scholarly journals Numerical simulations of oceanic oxygen cycling in the FAMOUS Earth-System model: FAMOUS-ES, version 1.0

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1453-1476
Author(s):  
J. H. T. Williams ◽  
I. J. Totterdell ◽  
P. R. Halloran ◽  
P. J. Valdes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Oxygen Cycle ◽  
Surface Productivity ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Oxygen Cycling ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Addition and validation of an oxygen cycle to the ocean component of the FAMOUS climate model are described. Surface validation is carried out with respect to HadGEM2-ES where good agreement is found and where discrepancies are mainly attributed to disagreement in surface temperature structure between the models. The agreement between the models at depth (where observations are also used in the comparison) in the Southern Hemisphere is less encouraging than in the Northern Hemisphere. This is attributed to a combination of excessive surface productivity in FAMOUS' equatorial waters (and its concomitant effect on remineralisation at depth) and its reduced overturning circulation compared to HadGEM2-ES. For the entire Atlantic basin FAMOUS has a circulation strength of 12.7 ± 0.4 Sv compared to 15.0 ± 0.9 for HadGEM2-ES. The HadGEM2-ES data used in this paper were obtained from the online database of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP5 (Taylor et al., 2012).

scholarly journals Setup of the PMIP3 paleoclimate experiments conducted using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2527-2569 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sueyoshi ◽  
R. Ohgaito ◽  
A. Yamamoto ◽  
M. O. Chikamoto ◽  
T. Hajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
System Model ◽  
Climate Feedback ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. The importance of climate model evaluation using paleoclimate simulations for better future climate projections has been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In recent years, Earth System Models (ESMs) were developed to investigate carbon-cycle climate feedback, as well as to project the future climate. Paleoclimate events, especially those associated with the variations in atmospheric CO2 level or land vegetation, provide suitable benchmarks to evaluate ESMs. Here we present implementations of the paleoclimate experiments proposed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5/Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP5/PMIP3) using an Earth System Model, MIROC-ESM. In this paper, experimental settings and procedures of the mid-Holocene, the Last Glacial Maximum, and the Last Millennium experiments are explained. The first two experiments are time slice experiments and the last one is a transient experiment. The complexity of the model requires various steps to correctly configure the experiments. Several basic outputs are also shown.

scholarly journals Description of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and evaluation of its climate–biogeochemical processes and feedbacks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Hajima ◽  
Michio Watanabe ◽  
Akitomo Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroaki Tatebe ◽  
Maki A. Noguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Transient Climate Response ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. This study developed a new Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version2 for Long-term simulations (MIROC-ES2L) Earth system model (ESM) using a state-of-the-art climate model as the physical core. This model embeds a terrestrial biogeochemical component with explicit carbon–nitrogen interaction to account for soil nutrient control on plant growth and the land carbon sink. The model’s ocean biogeochemical component is largely updated to simulate biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and oxygen such that oceanic primary productivity can be controlled by multiple nutrient limitations. The ocean nitrogen cycle is coupled with the land component via river discharge processes, and external inputs of iron from pyrogenic and lithogenic sources are considered. Comparison of a historical simulation with observation studies showed the model could reproduce reasonable historical changes in climate, the carbon cycle, and other biogeochemical variables together with reasonable spatial patterns of distribution of the present-day condition. The model demonstrated historical human perturbation of the nitrogen cycle through land use and agriculture, and it simulated the resultant impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. Sensitivity analyses in preindustrial conditions revealed modeled ocean biogeochemistry could be changed regionally (but substantially) by nutrient inputs from the atmosphere and rivers. Through an idealized experiment of a 1 %CO2 increase scenario, we found the transient climate response (TCR) in the model is 1.5 K, i.e., approximately 70 % that of our previous model. The cumulative airborne fraction (AF) is also reduced by 15 % because of the intensified land carbon sink, resulting in an AF close to the multimodel mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ESMs. The transient climate response to cumulative carbon emission (TCRE) is 1.3 K EgC−1, i.e., slightly smaller than the average of the CMIP5 ESMs, suggesting optimistic model performance in future climate projections. This model and the simulation results are contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The ESM could help further understanding of climate–biogeochemical interaction mechanisms, projections of future environmental changes, and exploration of our future options regarding sustainable development by evolving the processes of climate, biogeochemistry, and human activities in a holistic and interactive manner.

