scholarly journals PAPILA dataset: a regional emission inventory of reactive gases for South America based on the combination of local and global information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Castesana ◽  
Melisa Diaz Resquin ◽  
Nicolás Huneeus ◽  
Enrique Puliafito ◽  
Sabine Darras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
South America ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
National Level ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
South American ◽  
Local Data

Abstract. The multidisciplinary project Prediction of Air Pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean (PAPILA) is dedicated to the development and implementation of an air quality analysis and forecasting system to assess pollution impacts on human health and economy. In this context, a comprehensive emission inventory for South America was developed on the basis of the existing data on the global dataset CAMS-GLOB-ANT v4.1 (developed by joining CEDS trends and EDGARv4.3.2 historical data), enriching it with derived data from locally available emission inventories for Argentina, Chile and Colombia. This work presents the results of the first joint effort of South American researchers and European colleagues to generate regional maps of emissions, together with a methodological approach to continue incorporating information into future versions of the dataset. This version of the PAPILA dataset includes CO, NOx, NMVOCs, NH3 and SO2 annual emissions from anthropogenic sources for the period 2014–2016, with a spatial resolution of 0.1° x 0.1° over a domain that covers 32°–120° W and 34°N–58°S. PAPILA dataset is presented as netCDF4 files and is available in an open access data repository under a CC-BY 4 license: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/btf2mz4fhf.2. A comparative assessment of PAPILA-CAMS datasets was carried out for (i) the South American region, (ii) the countries with local data (Argentina, Colombia and Chile), and (iii) downscaled emission maps for urban domains with different environmental and anthropogenic factors. Relevant differences were obtained both at country and urban level for all the compounds analysed. Among them, we found that when comparing total emissions of PAPILA versus CAMS datasets at the national level, higher levels of NOx and considerably lower of the other species were obtained for Argentina, higher levels of SO2 and lower of CO and NOx for Colombia, and considerably higher levels CO, NMVOCs and SO2 for Chile. These discrepancies are mainly related to the representativeness of the local practices in the local emissions estimates, to the improvements made in the spatial distribution of the locally estimated emissions, or both. Both datasets were evaluated relative to surface concentrations of CO and NOx by using them as input data to the WRF-Chem model for one of the analysed domains, the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, for summer and winter of 2015. For winter, PAPILA-based results had lower bias for CO and NOx concentrations, for which CAMS-based results tended to be underestimated. Both inventories exhibited similar performances for CO in summer, while PAPILA simulation outperformed NOx concentrations. These results highlight the importance of refining global inventories with local data to obtain accurate results with high-resolution air quality models.

VALORIZATION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT OF SOUTH SERBIA FROM THE AIR QUALITY ASPECT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333
Author(s):  
Miodrag Šmelcerović
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

The protection of the environment and people’s health from negative influences of the pollution of air as a medium of the environment requires constant observing of the air quality in accordance with international standards, the analysis of emission and imission of polluting matters in the air, and their connection with the sources of pollution. Having in mind the series of laws and delegated legislations which define the field of air pollution, it is necessary to closely observe these long-term processes, discovering cause-and-effect relationships between the activities of anthropogenic sources of emission of polluting matters and the level of air degradation. The relevant evaluation of the air quality of a certain area can be conducted if the level of concentration of polluting matters characteristic for the pollution sources of this area is observed in a longer period of time. The data obtained by the observation of the air pollution are the basis for creation of the recovery program of a certain area. Vranje is a town in South Serbia where there is a bigger number of anthropogenic pollution sources that can significantly diminish the air quality. The cause-and-effect relationship of the anthropogenic sources of pollution is conducted related to the analysis of systematized data which are in the relevant data base of the authorized institution The Institute of Public Health Vranje, for the time period between the year of 2012. and 2017. By the analysis of data of imission concentrations of typical polluting matters, the dominant polluting matters were determined on the territory of the town of Vranje, the ones that are the causers of the biggest air pollution and the risk for people’s health. Analysis of the concentration of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides indicates their presence in the air of Vranje town area in concentrations that do not exceed the permitted limit values annually. The greatest pollution is caused by the soot content in the air, especially in the winter period when the highest number of days with the values above the limit was registered. By perceiving the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, it is clear that the concentration of polluting matters can be decreased only by establishing control over anthropogenic sources of pollution, and thus it can be contributed to the improvement of the air quality of this urban environment.

Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUILLERMO O'DONNELL
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
National Level ◽  
South American ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Opinion Expression ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Indefinite Future

The occasion of honouring the memory of John Brooks, a great friend of Latin America, has helped me vanquish my initial reluctance to tackle a topic that is as broad, varied and still open-ended as the present situation of democracy in South America. As a first measure of my limitations, with the exception of some references to Costa Rica and Mexico, I will not discuss Central America and the Caribbean, not because I feel these regions are unimportant but because, simply, I do not know enough about them. However, when I feel that I am on sufficiently solid ground so as to refer to Latin America as a whole, I will do so.I begin by noting that in contemporary South America some countries satisfy the definition of political democracy. Those countries share two main characteristics. One is that they hold elections under universal adult franchise that, at least at the national level, are reasonably fair and competitive. These are standard criteria in the political science literature. However, having in mind the experience of Latin America and elsewhere in the third world, I believe that we should add that such elections must be institutionalised. By this I mean that all relevant actors expect that elections of this kind will continue being held in the indefinite future so, whether they like or not, it is rational for them to play democracy, not coup-making or insurrection. We should also stipulate that these elections are decisive, in the sense that those who are elected do occupy the respective offices and end their terms in the constitutionally prescribed way; they are not, as it has happened too often in Latin America, prevented from occupying office or thrown out of it because some supra-constitutional power feels that they are the ‘wrong people’.The second characteristic is the enjoyment of certain political rights, especially of opinion, expression, association, movement and access to a reasonably free and pluralist media. Of course, these and other rights are important per se; in addition, they are instrumental – necessary conditions – for the effectuation of the kind of elections I have just specified.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Particulate Matter Between New Delhi, India and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupendra Pratap Singh ◽  
Gaber E. Eldesoky ◽  
Pramod Kumar ◽  
Prakash Chandra ◽  
Md Ataul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
The Impact

Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), after being identified in late December 2019 in Wuhan city of China, spread very fast and has affected all the countries in the world. The impact of lockdowns on particulate matter during the lockdown period needs attention to explore the correlation between anthropogenic and natural emissions. The current study has demonstrated the changes in fine particulate matter PM2.5, PM10 and their effect on air quality during the lockdown. The air quality before the lockdown was low in New Delhi (India) and Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), among major cities worldwide. The air quality of India is influenced by dust and sand from the desert and surrounding areas. Thus, the current study becomes important to analyse changes in the air quality of the Indian sub-continent as impacted by dust storms from long distances. The result indicated a significant reduction of PM2.5 and PM10 from 93.24 to 37.89 μg/m3 and from 176.55 to 98.87 μg/m3 during the lockdown period as compared to pre lockdown period, respectively. The study shows that average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 have declined by -44% and -59% during the lockdown period in Delhi. The average value of median PM10 was calculated at 33.71 μg/m3 for Riyadh, which was lower than that value for New Delhi during the same period. The values of PM10 were different for pre and during the lockdown periods in Riyadh, indicating the considerable influence on air quality, especially the concentration of PM10, from both the natural (sand and dust storms) and the anthropogenic sources during the lockdown periods. However, relatively smaller gains in the improvement of air quality in Riyadh were correlated to the imposition of milder lockdown and the predominance of natural factors over the anthropogenic factors there. The Air Quality Index (AQI) data for Delhi showed the air quality to be ‘satisfactory’ and in the green category during the lockdown period. This study attempts to better understand the impact of particulate matter on the short- and long-term air quality in Delhi during the lockdown. This study has the scope of being scaled up nationwide, and this might be helpful in formulation air pollution reduction and sustainable management policies in the future.

The 2019 biomass burning season in South America: climate diagnostics, fire monitoring and air quality forecasting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Frassoni
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
South America ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
South American ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Air Quality Forecasting

<p>The biomass burning season in South America is mainly concentrated between July and October, period characterized by dry conditions associated with the decay phase of the South American monsoon system. The dry season in South America starts at the end of March and beginning of April when the maximum convection starts its shift to northward South America. The climatological dryness condition over central South America during July to October increases the occurrence of vegetation fires. The number of active fires detected by the AQUA satellite from 1998 to November 2019 in South America indicate fires abruptly increase from July to August, reaching a peak in September. Fires convert vegetation used as fuel into a series of combustion products that can remain in burned places or can be transported to other places by the atmospheric circulation. The 2019 dry season in South America was characterized by an abnormal high occurrence of intense and persistent fire episodes that injected tons of aerosols into the atmosphere. The present study aims to perform a comparative assessment of the four last South American biomass burning seasons. To compare the 2019 biomass burning season with 2016, 2017 and 2018 season, in this paper it is presented the fire active data compiled by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) for the periods of analysis, the climatological aspects associated with each season and finally the validation of the operational integrated meteorology/air quality forecasting system Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System of the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies (CPTEC/INPE), for the considered periods.</p>

scholarly journals AIR QUALITY AT THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY OF LESKOVAC

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Miodrag Šmelcerović
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

