scholarly journals Changes in heat-attributable deaths in Prague, Czech Republic, over 1982–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Urban ◽  
Osvaldo Fonseca-Rodríguez ◽  
Claudia Di Napoli ◽  
Eva Plavcová ◽  
Jan Kyselý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Indicator Variable ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Related Mortality

<p>Studies projecting the impacts of future climate change on temperature-mortality relationships suggest increasing heat-related mortality in most regions of the world. On the contrary, a reduced risk of heat-related mortality has been observed in many countries over the last decades, suggesting a positive effect of technological development and improved health care systems. However, most of the studies show that the decline in vulnerability of populations to heat has abated in the early 2000s and further decreasing trend is unlikely.</p><p>In this study, we analysed temperature-mortality relationships in Prague, Czech Republic during 1982–2019. The study was restricted to five warmest months (May–September). To investigate possible changes in the temperature–mortality relationship, the study period was divided in four decades (1980s to 2010s). Conditional Poisson Regression coupled with the Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model (DLNM) was run separately in each decade, to derive decade-specific temperature–mortality associations. A stratum indicator variable composed of year, month, and day of the week was used to control for long-term, seasonal trends and weekly effects. The DLNM approach was applied in order to analyse delayed effects of temperature on mortality. The attributable number of deaths (AD) and the attributable fraction (AF %) of total May–September deaths on hot days was calculated from the model’s outputs, separately for each decade. Hot days were defined as days with daily mean temperature larger than the 95th percentile of the decade-specific May–September distribution.</p><p>We observed a quadratic trend shape in the number of deaths attributable to heat; maximum in the 2010s and minimum in the 1990s. The total number of heat-attributable deaths increased from ≈500 to almost 900 per decade between the 1980s and the 2010s, which corresponds to the fraction of 0.90 and 1.75 %, respectively, of the total number of deaths in a warm season.</p>

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Temperature–Suicide Associations across South Korea

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-739
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kalkstein ◽  
Miloslav Belorid ◽  
P. Grady Dixon ◽  
Kyu Rang Kim ◽  
Keith A. Bremer
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Nonlinear Modeling ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Signal

Abstract South Korea has among the highest rates of suicide in the world, and previous research suggests that suicide frequency increases with anomalously high temperatures, possibly as a result of increased sunshine. However, it is unclear whether this temperature–suicide association exists throughout the entire year. Using distributed lag nonlinear modeling, which effectively controls for nonlinear and delayed effects, we examine temperature–suicide associations for both a warm season (April–September) and a cool season (October–March) for three cities across South Korea: Seoul, Daegu, and Busan. We find consistent, statistically significant, mostly linear relationships between relative risk of suicide and daily temperature in the cool season but few associations in the warm season. This seasonal signal of statistically significant temperature–suicide associations only in the cool season exists among all age segments, but especially for those 35 and older, along with both males and females. We further use distributed lag nonlinear modeling to examine cloud cover–suicide associations and find few significant relationships. This result suggests that that high daily temperatures in the cool season, and not exposure to sun, are responsible for the strong temperature–suicide associations found in South Korea.

scholarly journals A System Dynamics Model to Facilitate the Development of Policy for Urban Heat Island Mitigation

Urban Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Robert Dare
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Related Mortality

This article presents a customized system dynamics model to facilitate the informed development of policy for urban heat island mitigation within the context of future climate change, and with special emphasis on the reduction of heat-related mortality. The model incorporates a variety of components (incl.: the urban heat island effect; population dynamics; climate change impacts on temperature; and heat-related mortality) and is intended to provide urban planning and related professionals with: a facilitated means of understanding the risk of heat-related mortality within the urban heat island; and location-specific information to support the development of reasoned and targeted urban heat island mitigation policy.

scholarly journals Temperature-Related Mortality in Helsinki Compared to Its Surrounding Region Over Two Decades, with Special Emphasis on Intensive Heatwaves

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Reija Ruuhela ◽  
Athanasios Votsis ◽  
Jaakko Kukkonen ◽  
Kirsti Jylhä ◽  
Susanna Kankaanpää ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Hospital District ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Distributed Lag Nonlinear Model ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The City ◽  
Related Mortality