Distributions of Tropical Precipitation Cluster Power and Their Changes under Global Warming. Part II: Long-Term Time Dependence in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Models

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (20) ◽  
pp. 8045-8059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Quinn ◽  
J. David Neelin
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Intense Storm ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract Distributions of precipitation cluster power (latent heat release rate integrated over contiguous precipitating pixels) are examined in 1°–2°-resolution members of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate model ensemble. These approximately reproduce the power-law range and large event cutoff seen in observations and the High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) at 0.25°–0.5° in Part I. Under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) global warming scenario, the change in the probability of the most intense storm clusters appears in all models and is consistent with HiRAM output, increasing by up to an order of magnitude relative to historical climate. For the three models in the ensemble with continuous time series of high-resolution output, there is substantial variability on when these probability increases for the most powerful storm clusters become detectable, ranging from detectable within the observational period to statistically significant trends emerging only after 2050. A similar analysis of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) AMIP-II reanalysis and Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Imager/Sounder (SSM/I and SSMIS) rain-rate retrievals in the recent observational record does not yield reliable evidence of trends in high power cluster probabilities at this time. However, the results suggest that maintaining a consistent set of overlapping satellite instrumentation with improvements to SSM/I–SSMIS rain-rate retrieval intercalibrations would be useful for detecting trends in this important tail behavior within the next couple of decades.

scholarly journals Global exposure to flooding from the new CMIP6 climate model projections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Hirabayashi ◽  
Masahiro Tanoue ◽  
Orie Sasaki ◽  
Xudong Zhou ◽  
Dai Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Internal Climate Variability ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
New Generation

AbstractEstimates of future flood risk rely on projections from climate models. The relatively few climate models used to analyze future flood risk cannot easily quantify of their associated uncertainties. In this study, we demonstrated that the projected fluvial flood changes estimated by a new generation of climate models, the collectively known as Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), are similar to those estimated by CMIP5. The spatial patterns of the multi-model median signs of change (+ or −) were also very consistent, implying greater confidence in the projections. The model spread changed little over the course of model development, suggesting irreducibility of the model spread due to internal climate variability, and the consistent projections of models from the same institute suggest the potential to reduce uncertainties caused by model differences. Potential global exposure to flooding is projected to be proportional to the degree of warming, and a greater threat is anticipated as populations increase, demonstrating the need for immediate decisions.

scholarly journals Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organisation

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 10539-10583 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eyring ◽  
S. Bony ◽  
G. A. Meehl ◽  
C. Senior ◽  
B. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima experiments) and the CMIP Historical Simulation (1850–near-present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP, (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble, and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and the CMIP Historical Simulation to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP Historical Simulation, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. The participation in the CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs will be at the discretion of the modelling groups, and will depend on scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: (i) how does the Earth system respond to forcing?, (ii) what are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases?, and (iii) how can we assess future climate changes given climate variability, predictability and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and the CMIP6 Historical Simulation, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in projected surface mass balance over the polar ice sheets from downscaled EC-Earth models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Boberg ◽  
Ruth Mottram ◽  
Nicolaj Hansen ◽  
Shuting Yang ◽  
Peter L. Langen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The future rates of ice sheet melt in Greenland and Antarctica are an important factor when making estimates of the likely rate of sea level rise. Global climate models that took part in the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) have generally been unable to replicate observed rates of ice sheet melt. With the advent of the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), with a general increase in the equilibrium climate sensitivity, we here compare two versions of the global climate model EC-Earth using the regional climate model HIRHAM5 downscaling EC-Earth for Greenland and Antarctica. One version (v2) of EC-Earth is taken from CMIP5 for the high-emissions Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP8.5) scenario and the other (v3) from CMIP6 for the comparable high-emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP5-8.5) scenario). For Greenland, we downscale the two versions of EC-Earth for the historical period 1991–2010 and for the scenario period 2081–2100. For Antarctica, the periods are 1971–2000 and 2071–2100, respectively. For the Greenland Ice Sheet, we find that the mean change in temperature is 5.9 °C when downscaling EC-Earth v2 and 6.8 °C when downscaling EC-Earth v3. Corresponding values for Antarctica are 4.1 °C for v2 and 4.8 °C for v3. The mean change in surface mass balance at the end of the century under these high emissions scenarios is found to be −210 Gt yr−1 (v2) and −1150 Gt yr−1 (v3) for Greenland and 420 Gt yr−1 (v2) and 80 Gt yr−1 (v3) for Antarctica. These distinct differences in temperature change and particularly surface mass balance change are a result of the higher equilibrium climate sensitivity in EC-Earth v3 (4.3 K) compared with 3.3 K in EC-Earth v2 and the differences in greenhouse gas concentrations between the RCP8.5 and the SSP5-8.5 scenarios.

scholarly journals The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): simulation design and preliminary results

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3379-3392 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Kravitz ◽  
A. Robock ◽  
S. Tilmes ◽  
O. Boucher ◽  
J. M. English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Simulation Design ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Climate Model Experiment ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
New Feature

Abstract. We present a suite of new climate model experiment designs for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). This set of experiments, named GeoMIP6 (to be consistent with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), builds on the previous GeoMIP project simulations, and has been expanded to address several further important topics, including key uncertainties in extreme events, the use of geoengineering as part of a portfolio of responses to climate change, and the relatively new idea of cirrus cloud thinning to allow more longwave radiation to escape to space. We discuss experiment designs, as well as the rationale for those designs, showing preliminary results from individual models when available. We also introduce a new feature, called the GeoMIP Testbed, which provides a platform for simulations that will be performed with a few models and subsequently assessed to determine whether the proposed experiment designs will be adopted as core (Tier 1) GeoMIP experiments. This is meant to encourage various stakeholders to propose new targeted experiments that address their key open science questions, with the goal of making GeoMIP more relevant to a broader set of communities.