The protection of the environment and people’s health from negative influences of the pollution of air as a medium of the environment requires constant observing of the air quality in accordance with international standards, the analysis of emission and imission of polluting matters in the air, and their connection with the sources of pollution. Having in mind the series of laws and delegated legislations which define the field of air pollution, it is necessary to closely observe these long-term processes, discovering cause-and-effect relationships between the activities of anthropogenic sources of emission of polluting matters and the level of air degradation. The relevant evaluation of the air quality of a certain area can be conducted if the level of concentration of polluting matters characteristic for the pollution sources of this area is observed in a longer period of time. The data obtained by the observation of the air pollution are the basis for creation of the recovery program of a certain area. Leskovac is a town in South Serbia where there is a bigger number of anthropogenic pollution sources that can significantly diminish the air quality. The cause-and-effect relationship of the anthropogenic sources of pollution is conducted related to the analysis of systematized data which are in the relevant data base of the authorized institution The Institute of Public Health, for the time period between the year of 2012. and 2017. By the analysis of data of imission concentrations of typical polluting matters, the dominant polluting matters were determined on the territory of the town of Leskovac, the ones that are the causers of the biggest air pollution and the risk for people’s health. Analysis of the concentration of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides indicates their presence in the air of Leskovac town area in concentrations that do not exceed the permitted limit values annually. The greatest pollution is caused by the soot content in the air, especially in the winter period when the highest number of days with the values above the limit was registered. By perceiving the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, it is clear that the concentration of polluting matters can be decreased only by establishing control over anthropogenic sources of pollution, and thus it can be contributed to the improvement of the air quality of this urban environment.

scholarly journals A new vehicle emission inventory for China with high spatial and temporal resolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 32005-32052 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zheng ◽  
H. Huo ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
Z. L. Yao ◽  
X. T. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
County Level ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Administrative Unit

Abstract. This study is the first in a series of papers that aim to develop high-resolution emission databases for different anthropogenic sources in China. Here we focus on on-road transportation. Because of the increasing impact of on-road transportation on regional air quality, developing an accurate and high-resolution vehicle emission inventory is important for both the research community and air quality management. This work proposes a new inventory methodology to improve the spatial and temporal accuracy and resolution of vehicle emissions in China. We calculate, for the first time, the monthly vehicle emissions (CO, NMHC, NOx, and PM2.5) for 2008 in 2364 counties (an administrative unit one level lower than city) by developing a set of approaches to estimate vehicle stock and monthly emission factors at county-level, and technology distribution at provincial level. We then introduce allocation weights for the vehicle kilometers traveled to assign the county-level emissions onto 0.05° × 0.05° grids based on the China Digital Road-network Map (CDRM). The new methodology overcomes the common shortcomings of previous inventory methods, including neglecting the geographical differences between key parameters and using surrogates that are weakly related to vehicle activities to allocate vehicle emissions. The new method has great advantages over previous methods in depicting the spatial distribution characteristics of vehicle activities and emissions. This work provides a better understanding of the spatial representation of vehicle emissions in China and can benefit both air quality modeling and management with improved spatial accuracy.

Antimicrobial Resistance Nosocomial Strains of Enterobacter spp. in Ukrainian surgical Hospitals: results of multicenter study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
A.G. Salmanov ◽  
O.M. Verner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
National Level ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Hospital Record ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Medical Institutions

Objective. To determine activity of antimicrobials against Enterobacter spp. isolated from patients hospitalized to surgical departments in different Ukrainian hospitals. Materials and methods. A total of 3991 Enterobacter spp. isolated from patients with surgical site infections in 24 surgical hospitals in 17 Ukrainian regions. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacter spp. were determined, using automated microbiology analyzer. Some antimicrobial susceptibility test used Kirby - Bauer antibiotic testing. Interpretative criteria were those suggested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results. The most potent antimicrobials were imipenem, meropenem, cefixime and amikacinum. The high rates of resistance were found to penicillin (46,2%), ampicillin/sulbactam (42,9%), gentamicin (40,4%), ceftazidime (39,4%), ampicillin (38,2%), and cefuroxime (36,3%). Conclusions. (1) Resistance of nosocomial strains of Enterobacter spp. at in patient medical institutions, that are subject to research, is a serious therapeutic and epidemiologic issue. Imipenem, meropenem, cefixime and amikacinum have been the most active to nosocomial strains of Enterobacter spp. (2) Taking into account resent changes and resistance levels of nosocomial strains of Enterobacter spp., which take place in various regions, constant monitoring over resistance to antimicrobials at every in patient medical institution is required. Also, hospital record sheets of antibiotics should be elaborated based upon the local data received. (3) Antibiotics utilization policy in each surgical in patient institution should be determined based in accordance with the local data on resistance to antimicrobials. (4) System of epidemiologic surveillance over antimicrobial resistance should be established on the local, regional, and national level.

scholarly journals Air quality variations in Northern South America during the COVID-19 lockdown

2020 ◽  
Vol 749 ◽  
pp. 141621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Mendez-Espinosa ◽  
Nestor Y. Rojas ◽  
Jorge Vargas ◽  
Jorge E. Pachón ◽  
Luis C. Belalcazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
South America ◽  
Northern South America

scholarly journals Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José Luis Prado ◽  
María Teresa Alberdi ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Mammalian Faunas ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Fossil Records

The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document