant minerals revealed by X-ray diffraction on decomposed granite sequences. The results from chemical analysis showed that Al and Fe have been enriched in weathering profiles of banded gneiss, migmatite gneiss and porphyritic granite whilst on the other hand Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, Ti were reported to be depleted.. Silica was relatively stable from basement to the topsoil in the profile. The CIA generally ranged between 80 - 99The lateritic profiles over banded gneiss, granite and porphyritic granite of Idi-Ayunre and Akure areas varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The thick clayey layers could be of great economic importance for the production of ceramics wares and for constructional purposes.

scholarly journals Distribution of Contaminated Soils along Transversal and Longitudinal Gradients in Dynamic Fluvial Environment (Southern Québec, Canada)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S22465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Saint-Laurent ◽  
Francis Baril ◽  
Ilias Bazier ◽  
Vernhar Gervais-Beaulac ◽  
Camille Chapados
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Pb Contamination ◽  
Flood Zone ◽  
Longitudinal Gradients ◽  
Mine Sites

This research combines a hydrological and pedological approach to better understand the spatial distribution of contaminated soils along the Massawippi River (southern Québec, Canada). This river crosses through former mines, which were some of the largest copper mining areas in North America from 1865 to 1939. To determine the spatial distribution and concentration of the metal elements, soil samples were taken in each flood recurrence zone appearing on official flood zone maps. The maximum values obtained for Cu and Pb are 380 and 200 mg kg−1, respectively, for the soils in the frequent flood zones (FFzs), while the values for soils in the moderate flood zones (MFzs) range from 700 to 540 (Cu) and 580 to 460 mg kg−1 (Pb). Contamination extends through several kilometers of the former mining sites (Eustis and Capleton), and concentration of metals in alluvial soils is slightly higher near the mine sites.

Spatial variability of the physical-hydric properties of cohesive soils under rainfed and irrigated sugarcane cultivations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida ◽  
Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽  
Thiago Rodrigo Schossler ◽  
Fernando José Freire ◽  
Edivan Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Geostatistical Approach ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Soil Spatial Variability

&lt;p&gt;Geostatistical and multivariate techniques have been widely used to identify and characterize the soil spatial variability, as well as to detect possible relationships between soil properties and management. Besides that, these techniques provide information regarding the spatial and temporal structural changes of soils to support better decision-making processes and management practices. Although the Zona da Mata region is a reference for sugarcane production in the northeast of Brazil, only a few studies have been carried out to clarify the effects of different management on soil physical attributes by using geostatistical and multivariate techniques. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (I) to characterize the spatial distribution of soils physical attributes under rainfed and irrigated sugarcane cultivations; (II) to identify the minimum sampling for the determination of soil physical attributes; (III) to detect the effects of the different management on soil physical attributes based on the principal component analysis (PCA). The study was carried out in the agricultural area of the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, 7&amp;#186;51&amp;#8217;13&amp;#8221;S, 35&amp;#186;14&amp;#8217;10&amp;#8221;W, characterized by a Typic Hapludult with sandy clay loam soil texture. The investigated plot, cultivated with sugarcane, included a rainfed and an irrigated treatment in which a sprinkler system was installed according to a 12x12m grid. The interval between consecutive watering was fixed in two days, whereas irrigation depth was calculated to replace crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and accounting for the effective precipitation of the period. Daily ETc was estimated based on crop coefficient and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) indirectly obtained through a class A evaporation pan. In both treatments, the soil spatial variability was determined according to a 56x32m grid, on 32 soil samples collected in the 0.0-0.1m soil layer, spaced 7x8m, and georeferenced with a global position system. The soil was physically characterized according to the following attributes: bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), macroporosity (Macro), mesoporosity (Meso), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), gravimetric soil water content (SWCg), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and mean weight diameter (MWD). The results of the descriptive statistics showed that among the studied attributes, Ksat, SPR, and Macro presented higher CV values, equal to 63 and 69%, 35 and 40%, and 32 and 44%, under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The minimum sampling, adequate to characterize the different soil attributes, resulted in general smaller in the rainfed area, characterized by higher homogeneity. Thus, the GMD, SWCg (both with 2 points ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;), and SPR (with 6 points ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) were identified as the soil physical attributes requiring the lowest sample density; on the other hand, MWD and Ksat, with 14 and 15 points ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, required the highest number of samples. Pearson&amp;#8217;s correlation analysis evidenced that soil BD was the most influential physical attribute in the studied areas, with a significant and inverse effect in most of the investigated attributes. The geostatistical approach associated with the multivariate PCA provided to understand the relationships between the spatial distribution patterns associated with irrigated and rainfed management and soil physical properties.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals C Stock of Top Soil and It Spatial Distribution in Mangrove Community of Trimulyo, Semarang City

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 03006
Author(s):  
Dhita Prasisca Mutiatari ◽  
Rudhi Pribadi ◽  
Nana Kariada Tri Martuti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
C Stock