scholarly journals Climate model configurations of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF-IFS cycle 43r1) for HighResMIP

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3681-3712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Roberts ◽  
Retish Senan ◽  
Franco Molteni ◽  
Souhail Boussetta ◽  
Michael Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
The North ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. This paper presents atmosphere-only and coupled climate model configurations of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF-IFS) for different combinations of ocean and atmosphere resolution. These configurations are used to perform multi-decadal ensemble experiments following the protocols of the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) and phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). These experiments are used to evaluate the sensitivity of major biases in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere to changes in atmosphere and ocean resolution. All configurations successfully reproduce the observed long-term trends in global mean surface temperature. Furthermore, following an adjustment to account for drift in the subsurface ocean, coupled configurations of ECMWF-IFS realistically reproduce observation-based estimates of ocean heat content change since 1950. Climatological surface biases in ECMWF-IFS are relatively insensitive to an increase in atmospheric resolution from  ∼ 50 to  ∼ 25 km. However, increasing the horizontal resolution of the atmosphere while maintaining the same vertical resolution enhances the magnitude of a cold bias in the lower stratosphere. In coupled configurations, there is a strong sensitivity to an increase in ocean model resolution from 1 to 0.25°. However, this sensitivity to ocean resolution takes many years to fully manifest and is less apparent in the first year of integration. This result has implications for the ECMWF coupled model development strategy that typically relies on the analysis of biases in short ( < 1 year) ensemble (re)forecast data sets. The impacts of increased ocean resolution are particularly evident in the North Atlantic and Arctic, where they are associated with an improved Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, increased meridional ocean heat transport, and more realistic sea-ice cover. In the tropical Pacific, increased ocean resolution is associated with improvements to the magnitude and asymmetry of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability and better representation of non-linear sea surface temperature (SST)–radiation feedbacks during warm events. However, increased ocean model resolution also increases the magnitude of a warm bias in the Southern Ocean. Finally, there is tentative evidence that both ocean coupling and increased atmospheric resolution can improve teleconnections between tropical Pacific rainfall and geopotential height anomalies in the North Atlantic.

scholarly journals Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1937-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Eyring ◽  
Sandrine Bony ◽  
Gerald A. Meehl ◽  
Catherine A. Senior ◽  
Bjorn Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. By coordinating the design and distribution of global climate model simulations of the past, current, and future climate, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has become one of the foundational elements of climate science. However, the need to address an ever-expanding range of scientific questions arising from more and more research communities has made it necessary to revise the organization of CMIP. After a long and wide community consultation, a new and more federated structure has been put in place. It consists of three major elements: (1) a handful of common experiments, the DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) and CMIP historical simulations (1850–near present) that will maintain continuity and help document basic characteristics of models across different phases of CMIP; (2) common standards, coordination, infrastructure, and documentation that will facilitate the distribution of model outputs and the characterization of the model ensemble; and (3) an ensemble of CMIP-Endorsed Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) that will be specific to a particular phase of CMIP (now CMIP6) and that will build on the DECK and CMIP historical simulations to address a large range of specific questions and fill the scientific gaps of the previous CMIP phases. The DECK and CMIP historical simulations, together with the use of CMIP data standards, will be the entry cards for models participating in CMIP. Participation in CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs by individual modelling groups will be at their own discretion and will depend on their scientific interests and priorities. With the Grand Science Challenges of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) as its scientific backdrop, CMIP6 will address three broad questions: – How does the Earth system respond to forcing? – What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? – How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios? This CMIP6 overview paper presents the background and rationale for the new structure of CMIP, provides a detailed description of the DECK and CMIP6 historical simulations, and includes a brief introduction to the 21 CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs.

scholarly journals Climate model configurations of the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (ECMWF-IFS cycle 43r1) for HighResMIP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Roberts ◽  
Retish Senan ◽  
Franco Molteni ◽  
Souhail Boussetta ◽  
Michael Mayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Forecast System ◽  
Intercomparison Project

Abstract. This paper presents atmosphere-only and coupled climate model configurations of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System (ECMWF-IFS) for different combinations of ocean and atmosphere resolution. These configurations are used to perform multi-decadal ensemble experiments following the protocols of the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMip) and phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). These experiments are used to evaluate the sensitivity of major biases in the atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere to changes in atmosphere and ocean resolution. Climatological surface biases in ECMWF-IFS are relatively insensitive to an increase in atmospheric resolution from ~50 km to ~25 km. However, increasing the horizontal resolution of the atmosphere while maintaining the same vertical resolution enhances the magnitude of a cold bias in the lower stratosphere. In coupled configurations, there is a strong sensitivity to an increase in ocean model resolution from 1° to 0.25°. However, this sensitivity to ocean resolution takes many years to fully manifest and is not apparent in the first year of integration. This result has implications for the ECMWF coupled model development strategy that typically relies on the analysis of biases in short (

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