Urbanization and ongoing climate change increase the exposure of the populations to heat stress, and the urban heat island (UHI) effect may magnify heat-related mortality, especially during heatwaves. We studied temperature-related mortality in the city of Helsinki—with urban and suburban land uses—and in the surrounding Helsinki-Uusimaa hospital district (HUS-H, excluding Helsinki)—with more rural types of land uses—in southern Finland for two decades, 2000–2018. Dependence of the risk of daily all-cause deaths (all-age and 75+ years) on daily mean temperature was modelled using the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM). The modelled relationships were applied in assessing deaths attributable to four intensive heatwaves during the study period. The results showed that the heat-related mortality risk was substantially higher in Helsinki than in HUS-H, and the mortality rates attributable to four intensive heatwaves (2003, 2010, 2014 and 2018) were about 2.5 times higher in Helsinki than in HUS-H. Among the elderly, heat-related risks were also higher in Helsinki, while cold-related risks were higher in the surrounding region. The temperature ranges recorded in the fairly coarse resolution gridded datasets were not distinctly different in the two considered regions. It is therefore probable that the modelling underestimated the actual exposure to the heat stress in Helsinki. We also studied the modifying, short-term impact of air quality on the modelled temperature-mortality association in Helsinki; this effect was found to be small. We discuss a need for higher resolution data and modelling the UHI effect, and regional differences in vulnerability to thermal stress.

Projecting future climate change impacts on heat-related mortality in large urban areas in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 171-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Ting Ren ◽  
Patrick L. Kinney ◽  
Andrew Joyner ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Related Mortality

scholarly journals The impact of the recession on health care expenditure — How does the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia compare to other OECD countries?

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Petra Baji ◽  
Márta Péntek ◽  
Imre Boncz ◽  
Valentin Brodszky ◽  
Olga Loblova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Impact

In the past few years, several papers have been published in the international literature on the impact of the economic crisis on health and health care. However, there is limited knowledge on this topic regarding the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The main aims of this study are to examine the effect of the financial crisis on health care spending in four CEE countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) in comparison with the OECD countries. In this paper we also revised the literature for economic crisis related impact on health and health care system in these countries. OECD data released in 2012 were used to examine the differences in growth rates before and after the financial crisis. We examined the ratio of the average yearly growth rates of health expenditure expressed in USD (PPP) between 2008–2010 and 2000–2008. The classification of the OECD countries regarding “development” and “relative growth” resulted in four clusters. A large diversity of “relative growth” was observed across the countries in austerity conditions, however the changes significantly correlate with the average drop of GDP from 2008 to 2010. To conclude, it is difficult to capture visible evidence regarding the impact of the recession on the health and health care systems in the CEE countries due to the absence of the necessary data. For the same reason, governments in this region might have a limited capability to minimize the possible negative effects of the recession on health and health care systems.

scholarly journals The Role of Individual and Small-Area Social and Environmental Factors on Heat Vulnerability to Mortality Within and Outside of the Home in Boston, MA

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusta Williams ◽  
Joseph Allen ◽  
Paul Catalano ◽  
John Spengler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Limited English Proficiency ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Relative Odds ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
At Home

Climate change is resulting in heatwaves that are more frequent, severe, and longer lasting, which is projected to double-to-triple the heat-related mortality in Boston, MA if adequate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are not implemented. A case-only analysis was used to examine subject and small-area neighborhood characteristics that modified the association between hot days and mortality. Deaths of Boston, Massachusetts residents that occurred from 2000–2015 were analyzed in relation to the daily temperature and heat index during the warm season as part of the case-only analysis. The modification by small-area (census tract, CT) social, and environmental (natural and built) factors was assessed. At-home mortality on hot days was driven by both social and environmental factors, differentially across the City of Boston census tracts, with a greater proportion of low-to-no income individuals or those with limited English proficiency being more highly represented among those who died during the study period; but small-area built environment features, like street trees and enhanced energy efficiency, were able to reduce the relative odds of death within and outside the home. At temperatures below current local thresholds used for heat warnings and advisories, there was increased relative odds of death from substance abuse and assault-related altercations. Geographic weighted regression analyses were used to examine these relationships spatially within a subset of at-home deaths with high-resolution temperature and humidity data. This revealed spatially heterogeneous associations between at-home mortality and social and environmental vulnerability factors.