Mangrove ecosystem plays important role as carbon sink, not only on mangrove community but also on the top soil. The purposes of this research were 1) to estimates and compare C-stocks in vegetation and non-vegetation mangrove soils (represented by aquaculture ponds and mudflats); 2) modeling the spatial distribution of soil C-stocks in the study area. The purposive sampling method was used to determine 16 sample plots representing vegetation and non-vegetation mangroves. In each plot, the soil samples were taken on top soil layer (0-10 cm). For general display of spatial distribution maps of soil C-stocks, spatial interpolation is used by the Ordinary Kriging method. The result showed that total of soil C-stocks in coastal area of Trimulyo was 148.53 MgC ha-1, with composition of 53.59% in mangrove vegetation, 38.82% and 7.57% in cultivation pond and mudflat, respectively. Statistical analysis with ANOVA test showed no significant difference (ρ = 0.972) between soil C stock in vegetation and non-vegetation mangrove. It shows that the water column on the coast of Trimulyo has great potential as a carbon store.

scholarly journals Exploration of the Confined Aquifers in the Yuyao River Valley (Eastern China) Using Electrical Sounding Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 02020
Author(s):  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Youcan Yu ◽  
Yufan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Spatial Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Confined Aquifers ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Electrical Soundings ◽  
Hydrogeological Data

With abundant groundwater resources and obvious spatial distribution characteristics of confined aquifers, the Yuyao River valley is located in Ningbo, a coastal city in eastern China. It is greatly significant for studying the formation, movement and recharge of groundwater and establishing a sustainable groundwater management system to determine the spatial distribution of confined aquifers. In this paper, the spatial distribution of confined aquifers in the Yuyao River valley are studied by combining the symmetrical quadrupole electrical sounding method with hydrogeological data. Through analysis of the existing hydrogeological data, it is corroborated that there are sand gravel and round gravel confined aquifers in the study area. Then, the results of borehole-side electrical sounding measurements show that significant electrical differences are found among each rock-soil layer in the study area, and the resistivity of sand gravel and round gravel confined aquifers varies from 10 to 20 Ω·m. Finally, 77 symmetrical quadrupole electrical soundings on 5 lines were carried out perpendicular to the Yuyao River valley, and the data of electrical sounding were inverted and analyzed by the analysis software of GeoElectro. After calibration with boreholes, the confined aquifers in the study area were determined to be zonally distributed along the middle line of the valley, with buried depth ranging from -65 to -25 m and width exceeding 1000 m.

Spatial Distribution and Evaluation of Cadmium in Agricultural Soils Based on GIS: A Case Study of Chaoyang City in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2806-2811
Author(s):  
Wen Juan Jia ◽  
Ying Yan ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Ming Da Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Geoaccumulation Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Index Method

To identify the concentration and spatial distribution of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils, 207 soil samples were collected from Chaoyang and analyzed based on pollution index methods and GIS. The concentration of Cd in the soils of Chaoyang ranged from 0.030 to 0.687 mg/kg, with an average concentration of 0.246 mg/kg. The evaluated results of Cd in agricultural soils of Chaoyang shows that the pollution excess rate is 2.90%, the total agricultural soil environment of Cd was still clean, but some areas were accumulated by Cd. The differences between two evaluated methods indicate that evaluated criteria had a direct impact on the evaluation results, compared to integrated pollution index, the Geoaccumulation index method was more accurate and objective.

scholarly journals Drip Irrigation Affects the Morphology and Distribution of Olive Roots

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1298-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixin Deng ◽  
Qun Yin ◽  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Kankan Shi ◽  
Zhongkui Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Irrigation Amount

Under field conditions, this study investigated the influence of the irrigation amount on olive root morphology and spatial distribution. Soil samples were taken with an auger at distances of 30, 60, and 90 cm from the tree trunks in four directions. The roots were analyzed using an Epson Twain Pro root scanning system. The results indicated that under different irrigation treatments, the indicators of root morphology of different varieties showed different responses to the irrigation amount. The root length density (RLD), root surface area (RSA), and root volume (RV) of Arbosana first increased with increasing irrigation amount but then decreased; however, those of Arbequina monotonically increased with increasing irrigation amount. The root average diameter of the two varieties was inversely proportional to the irrigation amount. In the vertical dimension, the RLD and RSA of each treatment decreased with increasing soil depth and were mainly distributed in the surface soil (0–20 cm in depth). The RLD and RSA in the vertical direction (VD) of the drip irrigation belt were higher than those of the belt in the parallel direction (PD), and the range was 12% to 86%. Compared with the roots of the 0- to 20-cm soil layer, the roots of the 20- to 40-cm and 40- to 60-cm soil layers were more influenced by the irrigation amount. Horizontally, the RLD and RSA decreased with increasing radial distance. The 30-cm radial area contained most roots, the proportion of roots in this region increased with increasing irrigation capacity. The influence of irrigation quantity in the PD of the drip irrigation belt was greater than that in the VD. The results suggest that irrigation does not change the root spatial distribution pattern but does promote root growth. The two varieties had different responses to irrigation. In terms of soil moisture levels after irrigation, 75% of field capacity is appropriate for ‘Arbosana’, whereas 100% is advisable for ‘Arbequina’. To improve water use efficiency, moisture should be irrigated within the 30-cm radial distance from the trunk, and irrigation depth is not easy to more than 20 cm. This study provides a scientific basis for the efficient water management of olive trees.

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