scholarly journals Selected Approaches to the Business Environment Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Chládková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
World Bank ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

This paper contains views of managers on the quality of business environment and also reflects the results of the World Bank, which annually assesses the conditions for doing business in different countries, including the Czech Republic. The business environment of the Czech Republic was evaluated based upon the results of the World Bank, which assesses conditions for doing business in various parts of the world. Secondly, views of SME managers on the quality of the business environment were presented. The World Bank’s „Doing Business 2011“ report puts the Czech Republic in the 63rd place (out of 183 examined countries) when it comes to the quality of the business environment. The Czech Republic improved its score in two categories (Property Registration and Ending a Business) compared to the same evaluation conducted in 2010. SME managers evaluated the business environment with SWOT Analysis. „Technical and technological development along with increase in demand for innovated products made by new technologies“ was perceived as the most significant opportunity (82%) while „Competition and rivalry in the industry“ was identified as the most significant threat by almost all respondents (92%) in their 2010 evaluation.

scholarly journals The involvement of Czechia in the international cooperation in the security research in the years 2010–2015

Ergo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Kučera ◽  
Martin Faťun ◽  
Daniel Frank ◽  
Tomáš Vondrák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Expert Workshop

Abstract The aim of the paper is to assess the Czech participation in international cooperation in the security research and to identify obstacles which prevent a higher involvement of research teams from the Czech Republic in this cooperation. The methodological approach to the analysis and the used data sources are briefly described in the first part of the paper. In the next part we present the results of the analysis of the participation of entities from the Czech Republic in projects dealing with security issues, which were supported by the 7th Framework Program for Research and Technological Development and Horizon 2020, and by some other programs supporting the international cooperation in R&D. The obtained information is supplemented by results of the questionnaire survey between research organizations active in security research and by the findings of the expert workshop.

scholarly journals P070 THE IMPACT OF THE COVID 19 PANDEMY ON HERNIA SURGERY IN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN CZECH REPUBLIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Jíšová ◽  
Jakub Woleský ◽  
Barbora East
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hernia Surgery ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Record System ◽  
Medical Record System ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aim The SARS- CoV-2 pandemic has greatly affected health care systems worldwide, including the Czech Republic. However, the degree to which Covid-19 has impacted on hernia surgery is unknown. The aim of this study was to review the hernia surgery workload in a large university teaching hospital department. Material and Methods A computer based medical record system was used to identify all patients undergoing elective and emergency hernia repair of all types from March 1 to November 30, 2020 and for a similar time period in 2019 at the Motol University Hospital, Prague. Results 194 elective hernia operations were undertaken over the study period in 2020, a reduction from the 285 over a similar period in 2019. The number of emergency hernia operations in 2020 was 13 compared to 25 in 2019. Conclusions The SARS –CoV- 2 pandemic has reduced both the number of elective and emergency hernia operations in 2020 compared to 2019. Time will tell if the reduced elective workload will subsequently increase the emergency hernia workload during the recovery from the pandemic.

scholarly journals Changes in the extreme air temperature in Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Nina Nikolova ◽  
Martin Bárta
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Trend ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Cold Part ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Cold Events ◽  
Extreme Cold

This study is focused on air temperature in Czech Republic in relation to selected climatological indices for extreme hot and extreme cold days for the period 1961- 2017. The number of summer days (SU) and number of tropical days (SU30) have been chosen as the indicators of extreme hot days. For the indicators of extreme cold days, the number of frost days (FD) and number of icing days (ID) have been analyzed. The analyses are based on the daily data for air temperature measured at eight meteorological stations situated at the regions with different geographical and climate conditions. The data are freely available from the website of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. The results of the study show negative trend of extreme cold events and positive trend of extreme hot temperatures. With a few exceptions, the trend is statistically significant at p=0.05. The trend values for the indicators of cold days are higher than those for the indicators of warm days. The results show a faster change in air temperature for the cold part of the year

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